Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400205
M Carrozzo, S Gandolfo
Morbidity associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can involve a variety of extrahepatic conditions, including lichen planus (LP) and sialadenitis, predominantly or exclusively involving the oral region, conditions which have been largely neglected in reviews. The literature suggests that HCV-infected patients may frequently have Sjögren-like sialadenitis with mild clinical symptoms, whereas oral LP may be significantly associated with HCV infections in Southern Europe and Japan but not in Northern Europe. These geographical differences could be related to immunogenetic factors such as the HLA-DR6 allele, significantly expressed in Italian patients with OLP and HCV. Analysis of experimental data suggests that HCV could be involved in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. Moreover, parotid lymphoma may arise in patients with sialadenitis, mainly with type II cryoglobulinemia. Little attention has been paid to oral health needs in HCV-infected patients and the variable effect of interferon-alpha therapy on oral tissues. Further research is needed, because of the potentially great influence of oral diseases possibly linked to HCV on the quality of life of millions of patients.
{"title":"Oral diseases possibly associated with hepatitis C virus.","authors":"M Carrozzo, S Gandolfo","doi":"10.1177/154411130301400205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morbidity associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can involve a variety of extrahepatic conditions, including lichen planus (LP) and sialadenitis, predominantly or exclusively involving the oral region, conditions which have been largely neglected in reviews. The literature suggests that HCV-infected patients may frequently have Sjögren-like sialadenitis with mild clinical symptoms, whereas oral LP may be significantly associated with HCV infections in Southern Europe and Japan but not in Northern Europe. These geographical differences could be related to immunogenetic factors such as the HLA-DR6 allele, significantly expressed in Italian patients with OLP and HCV. Analysis of experimental data suggests that HCV could be involved in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. Moreover, parotid lymphoma may arise in patients with sialadenitis, mainly with type II cryoglobulinemia. Little attention has been paid to oral health needs in HCV-infected patients and the variable effect of interferon-alpha therapy on oral tissues. Further research is needed, because of the potentially great influence of oral diseases possibly linked to HCV on the quality of life of millions of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"14 2","pages":"115-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/154411130301400205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22399958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400604
Karen M Hiiemae, Jeffrey B Palmer
The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body 'rides'. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the 'extrinsic muscles' acting in concert with the 'intrinsic' muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a 'laminated segmental system' with tightly packed layers of the 'transverse', 'longitudinal', and 'vertical' muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical findings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibular 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluorography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial complex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is suggested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.
{"title":"Tongue movements in feeding and speech.","authors":"Karen M Hiiemae, Jeffrey B Palmer","doi":"10.1177/154411130301400604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body 'rides'. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the 'extrinsic muscles' acting in concert with the 'intrinsic' muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a 'laminated segmental system' with tightly packed layers of the 'transverse', 'longitudinal', and 'vertical' muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical findings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibular 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluorography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial complex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is suggested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"14 6","pages":"413-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/154411130301400604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24109093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300402
P. Yelick, T. Schilling
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a small, freshwater teleost that only began to be used as a vertebrate genetic model by the late George Streisinger in the early 1980s. The strengths of the zebrafish complement genetic studies in mice and embryological studies in avians. Its advantages include high fecundity, externally fertilized eggs and transparent embryos that can be easily manipulated, inexpensive maintenance, and the fact that large-scale mutagenesis screens can be performed. Here we review studies that have used the zebrafish as a model for craniofacial development. Lineage studies in zebrafish have defined the origins of the cranial skeleton at the single-cell level and followed the morphogenetic behaviors of these cells in skeletal condensations. Furthermore, genes identified by random mutational screening have now revealed genetic pathways controlling patterning of the jaw and other pharyngeal arches, as well as the midline of the skull, that are conserved between fish and humans. We discuss the potential impact of specialized mutagenesis screens and the future applications of this versatile, vertebrate developmental model system in the molecular dissection of craniofacial development.
{"title":"Molecular dissection of craniofacial development using zebrafish.","authors":"P. Yelick, T. Schilling","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300402","url":null,"abstract":"The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a small, freshwater teleost that only began to be used as a vertebrate genetic model by the late George Streisinger in the early 1980s. The strengths of the zebrafish complement genetic studies in mice and embryological studies in avians. Its advantages include high fecundity, externally fertilized eggs and transparent embryos that can be easily manipulated, inexpensive maintenance, and the fact that large-scale mutagenesis screens can be performed. Here we review studies that have used the zebrafish as a model for craniofacial development. Lineage studies in zebrafish have defined the origins of the cranial skeleton at the single-cell level and followed the morphogenetic behaviors of these cells in skeletal condensations. Furthermore, genes identified by random mutational screening have now revealed genetic pathways controlling patterning of the jaw and other pharyngeal arches, as well as the midline of the skull, that are conserved between fish and humans. We discuss the potential impact of specialized mutagenesis screens and the future applications of this versatile, vertebrate developmental model system in the molecular dissection of craniofacial development.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"20 1","pages":"308-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87722911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300405
P. Sugerman, N. Savage, L. Walsh, Zz Zhao, Xj Zhou, A. Khan, G. Seymour, M. Bigby
Both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). Antigen-specific mechanisms in OLP include antigen presentation by basal keratinocytes and antigen-specific keratinocyte killing by CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells. Non-specific mechanisms include mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in OLP lesions. These mechanisms may combine to cause T-cell accumulation in the superficial lamina propria, basement membrane disruption, intra-epithelial T-cell migration, and keratinocyte apoptosis in OLP. OLP chronicity may be due, in part, to deficient antigen-specific TGF-beta1-mediated immunosuppression. The normal oral mucosa may be an immune privileged site (similar to the eye, testis, and placenta), and breakdown of immune privilege could result in OLP and possibly other autoimmune oral mucosal diseases. Recent findings in mucocutaneous graft-versus-host disease, a clinical and histological correlate of lichen planus, suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha, CD40, Fas, MMPs, and mast cell degranulation in disease pathogenesis. Potential roles for oral Langerhans cells and the regional lymphatics in OLP lesion formation and chronicity are discussed. Carcinogenesis in OLP may be regulated by the integrated signal from various tumor inhibitors (TGF-beta 1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12) and promoters (MIF, MMP-9). We present our recent data implicating antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OLP and propose a unifying hypothesis suggesting that both may be involved in lesion development. The initial event in OLP lesion formation and the factors that determine OLP susceptibility are unknown.
{"title":"The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.","authors":"P. Sugerman, N. Savage, L. Walsh, Zz Zhao, Xj Zhou, A. Khan, G. Seymour, M. Bigby","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300405","url":null,"abstract":"Both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). Antigen-specific mechanisms in OLP include antigen presentation by basal keratinocytes and antigen-specific keratinocyte killing by CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells. Non-specific mechanisms include mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in OLP lesions. These mechanisms may combine to cause T-cell accumulation in the superficial lamina propria, basement membrane disruption, intra-epithelial T-cell migration, and keratinocyte apoptosis in OLP. OLP chronicity may be due, in part, to deficient antigen-specific TGF-beta1-mediated immunosuppression. The normal oral mucosa may be an immune privileged site (similar to the eye, testis, and placenta), and breakdown of immune privilege could result in OLP and possibly other autoimmune oral mucosal diseases. Recent findings in mucocutaneous graft-versus-host disease, a clinical and histological correlate of lichen planus, suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha, CD40, Fas, MMPs, and mast cell degranulation in disease pathogenesis. Potential roles for oral Langerhans cells and the regional lymphatics in OLP lesion formation and chronicity are discussed. Carcinogenesis in OLP may be regulated by the integrated signal from various tumor inhibitors (TGF-beta 1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12) and promoters (MIF, MMP-9). We present our recent data implicating antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OLP and propose a unifying hypothesis suggesting that both may be involved in lesion development. The initial event in OLP lesion formation and the factors that determine OLP susceptibility are unknown.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"219 1","pages":"350-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86853355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300403
G. Wise, S. Frazier-Bowers, R. D'Souza
Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Mononuclear cells (osteoclast precursors) must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. These cells, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts that resorb alveolar bone, forming an eruption pathway for the tooth to exit its bony crypt. Some of the molecules possibly involved in the signaling cascades of eruption have been proposed in studies from null mice, osteopetrotic rodents, injections of putative eruption molecules, and cultured dental follicle cells. In particular, recruitment of the mononuclear cells to the follicle may require colony-stimulating factor-one (CSF-1) and/or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Osteoclastogenesis is needed for the bone resorption and may involve inhibition of osteoprotegerin transcription and synthesis in the follicle, as well as enhancement of receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand (RANKL), in the adjacent alveolar bone and/or in the follicle. Paracrine signaling by parathyroid-hormone-related protein and interleukin -1 alpha, produced in the stellate reticulum adjacent to the follicle, may also play a role in regulating eruption. Osteoblasts might also influence the process of eruption, the most important physiologic role likely being at the eruptive site, in the formation of osteoclasts through signaling via the RANKL/OPG pathway. Evidence thus far supports a role for an osteoblast-specific transcription factor, Cbfa1 (Runx2), in molecular events that regulate tooth eruption. Cbfa1 is also expressed at high levels by the dental follicle cells. This review concludes with a discussion of the several human conditions that result in a failure of or delay in tooth eruption.
{"title":"Cellular, molecular, and genetic determinants of tooth eruption.","authors":"G. Wise, S. Frazier-Bowers, R. D'Souza","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300403","url":null,"abstract":"Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Mononuclear cells (osteoclast precursors) must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. These cells, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts that resorb alveolar bone, forming an eruption pathway for the tooth to exit its bony crypt. Some of the molecules possibly involved in the signaling cascades of eruption have been proposed in studies from null mice, osteopetrotic rodents, injections of putative eruption molecules, and cultured dental follicle cells. In particular, recruitment of the mononuclear cells to the follicle may require colony-stimulating factor-one (CSF-1) and/or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Osteoclastogenesis is needed for the bone resorption and may involve inhibition of osteoprotegerin transcription and synthesis in the follicle, as well as enhancement of receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand (RANKL), in the adjacent alveolar bone and/or in the follicle. Paracrine signaling by parathyroid-hormone-related protein and interleukin -1 alpha, produced in the stellate reticulum adjacent to the follicle, may also play a role in regulating eruption. Osteoblasts might also influence the process of eruption, the most important physiologic role likely being at the eruptive site, in the formation of osteoclasts through signaling via the RANKL/OPG pathway. Evidence thus far supports a role for an osteoblast-specific transcription factor, Cbfa1 (Runx2), in molecular events that regulate tooth eruption. Cbfa1 is also expressed at high levels by the dental follicle cells. This review concludes with a discussion of the several human conditions that result in a failure of or delay in tooth eruption.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"12 1","pages":"323-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81527341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300404
Daniel J. Smith
Dental caries remains one of the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Cariogenic micro-organisms enter the dental biofilm early in life and can subsequently emerge, under favorable environmental conditions, to cause disease. In oral fluids, adaptive host defenses aroused by these infections are expressed in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. This review will focus on methods by which mucosal host defenses can be induced by immunization to interfere with dental caries caused by mutans streptococci. The natural history of mutans streptococcal colonization is described in the context of the ontogeny of mucosal immunity to these and other indigenous oral streptococci. Molecular targets for dental caries vaccines are explored for their effectiveness in intact protein and subunit (synthetic peptide, recombinant and conjugate) vaccines in pre-clinical studies. Recent progress in the development of mucosal adjuvants and viable and non-viable delivery systems for dental caries vaccines is described. Finally, the results of clinical trials are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the prospects and concerns of human application of the principles presented.
{"title":"Dental caries vaccines: prospects and concerns.","authors":"Daniel J. Smith","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300404","url":null,"abstract":"Dental caries remains one of the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Cariogenic micro-organisms enter the dental biofilm early in life and can subsequently emerge, under favorable environmental conditions, to cause disease. In oral fluids, adaptive host defenses aroused by these infections are expressed in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. This review will focus on methods by which mucosal host defenses can be induced by immunization to interfere with dental caries caused by mutans streptococci. The natural history of mutans streptococcal colonization is described in the context of the ontogeny of mucosal immunity to these and other indigenous oral streptococci. Molecular targets for dental caries vaccines are explored for their effectiveness in intact protein and subunit (synthetic peptide, recombinant and conjugate) vaccines in pre-clinical studies. Recent progress in the development of mucosal adjuvants and viable and non-viable delivery systems for dental caries vaccines is described. Finally, the results of clinical trials are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the prospects and concerns of human application of the principles presented.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"1 1","pages":"335-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89754320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300406
J. H. Koolstra
In this review, the movement characteristics of the human masticatory system are discussed from a biomechanical perspective. The discussion is based upon the three fundamental laws of mechanics applied to the various anatomical structures that are part of the masticatory system. An analysis of the forces and torques applied to the mandible by muscles, joints, articular capsules, and teeth is used to assess the determinants of jaw movement. The principle of relating the interplay of forces to the center of gravity of the lower jaw, in contrast to a hinge axis near its joints, is introduced. It is evident that the muscles are the dominant determinants of jaw movement. The contributions of the individual muscles to jaw movements can be derived from the orientation of their lines of action with respect to the center of gravity of the lower jaw. They cause the jaw to accelerate with six degrees of freedom. The ratio between linear and angular accelerations is subtly dependent on the mass and moments of inertia of the jaw, and the structures that are more or less rigidly attached to it. The effects of articular forces must be taken into account, especially if the joints are loaded asymmetrically. The muscles not only move the jaw but also maintain articular stability during midline movements. Passive structures, such as the ligaments, become dominant only when the jaw reaches its movement boundaries. These ligaments are assumed to prevent joint dislocation during non-midline movements.
{"title":"Dynamics of the human masticatory system.","authors":"J. H. Koolstra","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300406","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, the movement characteristics of the human masticatory system are discussed from a biomechanical perspective. The discussion is based upon the three fundamental laws of mechanics applied to the various anatomical structures that are part of the masticatory system. An analysis of the forces and torques applied to the mandible by muscles, joints, articular capsules, and teeth is used to assess the determinants of jaw movement. The principle of relating the interplay of forces to the center of gravity of the lower jaw, in contrast to a hinge axis near its joints, is introduced. It is evident that the muscles are the dominant determinants of jaw movement. The contributions of the individual muscles to jaw movements can be derived from the orientation of their lines of action with respect to the center of gravity of the lower jaw. They cause the jaw to accelerate with six degrees of freedom. The ratio between linear and angular accelerations is subtly dependent on the mass and moments of inertia of the jaw, and the structures that are more or less rigidly attached to it. The effects of articular forces must be taken into account, especially if the joints are loaded asymmetrically. The muscles not only move the jaw but also maintain articular stability during midline movements. Passive structures, such as the ligaments, become dominant only when the jaw reaches its movement boundaries. These ligaments are assumed to prevent joint dislocation during non-midline movements.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"79 1","pages":"366-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77419850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-05-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300306
C. Ritchie, K. Joshipura, H. Hung, C. Douglass
Recent associations between oral health and systemic disease have led to renewed interest in the mouth and its contribution to health outcomes. Many pathways for this relationship have been postulated, among them the potential mediating role of nutrition. The link between various nutrients and systemic disease has been established, but relatively little work has been done in relating oral conditions with nutrition. We searched MEDLINE, from 1966 to July, 2001, to identify articles relating specific oral measures to nutrition outcomes. We included original articles written in English with a sample size greater than 30 that used objective oral health measures. We reviewed a total of 56 articles. Only a small proportion of these studies were methodologically sound. Although many studies were small and cross-sectional, the literature suggests that tooth loss affects dietary quality and nutrient intake in a manner that may increase the risk for several systemic diseases. The impact of tooth loss on diet may be only partially compensated for by prostheses. To date, there is little information relating periodontal disease and oral pain and nutrition. A few studies suggest poorer nutrition among individuals with xerostomia and altered taste. Further, impaired dentition may contribute to weight change, depending on age and other population characteristics. There is a paucity of well-designed studies addressing oral health and nutrition. Before we can acquire a better understanding of how nutrition and oral health interrelate, however, more studies will be required to confirm these associations-preferably longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and better control of important confounders.
{"title":"Nutrition as a mediator in the relation between oral and systemic disease: associations between specific measures of adult oral health and nutrition outcomes.","authors":"C. Ritchie, K. Joshipura, H. Hung, C. Douglass","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300306","url":null,"abstract":"Recent associations between oral health and systemic disease have led to renewed interest in the mouth and its contribution to health outcomes. Many pathways for this relationship have been postulated, among them the potential mediating role of nutrition. The link between various nutrients and systemic disease has been established, but relatively little work has been done in relating oral conditions with nutrition. We searched MEDLINE, from 1966 to July, 2001, to identify articles relating specific oral measures to nutrition outcomes. We included original articles written in English with a sample size greater than 30 that used objective oral health measures. We reviewed a total of 56 articles. Only a small proportion of these studies were methodologically sound. Although many studies were small and cross-sectional, the literature suggests that tooth loss affects dietary quality and nutrient intake in a manner that may increase the risk for several systemic diseases. The impact of tooth loss on diet may be only partially compensated for by prostheses. To date, there is little information relating periodontal disease and oral pain and nutrition. A few studies suggest poorer nutrition among individuals with xerostomia and altered taste. Further, impaired dentition may contribute to weight change, depending on age and other population characteristics. There is a paucity of well-designed studies addressing oral health and nutrition. Before we can acquire a better understanding of how nutrition and oral health interrelate, however, more studies will be required to confirm these associations-preferably longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and better control of important confounders.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"70 1","pages":"291-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79569921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-05-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300304
D. P. Dickinson
Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are phylogenetically ubiquitous enzymes that can be classified into clans of evolutionarily independent proteins based on the structural organization of the active site. In mammals, two of the major clans represented in the genome are: the CA clan, whose members share a structure and evolutionary history with papain; and the CD clan, which includes the legumains and caspases. This review focuses on the properties of these enzymes, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the oral cavity. The human genome encodes at least (but possibly no more than) 11 distinct enzymes, called cathepsins, that are members of the papain family C1A. Ten of these are present in rodents, which also carry additional genes encoding other cathepsins and cathepsin-like proteins. Human cathepsins are best known from the ubiquitously expressed lysosomal cathepsins B, H, and L, and dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), which until recently were considered to mediate primarily "housekeeping" functions in the cell. However, mutations in DPP I have now been shown to underlie Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Other cathepsins are involved in tissue-specific functions such as bone remodeling, but relatively little is known about the functions of several recently discovered enzymes. Collectively, CPs participate in multiple host systems that are active in health and in disease. They are involved in tissue remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, immune system function, and modulation and alteration of cell function. Intracellularly, CPs function in diverse processes including normal protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Extracellularly, they can contribute directly to the degradation of foreign proteins and the extracellular matrix. However, CPs can also participate in proteolytic cascades that amplify the degradative capacity, potentially leading to pathological damage, and facilitating the penetration of tissues by cancer cells. We know relatively little regarding the role of human CPs in the oral cavity in health or disease. Most studies to date have focused on the potential use of the lysosomal enzymes as markers for periodontal disease activity. Human saliva contains high levels of cystatins, which are potent CP inhibitors. Although these proteins are presumed to serve a protective function, their in vivo targets are unknown, and it remains to be discovered whether they serve to control any human CP activity.
{"title":"Cysteine peptidases of mammals: their biological roles and potential effects in the oral cavity and other tissues in health and disease.","authors":"D. P. Dickinson","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300304","url":null,"abstract":"Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are phylogenetically ubiquitous enzymes that can be classified into clans of evolutionarily independent proteins based on the structural organization of the active site. In mammals, two of the major clans represented in the genome are: the CA clan, whose members share a structure and evolutionary history with papain; and the CD clan, which includes the legumains and caspases. This review focuses on the properties of these enzymes, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the oral cavity. The human genome encodes at least (but possibly no more than) 11 distinct enzymes, called cathepsins, that are members of the papain family C1A. Ten of these are present in rodents, which also carry additional genes encoding other cathepsins and cathepsin-like proteins. Human cathepsins are best known from the ubiquitously expressed lysosomal cathepsins B, H, and L, and dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), which until recently were considered to mediate primarily \"housekeeping\" functions in the cell. However, mutations in DPP I have now been shown to underlie Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Other cathepsins are involved in tissue-specific functions such as bone remodeling, but relatively little is known about the functions of several recently discovered enzymes. Collectively, CPs participate in multiple host systems that are active in health and in disease. They are involved in tissue remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, immune system function, and modulation and alteration of cell function. Intracellularly, CPs function in diverse processes including normal protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Extracellularly, they can contribute directly to the degradation of foreign proteins and the extracellular matrix. However, CPs can also participate in proteolytic cascades that amplify the degradative capacity, potentially leading to pathological damage, and facilitating the penetration of tissues by cancer cells. We know relatively little regarding the role of human CPs in the oral cavity in health or disease. Most studies to date have focused on the potential use of the lysosomal enzymes as markers for periodontal disease activity. Human saliva contains high levels of cystatins, which are potent CP inhibitors. Although these proteins are presumed to serve a protective function, their in vivo targets are unknown, and it remains to be discovered whether they serve to control any human CP activity.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"5 1","pages":"238-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81732208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-05-01DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300302
G. Cicchetti, P. G. Allen, M. Glogauer
In this review, we present an overview of the signaling elements between neutrophil chemotactic receptors and the actin cytoskeleton that drives cell motility. From receptor-ligand interactions, activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins, their downstream effectors PLC and PI-3 kinase, the activation of small GTPases of the Rho family, and their regulation of particular cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, we describe pathways specific to the chemotaxing neutrophil and elements documented to be important for neutrophil function.
{"title":"Chemotactic signaling pathways in neutrophils: from receptor to actin assembly.","authors":"G. Cicchetti, P. G. Allen, M. Glogauer","doi":"10.1177/154411130201300302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300302","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we present an overview of the signaling elements between neutrophil chemotactic receptors and the actin cytoskeleton that drives cell motility. From receptor-ligand interactions, activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins, their downstream effectors PLC and PI-3 kinase, the activation of small GTPases of the Rho family, and their regulation of particular cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, we describe pathways specific to the chemotaxing neutrophil and elements documented to be important for neutrophil function.","PeriodicalId":77086,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists","volume":"3 1","pages":"220-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73030738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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