Shika zairyo, kikai = Journal of the Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices最新文献

To improve the mechanical characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramics, a metal-ceramic composite formed by a solid state direct diffusion bonding system was studied. The joining treatment was carried out of a high vacuum and high temperature, for the bioactive ceramics (HAP) and the following biometals; platinum, gold-platinum alloy, titanium and titanium alloys, zirconium, niobium and aluminium alloy. The effects of the variations of thermal expansion mismatch and the interactive reactions at the interface were investigated by fractographic observation (SEM), X-ray diffraction method and EPMA analysis. On some of these joining combinations, the bonding strength had the same bonding strength as the adhesive materials. The results of interface observations showed that the bonding strength is affected by the interface reactions and the diffusion phenomena.

According to the classification proposed by Hosoda, six core resins could be divided into two categories on the basis of the elemental composition and size distribution of filler particles by SEM observation and EDX analysis. Furthermore, several mechanical properties of the resins were determined. The following facts were found: Bell Feel Core, Clearfil Core, Clearfil PhotoCore, Core Max, and Core Max II resins were classified as a semihybrid resin, and Microrest Core resin as a hybrid type resin. The elements detected in the resins by the EDX were Si, Zr, Al, Ba and La. The mechanical properties of the resins were shown to be highly stable at one day or one week after curing. The mechanical properties of the resins suggest that the subsequent crown preparation and impression taking should be postponed until the next appointment.

New experimental visible-light cured soft resins were prepared by combining 4 kinds of fluoroalkyl methacrylate monomers with a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, or a vinylidene fluoride/tettrafluroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer. Some properties of the resins prepared were examined to determine their value as a soft denture liner material. Water contact angles were more than 90 degrees in all cases and increased with the increase in the number of fluorine atoms in the fluoroalkyl groups. Hardness (JIS A) was less than 50 for the softes resin. Water sorption after 10 weeks was 3-4.5 wt %. Solubility 0.1-0.3 wt% and amount of residual monomer 0.2 wt% were very low. The properties of these new experimental resins were comparable or superior to the commercial soft materials available.

The effects of pre-treatment of porcelain surfaces, such as etching and treatment with a silane coupling agent, for obtaining firm adhesion between the adhesive resin, Panavia EX, and the porcelain were examined. The effects of heating treatment (100, 150 and 200 degrees C) in applying the silane coupling agents to porcelain surfaces were examined. Infrared spectra and energy dispersive X-ray spectra were obtained for the porcelain surface, on which a silane coupling agent was applied. A stable shearing adhesive strength, such as 450-520 kgf/cm2, was obtained even after a 24-hour immersion in 37 degrees C water, when with the etching the porcelain surface was pretreated with a 30% HF solution (60 sec) or heating treatment (150 degrees C, 10 min) when applying the silane coupling agent (2% gamma-MPTS). Then the adhesive durability was examined by a thermal cycling test (4-60 degrees C, 60 sec). After the thermal cycling test (20,000 times), the adhesive strength to the porcelain surface polished by #600 sand-paper was strong and only when the 2% gamma-MPTS was used did detachment occur. However, the adhesive strength was maintained at about 70-80% of the early strength with the etching treatment by the pre-treatment with 30% HF for 60 sec and the heating treatment (150 degrees C, 10 min) when applying the 2% gamma-MPTS.

The polished surfaces of three set dental cements for luting (zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, and glass ionomer cement) were observed by cryo-SEM at a specimen temperature of -160 degrees C to prevent damage of the cement specimens and also the specimens were analyzed by EDX. Furthermore, the SEM composition images of the polished cement surface were transferred to an image analyzer to obtain the core/matrix area ratio of the set cements. 1. The polished surface of set dental cement could be clearly observed by cryo-SEM without damaging the cement specimens. 2. The image analyzer showed that the core/matrix area ratio of the zinc phosphate cement and the glass ionomer cement was approximately 2 to 8, whereas that of the polycarboxylate cement was approximately 3 to 7. 3. The elements detected in the zinc phosphate cement were Ca, Zn, Mg, Al, and P, in the polycarboxylate cement were Ca, Zn, Mg, Si, and Sr, and in the glass ionomer cement were Al and Si.

Lifetime and survival probability of brittle materials under given conditions of stress distribution, environment and component size can be predicted using an SPT (Strenght-Probability-Time) diagram. The SPT diagram for sintered hydroxyapatite (HAP) coated on the metal substrate via the fused glass was drawn and the safe working stress in 37 degrees C distilled water was estimated. The dynamic fatigue test carried out in 37 degrees C distilled water gave the fatigue parameter n = 19 for sintered HAP. This parameter is constant except that it depends on material and environment, and the greater the value of n, the greater the resistance to fatigue failure. For sintered HAP, therefore, the resistance to fatigue failure under this wet condition is low. To draw the SPT diagram, anchor points were taken from the fracture stress and time-to-failure data measured at 1 mm/min. The SPT diagram obtained suggested that a lifetime of 20 years with survival probability of 99.9% required the safe working stress of less than 3.2 MPa. The effects of accuracy of fatigue parameter on the uncertainty in SPT diagram were estimated.

The initial movement of the tooth was investigated by the finite element method. The mechanical properties of the periodontal membrane were estimated from the results of the simulation. The analysis was made by using an 8 point isoparametric finite element method. The upper central incisor with an axial directional load was simulated. The concept of the apparent elastic modulus was introduced to the stress-strain relation of the soft tissue, that is, soft tissue such as the periodontal membrane and the gingiva was considered to have stress dependent elastic moduli. At the first stage of the simulation, the stress and strain distributions in the paradentium were calculated by the conventional method. From the next stage, the apparent elastic moduli for the soft tissue were introduced to the calculation, that is, the elastic moduli for the soft tissue were computed from the calculated equivalent stresses of the previous stage. The calculations were repeated until the displacement values converged. The initial displacement of the tooth was not proportional to the applied load but showed a non-linear relationship. The relationship between load and displacement was approxiated by the n-th power equation. These results were in agreement with the clinical experimental results. The periodontal membrane is built up of different elastic moduli. The elastic moduli were low at the alveolar edge and the root apex. The equivalent stresses of the periodontal membrane were marked low in the alveolar edge and the root apex. In conclusion, the concept of the apparent elastic modulus is useful to investigate the initial movement of the tooth and estimate the mechanical properties of the periodontal membrane.

This study attempted to polish pure titanium test pieces electrolytically to mirror surface at the size of cast denture frames. Electrolytic polishing of pure titanium could be done on an area of 30 cm2 with a non-aqueous electrolyte. Small pure titanium plates could be polished electrolytically, but a uniformly smooth surface could not be obtained easily with large testpiece. The optimal electrolytic conditions were 30 V for 6 min at 25 degrees C using a solution consisting of 70 ml ethyl alcohol, 30 ml iso-propyl alcohol, 6 g aluminum chloride, and 25 g zinc chloride. The solution was safe and had less restriction of frequency of use.

The application of zircon (ZrSiO4) that has high refractoriness, high thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, to quick casting investment was studied. Various zircon powders and phosphoric acid solutions were tested with respect to the higher thermal shock resistance. The formulation and properties of zircon-phosphoric acid investment materials such as water/powder ratio, fluidity of slurry, setting time, setting expansion, thermal expansion, thermal analysis, green and fired compressive strength were measured. Formulation of zircon slurry for coating was zircon flower #600 30%, zircon flower #350 10%, and zircon sand CP 60%, and that for sanding was zircon flower #200. The mixing liquid was 15% phosphoric acid and liquid/powder ratio was 0.1. The slurry using phosphoric acid had good fluidity and good workability. The 24-hour green strength was 1 MPa, fired strength was 10 MPa, 24-hour setting expansion was -0.04% and the thermal expansion at 1000 degrees C was 0.31%. Immediately after coating with zircon slurry, the coating layer was dried, sintered and dewaxed by thermal shock. The thermal shock consisted of the following four-step manipulations. The first is hot air drying (50 degrees C, 5 minutes), the second is heat shock (900 degrees C, 3 seconds), the third is redrying (220 degrees C, 3 minutes) and the fourth is dewaxing (550 degrees C, 3 minutes). Small casting of pure titanium and K-metal could be done successfully by the quick casting method using the zircon-phosphoric acid investments. It was found that the total expansion of the secondary investments influenced the casting adapatability.

The effects of the Tannin-Fluoride preparation, called the HY-agent, on dentin substrate were examined by immersion of the dentin previously treated with HY-agent into the calcifying fluid at 37 degrees C. The changes in the nature of the dentin surface and penetration of elements in the dentin were observed. CaF2 was formed on the dentin as a result of a reaction between F, an element of the HY-agent, and Ca which precipitated from the calcifying fluid. This observation was confirmed by means of the X-ray diffraction method. Penetration of F, Zn, Sr and Ca into dentin was confirmed by the use of an electron probe X-ray microanalyser (EPMA). Application of the HY-agent to the dentin for sevendays increased the hardness of the dentin about 10%. Application of the HY-agent to the dentin for sevendays increased the contact angle about 3%. These results suggested that the organic and inorganic matter in dentin can be stabilized effectively both chemically and physically by treatment with an HY-agent.