Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200306
K Jewers
or ergotism was first recorded in the Middle Ages and has been a periodic human affliction until the last major episode in England in 1928’. The ergot alkaloids are the mycotoxins responsible for this disorder: they arise from the infestation of rye by the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. Aflatoxicosis was discovered as a result of an outbreak of ’Turkey X’ disease in the United Kingdom in 1960; this disorder resulted in the death of about 100,000 turkey poults and ducklings following the ingestion of Brazilian groundnut cake. Subsequent animal studies at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge showed the potential risk to man of aflatoxin, the mycotoxin responsible for aflatoxicosis; rats fed contaminated groundnut cake developed liver tumours2. A recorded outbreak of aflatoxicosis in man
{"title":"Mycotoxins in food - the application of survey and quality control.","authors":"K Jewers","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200306","url":null,"abstract":"or ergotism was first recorded in the Middle Ages and has been a periodic human affliction until the last major episode in England in 1928’. The ergot alkaloids are the mycotoxins responsible for this disorder: they arise from the infestation of rye by the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. Aflatoxicosis was discovered as a result of an outbreak of ’Turkey X’ disease in the United Kingdom in 1960; this disorder resulted in the death of about 100,000 turkey poults and ducklings following the ingestion of Brazilian groundnut cake. Subsequent animal studies at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge showed the potential risk to man of aflatoxin, the mycotoxin responsible for aflatoxicosis; rats fed contaminated groundnut cake developed liver tumours2. A recorded outbreak of aflatoxicosis in man","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":" ","pages":"114-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35217157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200304
P R Messent
HE RECENT Philadelphia meeting was the latest and largest in a series of scientific gatherings for what is still a very young area for serious study. O,Th~ BSAVA organised a conference on ’Pets in Society’ back in 1974 with just under 100 delegates attending. This was followed by another in January 1980 in London of about 180 delegates, whose proceedings were recently published. ’ The Philadelphia meeting gathered no fewer than 450 people together, and the breadth of disciplines from which those attending were drawn, as well as the quality of some of the work reported, shows the growing status of human/ companion animal studies as an area worthy of academic research.
{"title":"Review of international conference on the human/companion animal bond held at Philadelphia, USA, October 5th-7th, 1981.","authors":"P R Messent","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200304","url":null,"abstract":"HE RECENT Philadelphia meeting was the latest and largest in a series of scientific gatherings for what is still a very young area for serious study. O,Th~ BSAVA organised a conference on ’Pets in Society’ back in 1974 with just under 100 delegates attending. This was followed by another in January 1980 in London of about 180 delegates, whose proceedings were recently published. ’ The Philadelphia meeting gathered no fewer than 450 people together, and the breadth of disciplines from which those attending were drawn, as well as the quality of some of the work reported, shows the growing status of human/ companion animal studies as an area worthy of academic research.","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":" ","pages":"105-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35217155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200307
T J Coomes, J C Sherlock, B Walters
METHODS USED to estimate dietary intakes are described and their relative merits are discussed in the context of intakes of heavy metals. In deriving the distribution of high levels of consumption of some foodstuffs a constant relationship has been found between the average consumption, and a measure of the highest consumption. The relationship holds good for a wide range of foods and for data collected using a variety of methods.
{"title":"Studies in dietary intake and extreme food consumption.","authors":"T J Coomes, J C Sherlock, B Walters","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200307","url":null,"abstract":"METHODS USED to estimate dietary intakes are described and their relative merits are discussed in the context of intakes of heavy metals. In deriving the distribution of high levels of consumption of some foodstuffs a constant relationship has been found between the average consumption, and a measure of the highest consumption. The relationship holds good for a wide range of foods and for data collected using a variety of methods.","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":" ","pages":"119-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35217158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200308
P A Webb
THERE ARE a number of subjects which if raised in conversation can kill it dead, whilst others can generate enthusiasm and interest. Examples of the latter can involve gossip concerning a mutual acquaintance or a ’never failed yet’ slimming diet. Examples of the former can involve other people’s holidays or the symptoms of their ’back problems’. Stories of back-pain are dull, for it is a common complaint, seldom dramatic non-life threatening and not amenable to spectacular medical therapy’. Perhaps it is because of the undeniable ubiquitous character of low back pain that sufferers rarely feel they are given sympathy by friends, relatives or colleagues. Many patients also feel that there is little help from medical practitioners. In support of this Nachemson2 claims that among the world’s two million doctors there are still only two hundred who have attempted to evaluate their back-pain therapies scientifically and only twenty who have devoted their career exclusively to research into back-ache, whilst some seventy to eighty per cent of the world’s population suffer from this disabling affliction at some time in their lives. With little successful care from orthodox
{"title":"Back to self help?","authors":"P A Webb","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200308","url":null,"abstract":"THERE ARE a number of subjects which if raised in conversation can kill it dead, whilst others can generate enthusiasm and interest. Examples of the latter can involve gossip concerning a mutual acquaintance or a ’never failed yet’ slimming diet. Examples of the former can involve other people’s holidays or the symptoms of their ’back problems’. Stories of back-pain are dull, for it is a common complaint, seldom dramatic non-life threatening and not amenable to spectacular medical therapy’. Perhaps it is because of the undeniable ubiquitous character of low back pain that sufferers rarely feel they are given sympathy by friends, relatives or colleagues. Many patients also feel that there is little help from medical practitioners. In support of this Nachemson2 claims that among the world’s two million doctors there are still only two hundred who have attempted to evaluate their back-pain therapies scientifically and only twenty who have devoted their career exclusively to research into back-ache, whilst some seventy to eighty per cent of the world’s population suffer from this disabling affliction at some time in their lives. With little successful care from orthodox","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":"102 3","pages":"124-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17275656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200302
D Hobman
HE SHEER number of the world’s older citizens, in relation to the relative shortage of professionals in the health care services, and an almost universal limitation of appropriate treatment facilities could lead to a major crisis, unless urgent steps are taken to anticipate the greying of nations. In considering this issue, attention should not simply be concentrated on the numbers of retired people. The ,active sixty year olds do not present a major health problem. The focus for concern should be on the two million over 75 year olds, who can be expected before the end of the century and, perhaps of even greater importance, the half million over 85’s, where the frailest and most vulnerable members of society are to be found. A group profile’ has identified them chiefly as women who remained single or who, if married have probably outlived their husbands. They are most likely to live alone, in unsuitable old housing. If help is not offered to them, and if they are not encouraged to help themselves whenever possible, social catastrophes will be overwhelming. Self health care offers one way of approaching this unprecedented challenge; but if it is to make any sort of real impact, it needs to be applied with understanding and knowledge so that steps to prevent unnecessary illness, or discomfort, are distinguished from treatment which may be capable of self administration. These are quite different processes. ’The concepts of self health care and self-help have already moved quite forcefully into the field of health, surrounding the health care consumer with opportunities to take an active role in maintaining or improving the status of his or her health 2, . This has been expressed through the application of a wide range of do-it-yourself techniques.
{"title":"Do-it-yourself health care for older people.","authors":"D Hobman","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200302","url":null,"abstract":"HE SHEER number of the world’s older citizens, in relation to the relative shortage of professionals in the health care services, and an almost universal limitation of appropriate treatment facilities could lead to a major crisis, unless urgent steps are taken to anticipate the greying of nations. In considering this issue, attention should not simply be concentrated on the numbers of retired people. The ,active sixty year olds do not present a major health problem. The focus for concern should be on the two million over 75 year olds, who can be expected before the end of the century and, perhaps of even greater importance, the half million over 85’s, where the frailest and most vulnerable members of society are to be found. A group profile’ has identified them chiefly as women who remained single or who, if married have probably outlived their husbands. They are most likely to live alone, in unsuitable old housing. If help is not offered to them, and if they are not encouraged to help themselves whenever possible, social catastrophes will be overwhelming. Self health care offers one way of approaching this unprecedented challenge; but if it is to make any sort of real impact, it needs to be applied with understanding and knowledge so that steps to prevent unnecessary illness, or discomfort, are distinguished from treatment which may be capable of self administration. These are quite different processes. ’The concepts of self health care and self-help have already moved quite forcefully into the field of health, surrounding the health care consumer with opportunities to take an active role in maintaining or improving the status of his or her health 2, . This has been expressed through the application of a wide range of do-it-yourself techniques.","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":" ","pages":"95-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35217161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200303
N King
F THE title of this paper owes more to alliteration t than logic it is because the author was asked specifically to speak on companion animal nuisance land companion animal welfare. Attitudes to both subjects are determined by proor anti-animal prejudices. To those opposed to companion animal keeping, their need for protection is low on a list of social priorities while the need to protect society from them is high and, of course, vice-versa. This paper is prejudiced by the author’s total acceptance of the human need for companion animals as members of the community and justification of that prejudice is essential to his case. It
{"title":"Protection of pets from people and people from pets.","authors":"N King","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200303","url":null,"abstract":"F THE title of this paper owes more to alliteration t than logic it is because the author was asked specifically to speak on companion animal nuisance land companion animal welfare. Attitudes to both subjects are determined by proor anti-animal prejudices. To those opposed to companion animal keeping, their need for protection is low on a list of social priorities while the need to protect society from them is high and, of course, vice-versa. This paper is prejudiced by the author’s total acceptance of the human need for companion animals as members of the community and justification of that prejudice is essential to his case. It","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":" ","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35356480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-04-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200204
G Stanfield
or replaced, the earlier adverse effects, and the anxiety these caused about potential health risks have given sea outfalls a bad reputation in some quarters. Outfalls schemes designed in recent years have little in common with their predecessors. Research at the Water Research Centre (WRC) and elsewhere on the behaviour of sewage discharges has provided a means by which the design of sea outfalls can be optimised for
{"title":"Disposal of sewage from coastal towns.","authors":"G Stanfield","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200204","url":null,"abstract":"or replaced, the earlier adverse effects, and the anxiety these caused about potential health risks have given sea outfalls a bad reputation in some quarters. Outfalls schemes designed in recent years have little in common with their predecessors. Research at the Water Research Centre (WRC) and elsewhere on the behaviour of sewage discharges has provided a means by which the design of sea outfalls can be optimised for","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":"102 2","pages":"53-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-04-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200207
R C Keen
IT CAN be readily demonstrated from first principles that an ecosystem which does not safely deal with its own toxic wastes is doomed. Earlier ecosystems successfully evolved ways of dealing with this problem but one result of the Industrial Revolution is that many wastes to which the present ecosystem is not adjusted are being emitted in vast quantities. This paper introduces the concept of an objective assessment of certain hazards presented by the disposal of toxic waste on landfill sites and suggests a theoretical approach based on quantative risk criteria.
{"title":"Disposal of toxic waste on landfill sites.","authors":"R C Keen","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200207","url":null,"abstract":"IT CAN be readily demonstrated from first principles that an ecosystem which does not safely deal with its own toxic wastes is doomed. Earlier ecosystems successfully evolved ways of dealing with this problem but one result of the Industrial Revolution is that many wastes to which the present ecosystem is not adjusted are being emitted in vast quantities. This paper introduces the concept of an objective assessment of certain hazards presented by the disposal of toxic waste on landfill sites and suggests a theoretical approach based on quantative risk criteria.","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":"102 2","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-04-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200202
B J Ganday
NOISE IS IT A PROBLEM? HE Report State of the World Environment from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); obtainable from UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; lists four emerging threats to our standard of life. They are (i) schistosomiasis, (ii) tourism, (iii) developing resistance to pesticides by insects and mites, and (iv) noise. Noise pollution now ranks high in the world’s hazards and this paper looks
{"title":"A plan for hearing conservation.","authors":"B J Ganday","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200202","url":null,"abstract":"NOISE IS IT A PROBLEM? HE Report State of the World Environment from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); obtainable from UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya; lists four emerging threats to our standard of life. They are (i) schistosomiasis, (ii) tourism, (iii) developing resistance to pesticides by insects and mites, and (iv) noise. Noise pollution now ranks high in the world’s hazards and this paper looks","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":"102 2","pages":"50-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-04-01DOI: 10.1177/146642408210200211
D C Silvester
MUNICIPAL WASTE varies from country to country, town to town, season to season and from year to year. Its composition may be defined in broad terms but deviations from the average are common; at one time or another it may contain almost anything that could be got into a dustbin. Since around 1880, when paper first started to appear in refuse, the percentage of paper and board has increased to the order of 27%. Metals have
{"title":"The production of heat and energy from waste.","authors":"D C Silvester","doi":"10.1177/146642408210200211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642408210200211","url":null,"abstract":"MUNICIPAL WASTE varies from country to country, town to town, season to season and from year to year. Its composition may be defined in broad terms but deviations from the average are common; at one time or another it may contain almost anything that could be got into a dustbin. Since around 1880, when paper first started to appear in refuse, the percentage of paper and board has increased to the order of 27%. Metals have","PeriodicalId":76506,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society of Health journal","volume":"102 2","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642408210200211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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