Pub Date : 2006-03-01DOI: 10.4314/JASET.V4I2.38277
A. Bamgboye, S. Jekayinfa
The energy consumption pattern in three categories of palm kernel mills was considered in this study. The mills were classified as small, medium and large respectively based on their capacities. Data on PKO production, quantity of fossil fuel used, electrical power used from the state grid, and captive power generated were obtained for each of the seven identified unit operations. Thermal, Electrical and Manual energy were identified to be the main sources of energy input in all the mills. Thermal energy input varying from 44.9% to 82.4% in the mills was observed to be the mostly used, followed by electrical energy (45.7% - 14.9%) and manual (9.4% - 2.7%) in small, medium and large mills respectively. Palm nut cracking and oil expression accounted for 73.4% of the energy consumed in both small mill and medium mills respectively and 85.2% in the large mill. This indicates that these two unit operations were the most energy intensive operations in all the mills considered.
{"title":"Energy consumption pattern in palm kernel oil processing operations","authors":"A. Bamgboye, S. Jekayinfa","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V4I2.38277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V4I2.38277","url":null,"abstract":"The energy consumption pattern in three categories of palm kernel mills was considered in this study. The mills were classified as small, medium and large respectively based on their capacities. Data on PKO production, quantity of fossil fuel used, electrical power used from the state grid, and captive power generated were obtained for each of the seven identified unit operations. Thermal, Electrical and Manual energy were identified to be the main sources of energy input in all the mills.\u0000Thermal energy input varying from 44.9% to 82.4% in the mills was observed to be the mostly used, followed by electrical energy (45.7% - 14.9%) and manual (9.4% - 2.7%) in small, medium and large mills respectively.\u0000Palm nut cracking and oil expression accounted for 73.4% of the energy consumed in both small mill and medium mills respectively and 85.2% in the large mill. This indicates that these two unit operations were the most energy intensive operations in all the mills considered.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"26-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86953781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anaerobic digestion is again being taken seriously because of increasing concerns about the environmental hazards of manure. The push to produce more renewable energy locally as a means to reduce dependence on fossil fuels has also had an effect. A well running plug-flow digester on the Haubenschild dairy in Princeton, Minnesota has provided nearly five continuous years of electrical energy production and operational data. The digester was initially installed at Haubenschild Farms to control air pollution and to produce energy by utilizing waste. The 800 cows at the farm produce enough methane to generate about 2900 kWh per day of electricity, 1500 kWh of which is used on the farm. The remainder is sold as "Green Energy" and marketed to consumers who wish to use electricity generated from renewable sources. The digester is producing at least 30 percent more biogas than the design estimates. The dairy also saves $400 per month in heating costs by using waste heat from the generator. The up time on the generator has been about 95%. This project has shown that a payback of 5 years or less on investment is possible.
{"title":"Anaerobic Digestion for Energy and Pollution Control","authors":"P. Goodrich, D. Schmidt, Dennis D. Haubenschild","doi":"10.13031/2013.10525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.10525","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic digestion is again being taken seriously because of increasing concerns about the environmental hazards of manure. The push to produce more renewable energy locally as a means to reduce dependence on fossil fuels has also had an effect. A well running plug-flow digester on the Haubenschild dairy in Princeton, Minnesota has provided nearly five continuous years of electrical energy production and operational data. The digester was initially installed at Haubenschild Farms to control air pollution and to produce energy by utilizing waste. The 800 cows at the farm produce enough methane to generate about 2900 kWh per day of electricity, 1500 kWh of which is used on the farm. The remainder is sold as \"Green Energy\" and marketed to consumers who wish to use electricity generated from renewable sources. The digester is producing at least 30 percent more biogas than the design estimates. The dairy also saves $400 per month in heating costs by using waste heat from the generator. The up time on the generator has been about 95%. This project has shown that a payback of 5 years or less on investment is possible.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"379 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77875123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honey has naturally low levels of microorganisms due to its low water content and high concentration of sugars. However, it has been known to contain the spores of yeast, mold, and bacteria resulting in spoilage of the product. Clostridium botulinum, is associated with honey and is known to cause a disease called botulism. Heat pasteurization, pressure treatment, and irradiation have all been studied as methods of killing the spores, but have been found lacking. Pulsed Ultraviolet (UV)-Light Sterilization is a novel processing method used for microbial inactivation. For the experimentation, spores of C. sporogenes were prepared from cooked meat medium cultures grown in an anaerobic jar for 7 days at 37oC. Honey was inoculated with 0.1 ml of C. sporogenes spore suspension per 20 g honey, and mixed well. Pulsed light was applied to the inoculated honey using the SteriPulse XL® 3000 Pulsed Light Sterilization System provided by NASA Commercial Food Technology Center. The following parameters were analyzed: 1) the number of pulses 2) the distance between the food product and lamp 3) depth of honey. Treated and untreated (control) honey was analyzed for C. sporogenes. Increasing the number of pulses (or treatment time) also appears to be effective at inactivating the spores. When the depth of honey was decreased from 8 to 2 mm at the 20 cm shelf height, the spore kill increased for the same number of pulses. Even though varying these three parameters enhanced the inactivation of C. sporogenes up to 90%, it failed to inactivate the spores completely due to insufficient penetration of UV-light into honey.
{"title":"Inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes in Clover Honey by Pulsed UV-light Treatment","authors":"Sara L. Hillegas, A. Demirci","doi":"10.13031/2013.14232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.14232","url":null,"abstract":"Honey has naturally low levels of microorganisms due to its low water content and high concentration\u0000of sugars. However, it has been known to contain the spores of yeast, mold, and bacteria resulting in\u0000spoilage of the product. Clostridium botulinum, is associated with honey and is known to cause a\u0000disease called botulism. Heat pasteurization, pressure treatment, and irradiation have all been studied\u0000as methods of killing the spores, but have been found lacking. Pulsed Ultraviolet (UV)-Light\u0000Sterilization is a novel processing method used for microbial inactivation. For the experimentation,\u0000spores of C. sporogenes were prepared from cooked meat medium cultures grown in an anaerobic jar\u0000for 7 days at 37oC. Honey was inoculated with 0.1 ml of C. sporogenes spore suspension per 20 g\u0000honey, and mixed well. Pulsed light was applied to the inoculated honey using the SteriPulse XL®\u00003000 Pulsed Light Sterilization System provided by NASA Commercial Food Technology Center.\u0000The following parameters were analyzed: 1) the number of pulses 2) the distance between the food\u0000product and lamp 3) depth of honey. Treated and untreated (control) honey was analyzed for C.\u0000sporogenes. Increasing the number of pulses (or treatment time) also appears to be effective at\u0000inactivating the spores. When the depth of honey was decreased from 8 to 2 mm at the 20 cm shelf\u0000height, the spore kill increased for the same number of pulses. Even though varying these three\u0000parameters enhanced the inactivation of C. sporogenes up to 90%, it failed to inactivate the spores\u0000completely due to insufficient penetration of UV-light into honey.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85848436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The world population stood at 6,056 million in 2000, with 4,742 million in the less developed regions and 1,314 million in developed regions. Asia accounted for 3,672 million, i.e. about 61 percent of the world total. Currently, 2 out of 5 people in the world live in either China or India. The Green Revolution dramatically improved cereal productivity in Asia and other developing regions, easing the fear of endemic famine. During 1967-2000, per capita worldwide cereal production rose substantially mainly due to increasing cereal yields. While per capita cereal production in the developed world rose from 565 kilograms in 1967 to 665 kilograms in 2000, per capita cereal production in the developing countries rose from 176 kilograms to 253 kilograms during the same period. During the same period, many developing countries experienced rising incomes and shifting consumption patterns, which led to increases in consumption of livestock products, particularly in Asia. The number of food-insecure people in developing countries declined from 994 million in 1970 to 800 million in 2000. Increases in average per capita food availability are expected in all major regions of the world. However, since available food is not equally distributed to all regions, countries and individuals, a large proportion of developing country population is likely to have access to less food than needed. It has become widely accepted that “political will” is the key ingredient in any recipe for sustainable food security. This paper presents an overview of the food demand and supply situation along with changing trends in population growth. It also discusses possible strategies and guidelines in relation to achieving sustainable food security, particularly in the context of developing countries of Asia.
{"title":"Population and Food Production: Prospects and Challenges for Asia","authors":"G. Singh","doi":"10.13031/2013.15052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15052","url":null,"abstract":"The world population stood at 6,056 million in 2000, with 4,742 million in the less \u0000developed regions and 1,314 million in developed regions. Asia accounted for 3,672 million, i.e. about \u000061 percent of the world total. Currently, 2 out of 5 people in the world live in either China or India. The \u0000Green Revolution dramatically improved cereal productivity in Asia and other developing regions, \u0000easing the fear of endemic famine. During 1967-2000, per capita worldwide cereal production rose \u0000substantially mainly due to increasing cereal yields. While per capita cereal production in the \u0000developed world rose from 565 kilograms in 1967 to 665 kilograms in 2000, per capita cereal \u0000production in the developing countries rose from 176 kilograms to 253 kilograms during the same \u0000period. During the same period, many developing countries experienced rising incomes and shifting \u0000consumption patterns, which led to increases in consumption of livestock products, particularly in Asia. \u0000The number of food-insecure people in developing countries declined from 994 million in 1970 to 800 \u0000million in 2000. Increases in average per capita food availability are expected in all major regions of \u0000the world. However, since available food is not equally distributed to all regions, countries and \u0000individuals, a large proportion of developing country population is likely to have access to less food \u0000than needed. It has become widely accepted that “political will” is the key ingredient in any recipe for \u0000sustainable food security. This paper presents an overview of the food demand and supply situation \u0000along with changing trends in population growth. It also discusses possible strategies and guidelines in \u0000relation to achieving sustainable food security, particularly in the context of developing countries of \u0000Asia.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84397076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-Bok Lee, Kyu-hong Choi, J. Yun, J. Jeun, Gyeong-Won Kim
The aerodynamic study on ventilation of agricultural buildings has not been active because of difficulties in conducting field experiment. An engineering approach like aerodynamic analysis should be performed to design and manage the system systematically and scientifically. Moreover, this technology can contribute greatly to the development of overall HVAC system of agricultural buildings suitable for seasonal climates of Korea. This paper introduces the newest scientific and engineering technologies of aerodynamics that can be used to improve or develop structural and ventilating designs. Typical technologies of aerodynamics are large-sized wind tunnel, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
{"title":"Study of Aerodynamics in Agriculture – Modern Technologies","authors":"In-Bok Lee, Kyu-hong Choi, J. Yun, J. Jeun, Gyeong-Won Kim","doi":"10.13031/2013.15055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15055","url":null,"abstract":"The aerodynamic study on ventilation of agricultural buildings has not been active because of\u0000difficulties in conducting field experiment. An engineering approach like aerodynamic analysis should be\u0000performed to design and manage the system systematically and scientifically. Moreover, this technology can\u0000contribute greatly to the development of overall HVAC system of agricultural buildings suitable for seasonal\u0000climates of Korea. This paper introduces the newest scientific and engineering technologies of aerodynamics\u0000that can be used to improve or develop structural and ventilating designs. Typical technologies of aerodynamics\u0000are large-sized wind tunnel, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, and computational fluid dynamics\u0000(CFD).","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88926471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa de Abreu Andrade Rodrigues, M. Borges, A. S. Franca, L. S. Oliveira, P. C. Corrêa
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation of physical properties of coffee beans during roasting. Characteristics evaluated were: volume, bean and bulk densities, weight loss, and color. Experiments were conducted using a lab-scale roaster, with coffee samples being collected at regular intervals during roasting. The results showed that both volume and weight loss increase during roasting, and that such increase can be described by two lines presenting different slopes, coinciding with the drying and pyrolysis stages. It was also observed that both bulk and bean densities decrease during roasting, due to the increase in volume and simultaneous decrease in mass. The results also show that the variations in color parameters are more expressive at the onset of pyrolysis.
{"title":"Evaluation of Physical Properties of Coffee During Roasting","authors":"Melissa de Abreu Andrade Rodrigues, M. Borges, A. S. Franca, L. S. Oliveira, P. C. Corrêa","doi":"10.13031/2013.9759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.9759","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation of physical properties of\u0000coffee beans during roasting. Characteristics evaluated were: volume, bean and bulk densities,\u0000weight loss, and color. Experiments were conducted using a lab-scale roaster, with coffee\u0000samples being collected at regular intervals during roasting. The results showed that both volume\u0000and weight loss increase during roasting, and that such increase can be described by two lines\u0000presenting different slopes, coinciding with the drying and pyrolysis stages. It was also observed\u0000that both bulk and bean densities decrease during roasting, due to the increase in volume and\u0000simultaneous decrease in mass. The results also show that the variations in color parameters are\u0000more expressive at the onset of pyrolysis.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"342 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82962664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Philippines has abundant supplies of biomass resources, offering much potential for energy generation particularly from rice hulls and municipal solid waste. At present, the amount of usable power and other usable energy forms being produced from biomass is very small relative to the biomass resources available for this use. Biomass-toenergy projects, if developed and managed properly can create sustainable enterprises, protect the environment, and reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for the rural poor. An integrated project has been conducted to assess technological readiness, financing, capacity building, and Philippine national policy affecting biomass power development at selected sites. Key accomplishments include: (1) the creation of enabling policies and a favorable institutional environment for sustainable biomass resource use and development. (2) The development of a replicable training model to educate, build local capacity, create incentives, and structure the rural communities’ own biomass projects. (3) The identification and selection of a rice mill that has established a strong collaboration and agreements with its community, local, regional, and national government and power distributors, technology suppliers, system developers, operators, local industries for maintenance and repair, transportation and other infrastructural activities, biomass fuel suppliers, and generators, and local and international research and development institutions, financiers, and others.
{"title":"Biomass Power Development for the Philippines","authors":"V. Fung, B. Jenkins","doi":"10.13031/2013.15059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15059","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines has abundant supplies of biomass resources, offering much\u0000potential for energy generation particularly from rice hulls and municipal solid waste. At\u0000present, the amount of usable power and other usable energy forms being produced from\u0000biomass is very small relative to the biomass resources available for this use. Biomass-toenergy\u0000projects, if developed and managed properly can create sustainable enterprises, protect\u0000the environment, and reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for the rural poor. An\u0000integrated project has been conducted to assess technological readiness, financing, capacity\u0000building, and Philippine national policy affecting biomass power development at selected\u0000sites. Key accomplishments include: (1) the creation of enabling policies and a favorable\u0000institutional environment for sustainable biomass resource use and development. (2) The\u0000development of a replicable training model to educate, build local capacity, create incentives,\u0000and structure the rural communities’ own biomass projects. (3) The identification and\u0000selection of a rice mill that has established a strong collaboration and agreements with its\u0000community, local, regional, and national government and power distributors, technology\u0000suppliers, system developers, operators, local industries for maintenance and repair,\u0000transportation and other infrastructural activities, biomass fuel suppliers, and generators, and\u0000local and international research and development institutions, financiers, and others.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"494 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85614314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper was to report the development of precision agriculture for rice crop production in Taiwan during past five years. Three multi-disciplinary research teams have been organized for the purposes of developing techniques required for monitoring growth status and environmental conditions for rice crop; integrating the elements necessary for fertilization recommendation system and pest management system; and developing machinery for yield monitoring and mapping system, field-based remote sensing system, variable-rate pesticide spraying system, and variable-rate fertilizing system. More than fifty researchers have engaged in the precision agriculture project of US$3.5 millions budget during past five years.
{"title":"PRECISION AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN","authors":"F. Lu","doi":"10.13031/2013.15053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15053","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to report the development of precision agriculture for rice\u0000crop production in Taiwan during past five years. Three multi-disciplinary research teams\u0000have been organized for the purposes of developing techniques required for monitoring\u0000growth status and environmental conditions for rice crop; integrating the elements necessary\u0000for fertilization recommendation system and pest management system; and developing\u0000machinery for yield monitoring and mapping system, field-based remote sensing system,\u0000variable-rate pesticide spraying system, and variable-rate fertilizing system. More than fifty\u0000researchers have engaged in the precision agriculture project of US$3.5 millions budget\u0000during past five years.","PeriodicalId":7643,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79451031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：