Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.5307/JBE.2015.40.3.212
N. Aviara, Mary E. Onaji, A. Lawal
Physical properties of Detarium microcarpum seed were investigated as a function of moisture content with a view to exploring the possibility of developing its bulk handling and processing equipment. In the moisture range of 8.2%–28.5% (d.b.), the major, intermediate and the minor axes increased from 2.95–3.21 cm, 1.85–2.61 cm, and 0.40–1.21 cm respectively. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean and equivalent sphere effective diameters determined at the same moisture level were significantly different from each other with the arithmetic mean diameter being of the highest value. The seed can be described as an irregularly shaped spherical disc. In the above moisture range, the surface area, one thousand seed weight, particle density and porosity increased linearly with moisture content from 354.62-433.19 cm2, 3.184-3.737kg, 1060-1316 kg/m3 and 30% to 53.1% respectively, while bulk density decreased with increase in moisture content from 647.6-617.2 kg/m3. Angle of repose increased linearly with moisture content from 13.9o-28.4o. Static and kinetic coefficients of friction increased linearly with moisture content and varied with structural surface. Highest value of static coefficient of friction at each moisture level in the above range was on galvanized steel sheet, while the lowest value was on fiber glass. For the kinetic coefficient of friction, the highest values were on Hessian bag material, while the lowest values were on fiber glass.
{"title":"Moisture dependent physical properties of Detarium microcarpum seed","authors":"N. Aviara, Mary E. Onaji, A. Lawal","doi":"10.5307/JBE.2015.40.3.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2015.40.3.212","url":null,"abstract":"Physical properties of Detarium microcarpum seed were investigated as a function of moisture content with a view to exploring the possibility of developing its bulk handling and processing equipment. In the moisture range of 8.2%–28.5% (d.b.), the major, intermediate and the minor axes increased from 2.95–3.21 cm, 1.85–2.61 cm, and 0.40–1.21 cm respectively. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean and equivalent sphere effective diameters determined at the same moisture level were significantly different from each other with the arithmetic mean diameter being of the highest value. The seed can be described as an irregularly shaped spherical disc. In the above moisture range, the surface area, one thousand seed weight, particle density and porosity increased linearly with moisture content from 354.62-433.19 cm2, 3.184-3.737kg, 1060-1316 kg/m3 and 30% to 53.1% respectively, while bulk density decreased with increase in moisture content from 647.6-617.2 kg/m3. Angle of repose increased linearly with moisture content from 13.9o-28.4o. Static and kinetic coefficients of friction increased linearly with moisture content and varied with structural surface. Highest value of static coefficient of friction at each moisture level in the above range was on galvanized steel sheet, while the lowest value was on fiber glass. For the kinetic coefficient of friction, the highest values were on Hessian bag material, while the lowest values were on fiber glass.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"311-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90957659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-23DOI: 10.13031/AIM.20141895952
Cong Zhang, Kun Xie, Ming-Hsun Cheng, K. Rosentrater
The objective of this project was to separate distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) into high protein and high fiber fractions, in order to improve the value and utility as a livestock feed. This project used a laboratory-scale cylindrical blower (Iowa blower) and a laboratory-scale gravity table (Whippet V-80 separator, Sutton, Steele & Steele, Inc.). The raw DDGS was sieved into multiple streams using 10 mesh, 20 mesh and 40 mesh screens. The 10-20 mesh fraction and 20-40 mesh fraction were then run on the blower and the separator separately, using the same settings for air velocity in the range of 0.32 m/s to 3.06 m/s. A high protein fraction was achieved (37.13% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with an air velocity of 2.42 m/s by the blower. For the separator, using the same settings for airflow speed, the rate of eccentric shaft vibration, feedstock loading rate, side and end slopes, a high protein fraction was achieved (39.24% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with a range of the rate of eccentric shaft vibration from 350 rotation per minute to 500 rotation per minute. Another high protein fraction was also achieved (40.61% db) for the 20-40 mesh fraction with the same range of eccentric shaft vibration (350-500 r/min). As a result, good protein separation could be achieved by operating either the blower or the gravity table, although further study is required to optimize the separation efficiency.
{"title":"Laboratory-scale fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)","authors":"Cong Zhang, Kun Xie, Ming-Hsun Cheng, K. Rosentrater","doi":"10.13031/AIM.20141895952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/AIM.20141895952","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this project was to separate distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) into high protein and high fiber fractions, in order to improve the value and utility as a livestock feed. This project used a laboratory-scale cylindrical blower (Iowa blower) and a laboratory-scale gravity table (Whippet V-80 separator, Sutton, Steele & Steele, Inc.). The raw DDGS was sieved into multiple streams using 10 mesh, 20 mesh and 40 mesh screens. The 10-20 mesh fraction and 20-40 mesh fraction were then run on the blower and the separator separately, using the same settings for air velocity in the range of 0.32 m/s to 3.06 m/s. A high protein fraction was achieved (37.13% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with an air velocity of 2.42 m/s by the blower. For the separator, using the same settings for airflow speed, the rate of eccentric shaft vibration, feedstock loading rate, side and end slopes, a high protein fraction was achieved (39.24% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with a range of the rate of eccentric shaft vibration from 350 rotation per minute to 500 rotation per minute. Another high protein fraction was also achieved (40.61% db) for the 20-40 mesh fraction with the same range of eccentric shaft vibration (350-500 r/min). As a result, good protein separation could be achieved by operating either the blower or the gravity table, although further study is required to optimize the separation efficiency.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"40 1 1","pages":"293-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89983187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Iakovou, D. Vlachos, C. Achillas, F. Anastasiadis
Agrifood sector is one of the most important economic and political areas within the European Union, with key implications for sustainability such as the fulfillment of human needs, the support of employment and economic growth, and its impact on the natural environment. Growing environmental, social and ethical concerns and increased awareness of the impacts of the agrifood sector have led to increased pressure by all involved supply chain stakeholders, while at the same time the European Union has undertaken a number of relevant regulatory interventions. This paper aims to present a methodological framework for the design of green supply chains for the agrifood sector. The framework aims towards the optimization of the agrifood supply chain design, planning and operations through the implementation of appropriate green supply chain management and logistics principles. More specifically, focus is put on the minimization of the environmental burden and the maximization of supply chain sustainability of the agrifood supply chain. The application of such a framework could result into substantial reduction of CO2 emissions both by the additional production of other biofuels from waste, as well as the introduction of a novel intelligent logistics network, in order to reduce the harvest and transportation energy input. Moreover, the expansion of the biomass feedstock available for biofuel production can provide adequate support towards avoidance of food/fuel competition for land use.
{"title":"Design of sustainable supply chains for the agrifood sector: a holistic research framework","authors":"E. Iakovou, D. Vlachos, C. Achillas, F. Anastasiadis","doi":"10.1201/b20562-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/b20562-4","url":null,"abstract":"Agrifood sector is one of the most important economic and political areas within the European Union, with key implications for sustainability such as the fulfillment of human needs, the support of employment and economic growth, and its impact on the natural environment. Growing environmental, social and ethical concerns and increased awareness of the impacts of the agrifood sector have led to increased pressure by all involved supply chain stakeholders, while at the same time the European Union has undertaken a number of relevant regulatory interventions. This paper aims to present a methodological framework for the design of green supply chains for the agrifood sector. The framework aims towards the optimization of the agrifood supply chain design, planning and operations through the implementation of appropriate green supply chain management and logistics principles. More specifically, focus is put on the minimization of the environmental burden and the maximization of supply chain sustainability of the agrifood supply chain. The application of such a framework could result into substantial reduction of CO2 emissions both by the additional production of other biofuels from waste, as well as the introduction of a novel intelligent logistics network, in order to reduce the harvest and transportation energy input. Moreover, the expansion of the biomass feedstock available for biofuel production can provide adequate support towards avoidance of food/fuel competition for land use.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84579186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-20DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.02
G. O. Awe, K. Ogedengbe
The use of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad) in gravity – flow drip irrigation was evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria with leaf amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) as test crop. System involved the use of bamboo as the conveyance structure and medical infusion sets as dripper to deliver water to the field at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 drops of water/minutes. The variation in discharge ranged from 6.35 to 10.21 percent as the flow rate decreases from 30 to 10 drops of water/minute. The corresponding manufacturer’s coefficient of variation ranged from 2.31 to 3.35 percent as the flow rate decreases. Statistical Uniformity Coefficient and Distribution Uniformity varied between 97.21 and 98.33 percent and 96.06 and 97.69 percent respectively as the flow rate increases. There was an increase in plant height on average of 4.85, 12.53, 32.43 and 42.58cm one, two, three and four weeks after sowing while an optimum yield of 4.13Kg/m2 was recorded from 15drops of water/minute. This is a new dimension in affordable drip irrigation technology and an avenue to exploit local and cheap materials whose propagation should be emphasized.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris, Schrad)-Pipe and Medi-Emitter in A Gravity-Flow Drip Irrigation System","authors":"G. O. Awe, K. Ogedengbe","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.02","url":null,"abstract":"The use of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad) in gravity – flow drip irrigation was evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria with leaf amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) as test crop. System involved the use of bamboo as the conveyance structure and medical infusion sets as dripper to deliver water to the field at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 drops of water/minutes. The variation in discharge ranged from 6.35 to 10.21 percent as the flow rate decreases from 30 to 10 drops of water/minute. The corresponding manufacturer’s coefficient of variation ranged from 2.31 to 3.35 percent as the flow rate decreases. Statistical Uniformity Coefficient and Distribution Uniformity varied between 97.21 and 98.33 percent and 96.06 and 97.69 percent respectively as the flow rate increases. There was an increase in plant height on average of 4.85, 12.53, 32.43 and 42.58cm one, two, three and four weeks after sowing while an optimum yield of 4.13Kg/m2 was recorded from 15drops of water/minute. This is a new dimension in affordable drip irrigation technology and an avenue to exploit local and cheap materials whose propagation should be emphasized.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80305899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conversion of biomass is considered the next major advance in biorenewable fuels, energy, and products. Wholesale conversion to biomass utilization could result in removal of current crop residues from agricultural fields (on prime agricultural lands) or even implementation of different crops and cropping strategies (i.e., switchgrass on marginal lands). To date, the driver for biomass processing has been economics and limitations on the conversion of the lignocellulose. Over the last forty years significant investments and resultant changes in management practices in the agricultural sector have focused on soil and water conservation. One of the major efforts has focused on conservation-till or no-till, with the goal of retaining biomass residues in the field on the surface to prevent erosion, improve soil structure, and increase biological diversity. Environmental implications of significant changes to current cropping systems have not been thoroughly addressed, however. This paper will focus on using South Dakota as a case study to determine the potential for biomass and discuss the implications thereof for the utilization of these materials. We will consider optimizing the amount of biomass that can be harvested with and without consideration of a minimum level of crop residue left in the field. Meeting our nation’s transportation fuel needs can be accomplished sustainably, but these issues need to be addressed now, at the outset of this revolution.
{"title":"Quantifying Total and Sustainable Agricultural Biomass Resources in South Dakota – A Preliminary Assessment","authors":"K. Rosentrater","doi":"10.13031/2013.23075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23075","url":null,"abstract":"Conversion of biomass is considered the next major advance in biorenewable fuels, energy, and products. Wholesale conversion to biomass utilization could result in removal of current crop residues from agricultural fields (on prime agricultural lands) or even implementation of different crops and cropping strategies (i.e., switchgrass on marginal lands). To date, the driver for biomass processing has been economics and limitations on the conversion of the lignocellulose. Over the last forty years significant investments and resultant changes in management practices in the agricultural sector have focused on soil and water conservation. One of the major efforts has focused on conservation-till or no-till, with the goal of retaining biomass residues in the field on the surface to prevent erosion, improve soil structure, and increase biological diversity. Environmental implications of significant changes to current cropping systems have not been thoroughly addressed, however. This paper will focus on using South Dakota as a case study to determine the potential for biomass and discuss the implications thereof for the utilization of these materials. We will consider optimizing the amount of biomass that can be harvested with and without consideration of a minimum level of crop residue left in the field. Meeting our nation’s transportation fuel needs can be accomplished sustainably, but these issues need to be addressed now, at the outset of this revolution.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74345806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effects of environmental conditions on rectal temperature of broilers subjected to different heat loss- and heat gain-enhancing treatments. Twenty six-week old broilers with similar body weight were used in the study. The four treatments were allocated to the broilers in a Completely Randomized Design: (і) Beak and Wings Taped (BWT) where birds could not pant or droop wings; (іі) Beak Taped (BT) where birds could not pant; (ііі) Wings Taped (WT) where birds could not droop wings and; (іv) the Control (C) where birds could pant and droop wings. The experiment was replicated five times (5 birds per treatment). The rectal temperature (RT) probes were used to measure RTs of the broilers every 20 seconds during each 8-hour experimental period. Environmental conditions, i.e., air temperature (T); relative humidity (RH); air velocity (V), and duration of heat exposure were measured and used as independent variables in linear regression models of rectal temperature. The resulting models were RTBWT = 0.640T + 0.225RH – 0.578V + 15.223; RTBT = 0.811T + 0.353RH – 0.142V + 5.433; RTWT = 0.257T – 1.288V + 35.602 and RTC = 0.382T + 0.062RH – 1.179V + 29.339. For the latter, the models developed were RTBWT = 0.681t + 41.013; RTBT = 0.775t + 41.410; RTWT = 0.391t + 41.014 and RTC = 0.438t + 40.967. Both panting and drooping of wings were effective in relieving the birds of heat stress. Panting was the dominant heat loss mechanism as air temperature approached or exceeded body temperature of the birds. The birds died at varying degrees of cumulative body heat loads which seemed to depend on the individual bird’s ability to cope with heat stress. The average lethal cumulative heat loads were 7.1, 8.3, 9.0 and 11.0oC-hr for the BWT, BT, WT and C treatments, respectively. For future similar experiments, improvement should be made on the tunnel to accommodate more than one bird per cage.
{"title":"Rectal Temperature Changes in Broilers Kept Under Hot and DryConditions","authors":"H. J. Chepete","doi":"10.13031/2013.25584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.25584","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of environmental conditions on rectal temperature of broilers\u0000subjected to different heat loss- and heat gain-enhancing treatments. Twenty six-week old\u0000broilers with similar body weight were used in the study. The four treatments were allocated to\u0000the broilers in a Completely Randomized Design: (і) Beak and Wings Taped (BWT) where birds\u0000could not pant or droop wings; (іі) Beak Taped (BT) where birds could not pant; (ііі) Wings\u0000Taped (WT) where birds could not droop wings and; (іv) the Control (C) where birds could pant\u0000and droop wings. The experiment was replicated five times (5 birds per treatment). The rectal\u0000temperature (RT) probes were used to measure RTs of the broilers every 20 seconds during each\u00008-hour experimental period. Environmental conditions, i.e., air temperature (T); relative\u0000humidity (RH); air velocity (V), and duration of heat exposure were measured and used as\u0000independent variables in linear regression models of rectal temperature. The resulting models\u0000were RTBWT = 0.640T + 0.225RH – 0.578V + 15.223; RTBT = 0.811T + 0.353RH – 0.142V +\u00005.433; RTWT = 0.257T – 1.288V + 35.602 and RTC = 0.382T + 0.062RH – 1.179V + 29.339. For\u0000the latter, the models developed were RTBWT = 0.681t + 41.013; RTBT = 0.775t + 41.410; RTWT =\u00000.391t + 41.014 and RTC = 0.438t + 40.967. Both panting and drooping of wings were effective\u0000in relieving the birds of heat stress. Panting was the dominant heat loss mechanism as air\u0000temperature approached or exceeded body temperature of the birds. The birds died at varying\u0000degrees of cumulative body heat loads which seemed to depend on the individual bird’s ability to\u0000cope with heat stress. The average lethal cumulative heat loads were 7.1, 8.3, 9.0 and 11.0oC-hr\u0000for the BWT, BT, WT and C treatments, respectively. For future similar experiments,\u0000improvement should be made on the tunnel to accommodate more than one bird per cage.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83531490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1615/ATOMIZSPR.V19.I8.30
M. Luca, A. Vallet
This paper presents a new approach to model the pesticide atomization in order to get the droplet size and velocity very close to the nozzle exit. The two-phase flow was calculated inside and outside the nozzle. The model was based on classical fluid mechanics transport equations for the liquid dispersion, velocity and turbulence. Moreover, a novel transport equation was developed for the mean liquid/gas surface area, coming from studies in automotive and aeronautics fields. Coupling the transport equations for the liquid mass fraction and the surface area led to an estimation of a Sauter Mean Diameter. These equations have been implemented in the commercial CFD code Fluent. A swirling flow was found inside the nozzle. Moreover, a hollow cone liquid sheet expanded outside the nozzle. Calculations have been conducted with various injection pressure values, leading to a mass flow rate in good accordance with manufacturer data. Surfactant influence has been studied by varying the surface tension coefficient in the surface area transport equation: as expected, droplets obtained are smaller than when water is considered.
{"title":"Pesticide Atomization Modelling for Hollow Cone Nozzle","authors":"M. Luca, A. Vallet","doi":"10.1615/ATOMIZSPR.V19.I8.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/ATOMIZSPR.V19.I8.30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new approach to model the pesticide atomization in order to get the droplet size and velocity very close to the nozzle exit. The two-phase flow was calculated inside and outside the nozzle. The model was based on classical fluid mechanics transport equations for the liquid dispersion, velocity and turbulence. Moreover, a novel transport equation was developed for the mean liquid/gas surface area, coming from studies in automotive and aeronautics fields. Coupling the transport equations for the liquid mass fraction and the surface area led to an estimation of a Sauter Mean Diameter. These equations have been implemented in the commercial CFD code Fluent. A swirling flow was found inside the nozzle. Moreover, a hollow cone liquid sheet expanded outside the nozzle. Calculations have been conducted with various injection pressure values, leading to a mass flow rate in good accordance with manufacturer data. Surfactant influence has been studied by varying the surface tension coefficient in the surface area transport equation: as expected, droplets obtained are smaller than when water is considered.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78898974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-08-01DOI: 10.1142/9789812771957_0162
Xianzhe Zheng, Y. Lan
The influence of drying temperature on rice taste quality was studied in this paper. The heated-air temperature of 40℃, 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, and 60℃, respectively, were used to dry fresh paddy. The critical drying temperature of 45℃ for paddy rice with an initial moisture content of 21.36% w.b. was obtained, which induce the rice taste value declining significantly. Also, the amorphous starch matrix inside the rice kernel, which takes the shape of hardly dissolved starch granular, was observed by electron microscope. The fatty acid content of the rice increases as the drying temperature, which results in a higher degree of rice aging and restrains starch gelatinization during rice cooking. Those are key factors leading to the degradation of rice taste in the post-drying paddy. In order to preserve rice taste quality, a drying temperature below 45℃ is recommended for drying paddy, if its initial moisture content is less than 21.36%. The relationship between the major rice ingredients viz protein, amylose, moisture, and fat acid and taste value was established based on the experiment data used to predict rice taste quality.
{"title":"Effects of Drying Temperature and Moisture Content on Rice Taste Quality","authors":"Xianzhe Zheng, Y. Lan","doi":"10.1142/9789812771957_0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812771957_0162","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of drying temperature on rice taste quality was studied in this paper. The heated-air\u0000temperature of 40℃, 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, and 60℃, respectively, were used to dry fresh paddy. The critical\u0000drying temperature of 45℃ for paddy rice with an initial moisture content of 21.36% w.b. was obtained,\u0000which induce the rice taste value declining significantly. Also, the amorphous starch matrix inside the rice\u0000kernel, which takes the shape of hardly dissolved starch granular, was observed by electron microscope.\u0000The fatty acid content of the rice increases as the drying temperature, which results in a higher degree of\u0000rice aging and restrains starch gelatinization during rice cooking. Those are key factors leading to the\u0000degradation of rice taste in the post-drying paddy. In order to preserve rice taste quality, a drying\u0000temperature below 45℃ is recommended for drying paddy, if its initial moisture content is less than\u000021.36%. The relationship between the major rice ingredients viz protein, amylose, moisture, and fat acid\u0000and taste value was established based on the experiment data used to predict rice taste quality.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"425 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78173453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-07-01DOI: 10.32920/ryerson.14640621.v1
Alexander Ryerson, Qin Zhang
In farming operations, one of the fundamental issues facing farmer is the cost of running the farm. If the equipment the farmer is using can be made more efficient, the cost of farming will be reduced. One way of making agricultural equipment more efficient is to develop automated or autonomous functions for the equipment. One of the fundamental tasks for autonomous equipment is to plan the path for the equipment to travel. This paper reports the research on the feasibility of creating an automated method of path planning for autonomous agricultural equipment. Genetic algorithms were chosen to plan the paths with a primary goal of creating an optimal path guiding the equipment to completely cover a field while avoiding all known obstacles. Two example fields were designed for evaluating the feasibility of this concept on simple problems. While simulation results verified the feasibility of this conceptual path planning method, they also indicated that further development would be required before the algorithm could actually be implemented on agricultural equipment for real-world field applications. Keywords: Automonous equipment, genetic algorithms, off-road vehicle, path planning
{"title":"Vehicle path planning for complete field coverage using genetic algorithms","authors":"Alexander Ryerson, Qin Zhang","doi":"10.32920/ryerson.14640621.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14640621.v1","url":null,"abstract":"In farming operations, one of the fundamental issues facing farmer is the cost of running the farm. If the equipment the farmer is using can be made more efficient, the cost of farming will be reduced. One way of making agricultural equipment more efficient is to develop automated or autonomous functions for the equipment. One of the fundamental tasks for autonomous equipment is to plan the path for the equipment to travel. This paper reports the research on the feasibility of creating an automated method of path planning for autonomous agricultural equipment. Genetic algorithms were chosen to plan the paths with a primary goal of creating an optimal path guiding the equipment to completely cover a field while avoiding all known obstacles. Two example fields were designed for evaluating the feasibility of this concept on simple problems. While simulation results verified the feasibility of this conceptual path planning method, they also indicated that further development would be required before the algorithm could actually be implemented on agricultural equipment for real-world field applications. Keywords: Automonous equipment, genetic algorithms, off-road vehicle, path planning","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86281709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experiments of variable rate fertilization (VRF) for maize were carried out by using a VRF system that was designed and manufactured by us. In the studies, prescriptions of VRT were made for maize according to the nutrient levels in soil and the theory of yield goal. The results of this study have shown that VRF increased maize yield by 11% more in 2004 than that of conventional method of fertilization and 33% in 2005, and the application rate was saved by 32% in 2004 and 29% in 2005. In addition to higher yields, VRF also increased the cost-benefit ratio under the condition of reasonable rate of fertilizer application.
{"title":"Variable Rate Fertilization for Maize and its Effects Based on the Site-specific Soil Fertility and Yield","authors":"Y. Lan, S. Zhang, W. Li, W. C. Hoffmann, C. Ma","doi":"10.13031/2013.23652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23652","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments of variable rate fertilization (VRF) for maize were carried out by using a VRF system that was designed and manufactured by us. In the studies, prescriptions of VRT were made for maize according to the nutrient levels in soil and the theory of yield goal. The results of this study have shown that VRF increased maize yield by 11% more in 2004 than that of conventional method of fertilization and 33% in 2005, and the application rate was saved by 32% in 2004 and 29% in 2005. In addition to higher yields, VRF also increased the cost-benefit ratio under the condition of reasonable rate of fertilizer application.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"38 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78836235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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