Agroforestry Systems最新文献

Cacao production under agroforestry systems (AFS) can increase the incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., commonly known as Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) of cacao. However, some clones have shown tolerance to this disease, even under AFS conditions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the behavior of different cacao clones planted under full sun and shade conditions with the aiming of identifying clones that combine greater tolerance to the disease with superior yields to 1000 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ under AFS in the Colombian Amazon. The FPR resistance was evaluated in 18 cacao clones under both artificial inoculation and field conditions. Monitoring was conducted for one year in both full sun and shade. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models to determine differences between factors (i.e., clone, ii. condition) and the Disease Productivity Index (DPI). The FEC-2 clone stood out as the most resistant, showing no external or internal symptoms and the lowest pathogen incidence in both production systems (external severity 0.25 ± 0.07, internal severity 0.35 ± 0.06, and incidence of Moniliophthora roreri 0.15 ± 0.02). Other clones, such as ICS-95 and CCN-51, exhibited moderate tolerance, while most clones were classified as susceptible or moderately susceptible. The analysis revealed that shade conditions increased pathogen incidence in most clones, except for FEC-2. Additionally, clones like ICS-95, ICS-39, and FSV-155 reduced their incidence under shade. The Disease and Production Index (DPI) identified FEC-2 as the most promising clone, combining high productivity and tolerance, followed by ICS-95 and CCN-51, which also demonstrated disease tolerance and good yield levels. Clones such as FEAR-5, FSV-41, FLE-3, and ICS-1 were highly susceptible, while EET-8, FSA-12, and FGH-4 were classified as moderately susceptible. These findings highlight the importance of selecting resistant clones like FEC-2 to improve the sustainability and productivity of cacao in Amazonian agroforestry systems, mitigating losses caused by FPR.

Coffee is grown in some 75 countries, in which about 25 million people depend directly on coffee production for their livelihoods, with 70% of the labor being performed by women. Coffee cultivation systems based on agroforestry systems (CAFS) provide ecosystem services, such as carbon (C) storage. To identify the potential and opportunities for sequestration and storage of C in different coffee production systems, we selected 84 publications from indexed journals (Scopus and Web of Science) for the period 2006–2022 and applied a bibliometric analysis and meta-analysis. During the period 2006–2022, a total of 1,694 citations were recorded. We counted the countries of the corresponding authors, finding that the United States of America, Brazil, and Mexico are identified as the three nationalities with the highest number of publications. A mean total carbon content, considering both biomass and soil, of 178.9 ± 36.6 MgC ha⁻¹ is recorded, with soil organic carbon (SOC) being the component with the highest C content, at 105.4 ± 48.0 MgC ha⁻¹, followed by aboveground C in trees with 45.2 ± 35.3 MgC ha⁻¹. We found 156 multipurpose perennial species used in the shade layer, with the genera Albizia, Cordia, Erythrina, Ficus, Inga, Musa, Persea, and Terminalia as the most representative in CAFS. Coffee agroforestry systems represent an effective carbon storage strategy, outperforming unshaded systems. However, the high variability in carbon content highlights the influence of ecological and management factors. Gaps persist regarding the socioeconomic and market aspects, and the effects of climate change on carbon stocks.

Cacao-based agroforestry systems (cAFS) represent a sustainable land use that enhances carbon storage in aboveground biomass, particularly in degraded pasture areas of the Amazon. This study estimated carbon storage across different land use systems in the Colombian Amazon, including cAFS, full-sun cocoa plantations, forests, and degraded pastures. Measurements included aboveground biomass (cocoa trees and shade canopy) and necromass, constituted by litter and dead wood, using a randomized complete block design with five replications. Aboveground carbon storage varied significantly among land uses (P < 0.05). Forests exhibited the highest carbon storage (83.2 Mg C ha⁻¹), with most carbon stored in trees (85.8%), followed by leaf litter (6.8%) and dead wood (4.4%). Dead wood, in the form of fallen logs and standing deadwood, contributed 4.4% and 2.8%, respectively, to carbon storage. Pastures had the lowest carbon storage (0.9 Mg C ha⁻¹); whereas carbon storage in cAFS averaged 14.5 Mg C ha⁻¹, with 28% of that stored in cacao trees (4.2–6.0 Mg C ha⁻¹). Shade canopy trees contributed 17% to carbon storage, ranging from 2 to 35% (0.4–6.6 Mg C ha⁻¹). Accompanying trees and leaf litter stored an additional 13% and 11%, respectively. Although full-sun cocoa plantations were less effective than cAFS in storing carbon, they showed potential for carbon sequestration compared to degraded pastures. This study highlights the potential of cAFS to restore degraded lands and contribute to carbon storage, emphasizing its role in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable land management in the Amazon.

Parkland agroforestry plays an important role in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. However, this role varies by agroecological zone. This study aimed to (i) assess woody species and soil macrofauna diversity, and (ii) quantify soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in parkland agroforestry practices of Gubalafto Woreda, North Wollo, Ethiopia. We also explored the relationship between diversity and SOC. The agroecological zone was stratified into midland and lowland. Purposively four Kebeles were selected from both agroecological zones that practice parkland agroforestry. An inventory of scattered trees on farmland was conducted on randomly selected 51 (50 × 100 m) rectangular plots. For SOC determination, at each rectangular plot a soil sample was taken at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil depth. In each soil sampling plot, a wood frame of 25 × 25 × 30 cm was used to sample soil macrofauna diversity. The results revealed that the parklands of Gubalafto have a total of 16 woody species belonging to 9 families and to 7 families of macrofauna. The diversity of woody species differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two agroecological zones: lowland had greater woody species diversity than midland, but the midland had greater soil macrofauna diversity. The mean SOC stocks differed significantly (p = 0.002) between the midland agroecological zone (29.42 Mg C ha⁻¹) and the lowland agroecological zone (23.99 Mg C ha⁻¹). This variation likely reflects elevation driven differences in microclimate and decomposition rates rather than tree diversity, as no significant relationship was found between diversity indices and SOC in either agroecological zone. Instead, species identity (e.g., litter quality or high-biomass trees) and farm management practices may have a stronger influence on SOC accumulation. This study concludes that parkland agroforestry has the potential for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, so existing practices should be maintained and promoted.

Tropical rubber plantations follow a monsoon-paced phenology, yet increasing climate variability and recurrent Pestalotiopsis outbreaks have disrupted canopy dynamics and raised concerns about yield stability. This study advances four aims: (1) map long-term variability in Monthly Green Canopy Cover (MGCC) and disentangle seasonal and trend components; (2) quantify how climate, outbreaks, and clone identity shape MGCC; (3) characterize the spatiotemporal coupling between MGCC and latex yield; and (4) link Annual Green Canopy Cover (AGCC) to annual yield. MGCC was derived from harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery (2017 to 2024). Seasonal-trend decomposition isolated intra-annual cycles and longer-term shifts, and a Seasonal Mann–Kendall test with Sen’s slope identified significant canopy trajectories. A linear mixed-effects model (block as a random effect) assessed effects of solar exposure, air temperature, rainfall, outbreak status, and clone type on MGCC. Cross-correlation functions quantified MGCC–yield lags, and annual models related AGCC to year-end production. Results show that post-outbreak canopy recovery has weakened since 2018, yielding persistent losses in multiple blocks. Higher solar exposure, warmer temperatures, and heavier rainfall accelerated canopy decline, while mixed-clone plantings buffered losses. Pestalotiopsis effects lingered for ~ 1–2 months, and MGCC gains typically preceded higher latex yields after ~ 1–2 months in mature stands. At the annual scale, AGCC was positively associated with production, with temperature conditioning the strength of this linkage. By integrating satellite, climate, and genotype information, the approach delivers climate-conditioned early-warning indicators and management windows for post-defoliation recovery, supporting clone deployment, tap-schedule adjustments, and targeted interventions to enhance plantation resilience.

Agroforestry systems play an important role in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, yet their contribution to aboveground carbon (AGC) storage in smallholder landscapes remains poorly quantified in Ethiopia. This study assessed woody species diversity and aboveground carbon stocks across seven Landuse types (annual croplands, fallows, grazing lands, homesteads, live fences, perennial croplands, and patches of natural forest) in the farmscape of Dallo Manna district, Southeastern Ethiopia. A total of 45 plots were sampled, and tree/shrub biomass was estimated using an established allometric equation. Results revealed that 50 woody species belonging to 33 families were recorded. Vachellia abyssinica and Albizia gummifera were the most frequent, while Coffea arabica was the most abundant species. The study found significant variations in species richness and diversity across the land uses. Perennial croplands showed the highest species richness and diversity, followed by patches of natural forest. Mean aboveground carbon (AGC) stock across the farmscape was 49.21 Mg C ha⁻¹, with the highest per-hectare values observed in perennial croplands (225.43 Mg C ha⁻¹), and homesteads (99.36 Mg C ha⁻¹). Lower AGC values were recorded in annual croplands (23.69 Mg C ha⁻¹). Lower AGC values were recorded in annual croplands (23.69 Mg C ha⁻¹), grazing lands (31.68 Mg C ha⁻¹), fallows (43.84 Mg C ha⁻¹), and live fences (1.13 Mg C ha⁻¹). These findings demonstrate that perennial agroforestry and homestead practices, alongside remnant forests, boost biodiversity and carbon storage, strengthening climate resilience and supporting Ethiopia’s climate mitigation and sustainable land management goals.

The Central Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, hosts a diverse range of agroforestry practices that play a crucial role in sustaining livelihoods and maintaining ecological balance. This study employed Sentinel-2b imagery data and a comprehensive field survey of 198 farmers practicing agroforestry, to explore the current land use land cover (LULC), their socio-economic characteristics, species diversity, silvicultural management practices, benefits and constraints in the Central Western Ghats. The findings revealed that, dense forests dominate the landscape (692,631 ha), while the agroforestry systems occupy 24,965 hectare. The LULC classification using Google Earth Engine (GEE) & Random Forest (RF) algorithm, achieved an overall accuracy of 96.95% and a Kappa index of 0.94 and validated with 17,639 ground control points (GCPs) collected during extensive field survey. Arecanut-based plantations, fruits trees and cash crops contributed significantly to the regional economy and conservation of biodiversity. The study also highlights the socio-demographic profile of agroforestry practitioners, characterized by an older, predominantly male population with varied educational backgrounds and a strong inclination towards traditional farming practices. Despite challenges such as wildlife conflicts, limited market access and bureaucratic hurdles, 52% of farmers expressed willingness to expand agroforestry, driven by economic incentives. This study underscores the need for targeted extension services and policy interventions by the government to address these barriers and promote sustainable agroforestry practices.

Over the past four decades, the forest ecosystem of Ngwei municipality has undergone extensive degradation associated with the establishment of various oil palm plantations, including agroforestry-based village oil palm plantations (VP) and monoculture elitist oil palm plantations (EP). This study quantified carbon stocks and biodiversity across four land-use types: reference forest (FO), abandoned oil palm plantations (AB), village oil palm plantations (VP), and elitist oil palm plantations (EP). Sampling methods combining stratified, quadrat, and multi-storey approaches allowed measurement of above- and below-ground biomass. Our results show that reference forests (FO) contained the highest carbon stocks but exhibited lower species richness than village oil palm groves, highlighting their pivotal role in carbon storage and underscoring the urgent need for their conservation. Abandoned oil palm plantations (AB) showed intermediate carbon stocks (25 tC·ha⁻¹) and biodiversity levels, indicating natural regeneration potential but highlighting the necessity for active monitoring to prevent soil degradation and biodiversity loss. Village oil palm plantations (VP) have lower carbon stocks than abandoned plantations (AB) (18 tC·ha⁻¹), but nevertheless maintain relatively high floristic richness (301 species), suggesting potential for agroecological intensification to enhance ecosystem services and support local livelihoods. Elitist oil palm plantations (EP) had the lowest carbon stocks (7 tC·ha⁻¹) and reduced biodiversity, signaling a need for targeted interventions to mitigate ecological impacts. These findings emphasize the essential role of preserving remaining forests, fostering regeneration in abandoned plantations, and implementing sustainable agroecological practices in village oil palm plantations to optimize carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation within oil palm landscapes. However, the absence of historical baseline data limits the full understanding of long-term carbon dynamics, highlighting the need for future longitudinal studies to track carbon stock changes before and after forest conversion.

Shifting cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice that involves clearing and burning forest vegetation, cultivating crops for 1–3 years, and fallowing for natural regeneration. A critical component of this recovery is the interaction between plants, soil, and rhizospheric microbes. Since shifting cultivation is a major cultivation practice in Nagaland, yet its impacts on soil health, vegetation succession, and microbial communities are poorly understood. This study aims to understand how fallow age influences vegetation dynamics, as well as soil fertility and plant-microbial interactions associated with dominant plant species. This study examines how fallow age influences plant–soil–microbe interactions by comparing four fallow stages—F1 (1-year), F (2-year), F8 (8-year), and F9 (9-year), in Zaphumi village, Zunheboto district, Nagaland. Importance Value Index (IVI)analysis identified Thysanolaena sp. as dominant in F1 (IVI = 30.9) and Schima wallichii in F9 (IVI = 33.1). Younger fallows (F1, F) exhibited higher plant richness and diversity (Shannon index = 3.17 in F1), while older fallows (F8, F9) showed greater species evenness and dominance. Soil analyses revealed significantly higher organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and moisture in older fallows, with one-way ANOVA confirming significant differences (p < 0.05) across sites. Microbial counts (CFU g⁻¹ soil) were also elevated in older fallow. Among 132 isolates screened for plant growth-promoting traits, F9 harbored the highest proportion of IAA, phosphate, and siderophore-producing bacteria and fungi, as validated by chi-square tests. These findings demonstrate that fallow age critically influences soil fertility, vegetation composition, and microbial functionality. Moreover, dominant plant species not only mirror successional stages but also shape microbial diversity and function, highlighting their central role in ecosystem recovery and sustainable soil management in shifting cultivation systems.

Agroforestry systems in India’s western coastal region exhibit remarkable diversity, yet existing classification schemes often fail to provide practical guidance for stakeholders; farmers, researchers and policymakers in selecting optimal systems for local condition. This study addresses this gap by developing a locally adapted two-stage classification framework for South Gujarat, integrating structural and functional approaches, addressing its distinct agro-ecological condition and socio-economic needs. The first stage, systems are categorized structurally (based on trees-crops-livestock combinations). While, the second stage, they are functionally classified into conventional agroforestry (CAF) and unique agroforestry (UAF) systems, with nine key characteristics (e.g., improved production, market orientation etc.) distinguishing UAF systems like wadi-based agroforestry, that latter modified to specific livelihood and market needs. Field surveys of 252 farmers revealed that UAF systems—such as wadi-based agroforestry system (D) demonstrate enhanced productivity and income stability when supported by institutional linkages particularly for the marginal farmers in hilly regions. While agrosilvopastoral systems (B) enhanced fodder production and livestock rearing in plains. A novel simplified alphanumeric coding system {e.g., B1(iii)} improved usability, with 78% of farmers finding it accessible after training. Results demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness in aligning agroforestry practices with local needs, offering a scalable tool for sustainable land use. The study bridges gaps in prior systems by integrating structural, functional, and socio-economic factors, providing a model adaptable to similar regions and provides a actionable tool for sustainable agroforestry planning.