The features of central glutamate synapses are well suited to the spectrum of functions these elements serve in brain function. However, receptor-mediated mechanisms are only one facet of phenomena such as excitotoxicity or long-term potentiation, which almost certainly involve other neuronal components, e.g., other transmitter systems, voltage-gated channels, and biochemical mechanisms as well as possibly astrocytes in some cases. Nonetheless the rapid pace of progress in this field reinforces not only the diversity and complexity of the CNS, but suggests that it is not overly optimistic to think that understanding of these mechanisms will soon have an impact on neurological and mental illness.
{"title":"Glutamate receptors and excitotoxicity.","authors":"G L Westbrook","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The features of central glutamate synapses are well suited to the spectrum of functions these elements serve in brain function. However, receptor-mediated mechanisms are only one facet of phenomena such as excitotoxicity or long-term potentiation, which almost certainly involve other neuronal components, e.g., other transmitter systems, voltage-gated channels, and biochemical mechanisms as well as possibly astrocytes in some cases. Nonetheless the rapid pace of progress in this field reinforces not only the diversity and complexity of the CNS, but suggests that it is not overly optimistic to think that understanding of these mechanisms will soon have an impact on neurological and mental illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19366073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emerging strategies for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.","authors":"M D Ginsberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"207-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In summary, EAA play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders simply by virtue of the pathways in brain that utilize EAA as neurotransmitters. Thus, the striatum, which is so strikingly affected in Huntington's disease, receives massive EAAergic input from all regions of the cerebral cortex and from the thalamus. In Parkinson's disease, some of the key pathways projecting into the substantia nigra pars compacta and to the subthalamic nucleus and basal ganglia output zones also use EAA as neurotransmitters. In Alzheimer's disease, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are dependent on EAAergic neurotransmission for normal function. Drugs that manipulate these neurotransmitter inputs and outputs could be very helpful in the symptomatic relief of all these neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, there may be secondary excitotoxic effects of EAA on neuronal function in neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic abnormalities may render subsets of neurons more vulnerable to changes in ion concentration or energy demands and thus more susceptible to EAA-induced neurotoxicity. Although EAA themselves may not be the primary culprit in a disease, EAA-induced toxicity may cause significant damage as a secondary phenomenon. If so, the neuronal damage could potentially be attenuated by the use of EAA antagonists. Future research on these problems hold great promise.
{"title":"Role of excitotoxins in heredito-degenerative neurologic diseases.","authors":"A B Young","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In summary, EAA play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders simply by virtue of the pathways in brain that utilize EAA as neurotransmitters. Thus, the striatum, which is so strikingly affected in Huntington's disease, receives massive EAAergic input from all regions of the cerebral cortex and from the thalamus. In Parkinson's disease, some of the key pathways projecting into the substantia nigra pars compacta and to the subthalamic nucleus and basal ganglia output zones also use EAA as neurotransmitters. In Alzheimer's disease, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are dependent on EAAergic neurotransmission for normal function. Drugs that manipulate these neurotransmitter inputs and outputs could be very helpful in the symptomatic relief of all these neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, there may be secondary excitotoxic effects of EAA on neuronal function in neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic abnormalities may render subsets of neurons more vulnerable to changes in ion concentration or energy demands and thus more susceptible to EAA-induced neurotoxicity. Although EAA themselves may not be the primary culprit in a disease, EAA-induced toxicity may cause significant damage as a secondary phenomenon. If so, the neuronal damage could potentially be attenuated by the use of EAA antagonists. Future research on these problems hold great promise.</p>","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"175-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19086664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ischemic penumbra in stroke: prospects for analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","authors":"J W Prichard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"153-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current antisense nucleic acid strategies for manipulating neuronal and glial cells.","authors":"L F Eng","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"293-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strokes involving gray matter: studies on in situ models of cerebral ischemia.","authors":"W A Pulsinelli","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"107-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D E Redmond, R J Robbins, F Naftolin, K L Marek, T L Vollmer, C Leranth, R H Roth, L H Price, A Gjedde, B S Bunney
{"title":"Cellular replacement of dopamine deficit in Parkinson's disease using human fetal mesencephalic tissue: preliminary results in four patients.","authors":"D E Redmond, R J Robbins, F Naftolin, K L Marek, T L Vollmer, C Leranth, R H Roth, L H Price, A Gjedde, B S Bunney","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"325-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intracerebral transplantation: prospects for neuronal replacement in neurodegenerative diseases.","authors":"A Björklund","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"361-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19401542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The therapeutic window for methylprednisolone treatment of acute spinal cord injury: implications for cell injury mechanisms.","authors":"W Young","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"191-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The design and appraisal of randomized clinical trials in cerebrovascular disease and CNS trauma.","authors":"L M Brass","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76423,"journal":{"name":"Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease","volume":"71 ","pages":"239-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19402376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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