Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry最新文献

The review summarizes the scientific information on the chemical structure and properties of chitin and chitosan isolated from the mushrooms biomass and analyzes the directions for their modification for the application in food industry and medicine as antibacterial, antiviral, wound-healing, and anticoagulant agents. The features of the synthesis of chitin by mushroom of the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Deuteromycota classes and the synthesis of chitosan by lower fungi of the Zygomycota class are covered. It is shown that higher mushroom contain chitin in their cell walls in the form of a chitin–glucan complex, while lower fungi (zygomycetes) contain chitin in the form of a chitosan–glucan complex. The active components of the substrates that affect the production of polysaccharides by mushroom are identified, specifically carbohydrates in the form of glucose, sucrose, and maltose, organic forms of nitrogen in the form of yeast extract and corn flour, mineral components in the form of dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. Particular attention is paid to the methods for the isolation of chitin and its modification to chitosan, carboxymethyl and sulfo derivatives of chitin and chitosan polymers, as well as to detailed description of the physicochemical and biological properties of the polymers. The choice of appropriate conditions and reagents for carboxymethylation of chitin and chitosan makes it possible to obtain carboxymethyl chitin, N- and O-carboxymethyl chitosans, as well as N,O- or N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)chitosans. The biological properties and application of these groups of compounds are described. The properties and applications of carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan strongly depend on their structure, degree of substitution, and arrangement of the amino or hydroxyl groups. Sodium monochloroacetate and monochloroacetic and glyoxalic acids are the main carboxymethylation reagents. Carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan are used as drug delivery systems, antimicrobial agents, components of cosmetics and food products, as well as tissue engineering scaffolds. The modification of chitosan with sulfo groups gives chitosan 2-N-, 6-O-, and 3-O-sulfates sulfates and 2-N-6-O-disulfates. The main sulfonating agents are oleum, pyridine, and chlorosulfonic acid. Sulfonic derivatives of chitin and chitosan can be used to produce hemocompatible materials (with antithrombotic and antibacterial activities).

Objective: A polysaccharide complex (PSC) from the aboveground part of Saussurea salicifolia L. (SS) was isolated and studied to show that SS PSC contains 54.99 ± 0.53% hexose, 12.99 ± 0.26% uronic acids, and 5.24 ± 0.04% protein and neutral monosaccharides represented by glucose, galactose, xylose, and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 1.67 : 1.00 : 1.20 : 1 > 42. Methods: Five main components were isolated by ion exchange chromatography. The structure of the isolated polysaccharides (PSs) was characterized by physicochemical methods, specifically IR spectroscopy, high-performance exclusive chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography, as well as by the Congo red reaction. Results and Discussion: All the PSs have different contents of hexoses (from 32.46 ± 2.63 to 83.64 ± 5.93%), uronic acids (from 2.56 ± 0.17 to 20.07 ± 3.70%), and a little of protein (0.75 ± 0.13 to 2.28 ± 0.17%). The isolated polysaccharide samples are highly homogeneous and have different monomeric compositions. The major component of SS-1 PS is galactose, SS-2, SS-3, and SS-4 PSs contain mostly rhamnose, and glucose and xylose predominate in SS-5 PS. The triple helix structure is established for SS PSC and SS-5 PS. Conclusions: The isolated PSs stimulated NO synthase of peritoneal macrophages at the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level, and samples 3, 4, and 5 showed an endotoxin-independent activity.

Objective: The aim of this work is to study the component composition of essential oil obtained from the above-ground parts of wild-growing Stachys Palustris L. in the Astrakhan region and the dependence of the yield of essential oil on the vegetation period of the plant. Methods: Essential oil samples were obtained by hydrodistillation. The GC-MS method was used to perform a quantitative analysis of the main components of the essential oil of Stachys palustris L. in the flowering phase. The quantitative content of essential oil components was calculated from the areas of gas chromatographic peaks without using correction coefficients. Qualitative analysis was performed by comparing linear retention indices. The essential oil yield was determined in % based on the weight of air-dry raw materials. Results and Discussion: In the results, it is found that the composition of the essential oil of Stachys palustris L. turned out to be very specific. 47 compounds belonging to different classes have been identified. The main classes of compounds are fatty acids and acid esters (36.23%), carbonyl compounds (14.25%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (12.90%), phenols (5.85%). Among sesquiterpenoids, the predominant component of essential oil is hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (7.5%). The oil also contains (Z)-phytol (6.78%), thymol (4.2%), β-ionone (3.36%), and β-caryophyllene (2.87%). The non-specific components of the essential oil of the taxon Stachys palustris are coumarin (10.27%) and coumaran (0.36%). The highest yield of essential oil was obtained from plants in the flowering phase (0.19–0.20%). Conclusions: The work obtained data on the features of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Stachys palustris L., growing wild in the Astrakhan region, which is probably due to both its taxon species affiliation and the climatic conditions of growth and the allelopathic effect of biocenoses.

Objective: The ability of garlic to accumulate germanium under natural and experimental conditions was discussed. Methods: The efficiency of accumulation of germanium in the garlic bulbs was dependent on the plant dressing method. Non-root (foliar) dressing proved to be 5 times more effective than root dressing; it afforded an increase in the germanium concentration within the garlic bulb tissues to 20.0 μg/kg. More effective was non-root dressing using Germatranol solution added with dimethyl sulfoxide, facilitating penetration of germanium into the plant tissues. Results and Discussion: The content of germanium in the bulbs of 24 samples of winter garlic varieties (19 samples) and spring garlic varieties (5 samples), grown in the lowland conditions of the Voronezh, Moscow, and Tver oblasts, as well as in the mountain conditions of the Shandong province (PRC), Karachay-Cherkessia, and Altai Mountains, was found to be at a low level. The germanium content in the bulbs did not exceed 4.2 μg/kg in 23 samples; in the sample grown in the conditions of Karachay-Cherkessia the content of this element was 5.0 μg/kg. Conclusions: It was shown that the efficiency of germanium accumulation in the garlic bulbs depends on the method of application of the germanium-containing substance. It was found that garlic roots and leaves accumulated germanium most actively; the respective germanium concentrations in these organs were 115.2 and 141.0 times higher than in the control. In the garlic cloves, the concentration of this element exceeded that in the control by 37.1 times, being 78 μg/kg.

Objective: This research goal to evaluate the variability of the contents of microelements in the underground and aboveground organs of Nonea Rossica Steven. Methods: The objects of the study were the aboveground and underground shoots of N. rossica from plants collected during the flowering phase. The contents of microelements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Results and Discussion: The analyzed elements were divided into three groups (1) group 1: biogenic elements B, K, P, V, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Si, and Zn and also Ni and Co: group 2: elements having a dominant toxic influence : Ag, Al, Ba, Br, Cr, I, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti and group 3: toxic elements As, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Te, Th, Tl, and U. It was established that the mean value of the coefficient of variation for the nutrients (group 1) in the aboveground parts of the plants is 27.8%, being significantly lower compared to the group 2 and group 3 elements (44.8 and 50.2%, respectively). At the same time, for the underground organs of the plants, the coefficients of variation for the elements of all groups do not differ significantly, being 41.7, 44.7, and 52.3% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Conclusions: The revealed patterns allow considering medicinal plant raw materials “Nonea rossicae herba” as a promising source for the creation of phytomedicines with sufficiently reproducibly contents of B, K, P, V, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Si, Zn, Ni, and Co to be used for prevention of diselementoses

This literature review is in line with current trends in the development of nature-like technologies and is devoted to the analysis of the chemical structure and to the search for new ways to use lignins for biomedical applications. Lignins are unique biopolymers of plant origin, whose structural organization is multivariate and largely depends on the biological species of a plant. Basic structural and chemical studies on various native lignins increasingly refine our knowledge of the macromolecules structure of this key plant biopolymer, and examining lignins of various taxonomic origins shows to what extent evolution and natural variability have resulted in a complication of the chemical structure of the lignin macromolecules, in particular, through the incorporation of “non-traditional” phenolic monomers. This suggests that lignins contain much more structural units than the three traditional monolignol variants described in lignin chemistry textbooks. As a result, the very definition of lignin continues to be expanded and refined. Currently, there is a dramatic increase in interest in lignin-based materials, mainly due to their diverse beneficial properties such as biodegradability, chemical reactivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and a wide range of biological activities. One of the main objectives of this review article was to identify and discuss the mechanisms of the biological action of lignins on living organisms with the view to assessing the biomedical potential and substantiating the possibility of use of lignins as innovative drugs with antioxidant, radiation-protective, and geroprotective effects. Finding new ways to use lignins is necessary to meet the challenge of preservation of health, improvement of quality of life, and extension of life expectancy of people.

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize hybrid nanocomposites of powder celluloses (PCs) derived from waste newsprint and cardboard, incorporating silver nanoparticles. The focus was on the mechanism of nanoparticle formation and stabilization within the cellulose matrix during the reduction process. Methods: Hybrid nanocomposites were prepared using the diffusion-reduction method, with trisodium citrate serving as the reducing agent for silver salt solutions under heterogeneous conditions. The PC/silver molar ratio was varied from 20 to 40. Structural and morphological characterization of the nanocomposites was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, high-resolution solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Results and Discussion: The study demonstrated that silver nanoparticles with a spherical shape and sizes mostly below 100 nm formed on the PC surface. The silver content in the nanocomposites ranged from 1.2 to 7.3 wt %. Structural analysis revealed that the cellulose retained its crystalline modification (cellulose I) after the reaction. The cellulose matrix participated in a redox process during nanoparticle formation, leading to the establishment of new intermolecular bonds between the nanoparticles and the cellulose matrix. Conclusions: The developed method provides a simple and efficient approach for producing powder cellulose/silver nanocomposites with potential applications as antibacterial materials.

Objective: This study aims to explore the potential of subcritical water (SCW) for the preparation of polyphenol-rich’s extracts leaves with high antioxidant activity from Ginkgo biloba (GB). Methods: Subcritical water (in the temperature range from 100 to 220°C) was used to extract secondary plant metabolites from GB’s leaves. UV/Vis spectrophotometry methods were used to study the dependence of the polyphenolic profile (the total sum of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids) and AOA of GB leaf extracts on the extraction method: in a subcritical water medium or water-alcohol (traditional) extraction. Results and Discussion: In the results, it is found that the use of a subcritical water medium for extraction processes allows not only to increase the extraction of secondary plant metabolites, but also to achieve changes in the properties of the obtained extracts—the content of polyphenolic compounds and AOA activity depend on the extraction conditions (subcritical water temperature). It was shown that the extract obtained from GB leaves in the SCW medium at 220°C contains the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds and demonstrates the highest AOA (EC₅₀ = 34.7 μg/mL) among the extracts obtained. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the prospects of using SCW to obtain extracts from GB’s leaves with a high content of polyphenols for the development of pharmaceuticals and food additives with high AOA.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of flavonoids in B. euphorbioides Nakai., B. triradiatum Adam ex. Hoffm., B. longiradiatum Turcz., B. scorzonerifolium Willd., B. komarovianum Lincz., and B. atargense Gorovoi species of the genus Bupleurum L., growing in the Russian Far East (Primorskii krai, Magadan oblast). Methods: Compounds of the flavonoid class were isolated from six species of plants of the genus Bupleurum L., growing in the Russian Far East (Primorskii krai, Magadan oblast) by liquid extraction. Five compounds were identified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography: avicularin, rutin, narcissin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. Avicularin was identified in B. atargense and B. longiradiatum plants for the first time. The structure of the compounds (avicularin, rutin, and narcissin) isolated by preparative column chromatography on Silica gel in the gradient elution mode using a mixture of solvents (carbon tetrachloride and ethanol) was proved by NMR-¹H, ¹³C, and ¹H, ¹³C-HMBC spectroscopy and by ESI mass spectrometry. Use of the differential spectrophotometry method allowed determining the content of total flavonoids in the aerial part of the six species of the genus Bupleurum L., whose mass fraction as calculated for absolutely dry raw material was found to vary from 0.58 to 2.92%. Results and Discussion: The highest content of flavonoids, 2.92 ± 0.58%, was detected in B. euphoiroides, and the lowest content, 0.58 ± 0.12%, in B. longiradiatum. Conclusions: A comparative analysis of individual flavonoids in the studied species of the genus Bupleurum L. revealed the features of their accumulation. The predominant flavonoid in the aerial part of B. atargense and B. euphoiroides was quercetin (1.14 ± 0.23 and 0.92 ± 0.18%, respectively), and that in B. triradiatum, B. komarovianum, B. scorzonerifolium, and B. longiradiatum, rutin (0.47 ± 0.09, 0.18 ± 0.04, 0.32 ± 0.08, and 0.13 ± 0.03%, respectively).

Objective: In model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the antiradical activity (ARA) of extractive substances of wild rosemary (Ledum palustre L.) growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was studied: aqueous-alcoholic extracts with an alcohol content of 20, 40, and 70%, water and alcohol extracts and essential oil. Methods: Whole essential oil obtained by exhaustive hydrosteam distillation for 8 h. The component composition of the essential oil was determined by chromato-mass spectrometry using a data bank on mass spectra and on the analysis of linear retention indices. Results and Discussion: At least 35 individual compounds were identified in the essential oil and their quantitative content was determined. The leaves of wild rosemary collected at the beginning of flowering in early June in the Partizansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were used as raw materials. The extracts were obtained using a sample of air-dry raw materials in the amount of 1.00 g, the extraction hydromodule was 1 : 100, the extraction time was 1 h. The results of the DPPH test showed that the antiradical activity of the obtained extracts changes in the following order: essential oil > 40% extract > 70% extract > 20% extract > aqueous extract. Moreover, the essential oil of wild rosemary has an ARA value of 82.7% even when diluted 1 : 10. The obtained extracts were studied by electron spectroscopy in the UV region. It is shown that the extracts contain phenolic compounds represented by phenolcarboxylic acids and flavonoids. In the extracts obtained, the total content of phenolic compounds was determined (by reaction with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent), which is 0.52–1.05 wt.% in terms of gallic acid. Moreover, this value passes through a maximum in the case of 40% alcohol extract. Conclusions: By reaction with aluminum chloride, the total content of flavonoids in the extracts was determined. It was found that the content of flavonoids in the extracts is 0.73–2.00 wt. % in terms of routine. The maximum content of flavonoids was found in 70% alcohol extract. It is shown that the ARA value correlates well with the total content of phenolic compounds - the correlation coefficient is 0.9512, and no correlation is observed with the total content of flavonoids.