The International journal of the addictions最新文献

Three hundred thirty-one opioid-addicted clients in methadone treatment were randomly assigned to counselors who used either mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. Those counseled with mapping had lower percentages of during-treatment urine specimens that were positive for either cocaine or opiates, and they were rated by their counselors as having higher rapport, motivation, and self-confidence. Clients were further classified into those exhibiting either good or poor attention during an intake interview. The results suggest that clients with poor attention are more likely to have positive urines, but that this tendency appears to be reduced under mapping-enhanced counseling.

Data on Ontario per capita alcohol consumption and alcohol-related cancer mortality rates from 1963 to 1983 generally correlated positively and significantly. Correlations for the period of rising consumption (1963-1974) were similar to those observed for the total period, but during the period of stabilization and decline of alcohol consumption the magnitude of nearly all relationships decreased substantially. The overall positive and significant correlation between per capita alcohol consumption and various cancer site mortality rates may be partly due to lag effects from the period when consumption was on the rise.

A random sample of 1,200 employees of a steel manufacturing plant were randomly assigned to four different self-report methods of assessing illicit drug use: 1) Individual interview in the workplace, 2) group-administered questionnaire in the workplace, 3) telephone interview, and 4) individual interview off the worksite. Urine specimens were collected and analyzed on all 928 subjects participating in the study, and hair analysis was conducted on 307 of the subjects. Although self-reports produced the highest drug use prevalence rate, analyses combining the results of the three assessment methods showed that the actual prevalence rate was approximately 50% higher than the estimate produced by self-reports. The group-administered questionnaire condition produced prevalence rates that were roughly half those of the other self-report methods. The findings cast doubt on the validity of self-reports as a means of estimating drug use prevalence and suggest the need for multiple assessment methods.

In a sample of 99 male alcoholics at an alcoholics' rehabilitation clinic we recorded drinking/abstinence behavior and depression up to 1 year after discharge. Seventy-eight patients completed the inpatient therapy, and of these, 39 respondents were recorded up to the final follow-up point. Generally, the initial, markedly elevated depression scores had declined significantly by the end of the inpatient treatment. In the abstainers, the depression scores continued to fall after release and remained low throughout the entire observation period. In patients who resumed alcohol use, relapses were accompanied by immediate, sharp increases in the scores, but declined upon a return to abstinence.

Consecutive admissions (N = 843) to the Brecksville Veterans Addiction Recovery Center with a primary diagnosis of pathological gambler, alcoholic, or cocaine misuser were compared for differences on impulsivity, sensation seeking, and craving. In contrast to alcoholics and cocaine misusers, gamblers scored significantly higher on impulsivity and inability to resist craving; however, gamblers were not significantly higher than either alcoholics or cocaine misusers on sensation seeking. These findings suggest a need to address high impulsivity and inability to resist cravings in treatment and relapse prevention for gamblers.

The relationships among drinking frequency, gender, beverage preference, and tension-reduction outcome expectancies were examined. Subjects consisted of 503 social-drinking college undergraduates. Results indicated that regardless of preferred beverage type, "high" versus "low" frequency drinkers endorsed significantly greater tension-reduction expectancies. Results also indicated that males and "frequent" drinkers preferred beer as their primary alcoholic beverage. Supplemental analyses suggested that drinking frequency partially confounded the relationship between gender and beverage preference. These results extend and refine previous research and have implications for alcohol misuse prevention and early intervention.

This paper reports outcome evaluation results of an AIDS education program for drug-using women in jail, of whom the majority were current drug injectors, had high-risk sexual partners, and never used condoms for insertive sex. The women participated in four small-group health/HIV education sessions. Education participants and controls were followed-up 7 months after their release from jail; the two groups did not differ significantly on drug- or sex-related HIV risk behaviors at follow-up. However, being in drug dependency treatment (primarily methadone maintenance) at follow-up was associated with reduced heroin use, crack use, drug dealing, and criminal activity. Although improved HIV education in jail is important, better networks of community resources, including more accessible community drug dependency treatment, also must be developed to support drug-dependent women after their release from jail.

Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in Hungary. The social composition of drug users is changing and new forms of drugs and uses have appeared, such as heroin use and cocaine snorting. The legal regulation of access to drugs changed in 1993: stricter sentences can be imposed on drug traffickers, while the possibility has been created for drug users to undertake therapy in place of punishment. The Interministerial Committee on Drug Affairs and the Hungarian Association on Drug Use and Addiction have been set up. There are a few scientifically-based prevention programs. A number of clear paradigms have emerged in prevention policy and therapy, although it is not yet possible to see which of these will be confirmed by time and practice.

This paper analyzes the predictive capacity of the genesis model for drug consumption constructed by the authors in an attempt to identify the characteristics of a drug consumption risk population. Several years' research have shown the model's validity in explaining drug consumption, a behavior understood as one of the many for possible use by adolescents to adapt to the environment in which they develop. The potential for behavior which deviates from the norm depends on a variety of factors considered in the model (including level of self-control, attitudes to drugs, or the existence of peers to reinforce such behavior). The predictive capacity of the model is analyzed in a longitudinal study carried out on a sample of 476 students (238 men and 238 women).