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Approaches to insect control based on chemical ecology--case studies. 基于化学生态学的昆虫防治方法——个案研究。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
I Yamamoto

In this article two attempted approaches to control a stored product insect, azuki bean weevil, are discussed based on host selection study and oviposition ecology. The latter study indicated the presence of an oviposition marker, a new kind of pheromone, which was derived from the weevil and was lipid in nature, and suggested its possible use as an oviposition inhibitor.

本文从寄主选择研究和产卵生态学的角度,讨论了两种防虫方法。后一项研究发现了一种来自象鼻虫的新的产卵标记信息素,其性质为脂质,可能作为产卵抑制剂使用。
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引用次数: 0
ECDIN, an EC data bank for environmental chemicals. ECDIN,一个欧共体环境化学品数据库。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
F Geiss, P Bourdeau

All environmentally relevant information is computer stored for each organic chemical manufactured in quantities above 1.000 tons per year (whether it is considered as potentially toxic or not), known toxic chemicals (independently of their production figures) and certain classes of inorganic chemicals. The main data fields ("attributes" for each chemical) are: 1. substance identification and physicochemical data; 2. production and use data; 3. handling, transportation, and disposal; 4. environmental involvement (breakdown under biotic and abiotic conditions, average concentrations in environmental matrices); 5. biological effects and toxicity; 6. protection standards, administrative and regulatory data. Structure and substructure codification permits screening for substances with similar structures and coupling to GC-MS-computer analysis units with full or approximative structure outputs. A pilot project has been started permitting queries via direct and inverted file. It will include all available information on a limited number of compounds (some 5.000) from different chemical and use classes. The further software development foresees automatic indexing, automatic encoding of formatted data, automatic query formulation and search on a probabilistic basis for natural-language source data. Easy data flow is ensured by a networking between the central unit at the EC research Centre in Ispra (Italy) and specialised national data centres (ECDIN = European Chemicals Data and Information Network).

所有与环境有关的信息都储存在计算机中,涉及每年生产数量超过1,000吨的每种有机化学品(无论是否被认为有潜在毒性)、已知有毒化学品(不论其产量如何)和某些类别的无机化学品。主要数据字段(每种化学物质的“属性”)如下:物质鉴定和理化数据;2. 生产和使用资料;3.处理、运输和处置;4. 环境因素(生物和非生物条件下的分解,环境基质中的平均浓度);5. 生物效应和毒性;6. 保护标准、行政和监管数据。结构和亚结构编码允许筛选具有相似结构的物质,并与具有完整或近似结构输出的gc - ms -计算机分析单元耦合。一个试点项目已经启动,允许通过直接和反向文件进行查询。它将包括来自不同化学和用途类别的有限数量的化合物(约5000种)的所有可用信息。进一步的软件开发将实现自动索引、格式化数据的自动编码、自动查询公式和基于概率的自然语言源数据搜索。在Ispra(意大利)欧共体研究中心的中央单位和专门的国家数据中心(ECDIN =欧洲化学品数据和信息网)之间建立了网络,确保了数据的容易流动。
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引用次数: 0
Laboratory model ecosystem evaluation of the chemical and biological behavior of radiolabeled micropollutants. 放射性标记微污染物的化学和生物行为的实验室模型生态系统评价。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
R L Metcalf

A standardized laboratory model ecosystem has been used to evaluate the comparative behavior of radiolabeled micropollutants including organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, and hormone-mimic insecticides; herbicides; important industrial organic compounds including phthalate esters and PCB's; and specific pollutants such as TCBD and hexachlorobenzene. The compounds have been studies for ecological effects over a terrestrial-aquatic interface and through several food chains, especially with regard to the development of quantitative information on ecological magnification and biodegradability index. The pathways of chemical degradation in the various organisms have been evaluated and the ecological effects of degradation products investigated. Illustrations are given of the use of the model ecosystem technology for screening new candidate pesticides for effects on environmental quality; for evaluating the hazards of environmental pollution by industrial waste effluents; and for fundamental studies of the principles fo biodegradability of organic chemicals in a variety of organisms.

一个标准化的实验室生态系统模型已经被用来评估放射性标记的微污染物的比较行为,包括有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和激素模拟杀虫剂;除草剂;重要的工业有机化合物,包括邻苯二甲酸酯和多氯联苯;以及TCBD和六氯苯等特定污染物。这些化合物在水陆界面和几个食物链上的生态效应已被研究,特别是关于生态放大率和生物降解指数的定量信息的发展。对各种生物的化学降解途径进行了评价,并对降解产物的生态效应进行了研究。举例说明了使用模型生态系统技术筛选新的候选农药对环境质量的影响;工业废水污染环境危害评价;以及对各种有机体中有机化学物质的生物降解性原理的基础研究。
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引用次数: 0
Radioisotope techniques in delineation of the environmental behavior of cadmium. 放射性同位素技术描述镉的环境行为。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
R I Van Hook, B G Blaylock, E A Bondietti, C W Francis, J W Huckabee, D E Reichle, F H Sweeton, J P Witherspoon

Radioisotope techniques are being developed and utilized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for evaluating the environmental behavior of toxic elements such as cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Tracer techniques using 109Cd in microcosm, field plot, and stream systems are providing information on biogeochemical cycling and distribution of cadmium in the environment. Parameters being measured include adsorption capacity for cadmium in mineral soils and sediments; uptake rates of cadmium in various plant species from both soils and nutrient solutions as affected by pH, competing cations, and chemical form of cadmium; and distribution of cadmium in various components of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following application of 109Cd to soil vegetation, or directly to streams. Food chain parameters being estimated with 109Cd include uptake, assimilation, and turnover by both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Information obtained in these radiotracer studies is providing insight into the behavior of cadmium in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially transport rates of cadmium and potential biomagnification or dilution in food chains. The factors which influence the incorporation of cadmium into vegetative material as well as those affecting residence time in ecosystems have been identified. Use of 109Cd also has permitted evaluation of a cadmium specific electrode as a tool for rapid assay of free cadmium ions in soil solutions.

橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)正在开发和利用放射性同位素技术来评价水生和陆地生态系统中镉等有毒元素的环境行为。利用109Cd示踪技术在微观环境、田间小区和河流系统中对镉的生物地球化学循环和分布提供了信息。测量的参数包括在矿质土壤和沉积物中对镉的吸附能力;不同植物从土壤和营养液中吸收镉的速率受pH值、竞争阳离子和镉的化学形态的影响;在土壤植被或直接向河流施用109Cd后,镉在水生和陆地生态系统各组成部分中的分布。利用109Cd估算的食物链参数包括水生和陆生生物的吸收、同化和周转。从这些放射性示踪剂研究中获得的信息有助于深入了解镉在水生和陆地生态系统中的行为,特别是镉的运输速率以及食物链中潜在的生物放大或稀释作用。已经确定了影响镉进入植物物质的因素以及影响生态系统中停留时间的因素。使用109Cd还允许评估镉特异性电极作为土壤溶液中游离镉离子快速测定的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Modern science for future environment and social university youth activities. 面向未来的现代科学环境与社会大学青年活动。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
J W Dobrowolski
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引用次数: 0
Bioaccumulation of 14C-DDT in a small pond. 小池塘中14c -滴滴涕的生物积累。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
L Salonen, H A Vaajakorpi
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引用次数: 0
The evaluation of the teratogenic effects of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the Rhesus monkey. 2,4,5 -三氯苯氧乙酸对恒河猴致畸作用的评价。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
W J Dougherty, F Coulston, L Golberg
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引用次数: 0
The development of agricultural antibiotics in Japan. 日本农业抗生素的发展。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
T Misato

Agricultural antibiotics are very hopeful biodegradable pesticides which are expected to be from environmental pollution. The outline of the present status of agricultural antibiotics used or tested at present for practical application in Japan is presental in this paper.

农用抗生素是一种有望摆脱环境污染的生物降解农药。本文概述了目前在日本实际应用中使用或试验的农业抗生素的现状。
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引用次数: 0
Use and field application of pheromones in orchard pest management programs. 信息素在果园病虫害防治中的应用及田间应用。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
K Trammel

Pheromones are recognized as potentially valuable tools in orchard pest management. Their most immediate practical application is in pest monitoring to indicate the need for chemical control. In this role, they can have considerable impact in reduction of pesticide output.

信息素被认为是果园害虫治理中潜在的有价值的工具。它们最直接的实际应用是有害生物监测,以表明需要进行化学防治。在这种作用下,它们可以对减少农药产量产生相当大的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide on aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD). 一氧化碳对氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)影响的实验。
Pub Date : 1976-01-01
A Azar, N W Henry, F D Griffith, J W Sarver, R D Snee

The inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) is well known. Recently, it has been suggested that a similar relationship exists between carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and ALAD activity. This study was undertaken to examine more closely the possible effect of carbon monoxide on ALAD. Blood from 19 human volunteers was analyzed for both carboxyhemoglobin and ALAD activity. Smokers had significantly lower concentrations of ALAD than nonsmokers and a rise in carboxyhemoglobin concentration was assocaited with a fall in ALAD activity. The in vitro bubbling of carbon monoxide into human blood did not significantly effect ALAD activity. Four groups of rats (10 per group) wre exposed to carbon monoxide or dietary lead acetate according to the following design: (I) Control--no Pb or CO; (II) 500 ppm Pb acetate in diet; (III) 250 ppm CO four hours/day X 5 days/week X 4 weeks; (IV) Both Pb and CO. Analysis of the rat data showed a significant depression of ALAD by lead. The activity of ALAD in the rats exposed to CO was significantly increased suggesting the possibility of an adaptive phenomenon.

血铅浓度与氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)呈负相关关系是众所周知的。最近,有研究表明,碳氧血红蛋白(COHb)与ALAD活性之间存在类似的关系。进行这项研究是为了更仔细地检查一氧化碳对ALAD的可能影响。对19名志愿者的血液进行了碳氧血红蛋白和ALAD活性分析。吸烟者的ALAD浓度明显低于不吸烟者,而碳氧血红蛋白浓度的升高与ALAD活性的下降有关。体外向人血液中冒泡一氧化碳对ALAD活性无显著影响。四组大鼠(每组10只)按照以下设计暴露于一氧化碳或膳食醋酸铅中:(I)对照组-不含铅或CO;(二)日粮中醋酸铅500ppm;(III) 250 ppm CO 4小时/天X 5天/周X 4周;(4) Pb和CO。大鼠数据分析显示,铅对ALAD有明显的抑制作用。暴露于一氧化碳的大鼠的ALAD活性显著增加,提示可能存在一种适应性现象。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental quality and safety
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