Because superantigens bind to extremely large numbers of T cells, they are useful for investigating the immune system. Moreover, they appear to have diverse pathologic roles. They may be responsible for massive cytokine release in toxic shock, activate self-reactive T cells in Kawasaki disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and participate in immune tolerance and deficiency.
Patients are often referred for transplantation prematurely, without a thorough workup or a trial of optimal medical therapy. The cause of heart failure symptoms may be as easy to correct as excessive salt or water intake. Moreover, careful drug manipulation can defer transplantation for up to 10 years in some cases.
Shedding of crystals from cartilage into a joint space can cause pseudogout, the most common acute monarthritis in the elderly. The calcification may also be associated with structural change identical to osteoarthritis. Treatment seeks to reduce symptoms and improve function.
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