Anatomical Science International最新文献

While laparoscopy has become the gold standard for many abdominal surgical procedures, it has a steeper learning curve compared to an open surgical approach. Body donor (cadaveric) models (BDM) present a high-fidelity model for laparoscopic surgical training. There are a variety of models available from fresh-frozen models to soft-embalmed models using multiple proprietary preparation solutions. There remains uncertainty surrounding the models' relative strengths and weaknesses. This study aims to evaluate the different body donor models used in postgraduate laparoscopic surgical training. A systematic search was conducted across Medline, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane to identify articles relevant to postgraduate laparoscopic training using HBD following the PRISMA guidelines. A narrative review themed on HBD feasibility, validity, and educational utility in laparoscopic surgical training. PROSPERO Registration: NIHR CRD42023437230. Fifty-five studies were included. BDM in general were perceived as authentic and of high educational value. Soft embalmed models (e.g., Thiel^®, Genelyn^®, modified Larssen^®), were reported to be feasible and possess high face validity despite embalming and had advantages over fresh frozen body donors (FFBDs), including reusability, cost-effectiveness, and better odor satisfaction. Comparative studies reported a preference of human body donor models over other simulation methods due to its high fidelity. Body donor models including soft embalmed models provide high-fidelity laparoscopic training environments well perceived by trainees regardless of preservation or tissue fixation. Significant research gaps remain; head-to-head comparative studies between the different models remain sparse as well as data on non-educational aspects such as formal cost-utility analysis and ecological impact.

The superior oblique muscle tendon is known to bend in the anterior orbit around a cartilaginous trochlea. The site where the tendon bends is frequently interested by the presence of a small depression, the trochlear fovea, and/or the trochlear spine. Exact topography, size and frequency of these items are still undetermined. For this purpose, we studied 120 orbits of individuals that underwent computed tomography for pathologies not involving the anterior orbit. We detected the presence of the trochlear spine in 10% of orbits and we determined its location and size. We also observed the presence of two tubercles (TT₁ and TT₂), with distinct positions relative to the tendon. TT₁ was present in 5% of orbits and was located on the same spot of the spine differing from the latter only for its morphology. TT₂ lied in a more advanced position and it was rarer (1,67% of orbits). The spine and the first type of tubercle were located above and behind the tendon reflection; the second tubercle lied below and ahead of the tendon reflection. A distinct trochlear fovea was detected in 25.83% of orbits and lied 3.42 ± 0.97 mm behind the orbital rim. Fovea diameters were 4.16 ± 1.08 mm × 3.84 ± 0.97 mm. In conclusion we demonstrate that in the anterior orbit a bony process is present in at least 15% or orbits. It is a note of interest for strabismus surgery when it is necessary to intervene on the superior oblique muscle or when it is needed access to the medial orbital wall.

Different head and neck anatomical structures, such as the temporomandibular joint, carotid arteries and their branches, styloid process, hyoid and thyroid cartilage, are subjected to anatomical variations. A range of novel and rare anatomical variants were found during the anatomical exploration of a DICOM file. The archived angioCT file of a 63-year-old male was examined anatomically. There were no pathological processes or other artefacts to distort the anatomical patterns. The imprint of Farabeuf's knocker (posterior zygomatic tubercle) on the posterior side of the right mandibular condyle was found. This is an anatomical novelty. Rare neck variations were found: a right-tilted and collapsed hyoid bone over the thyroid cartilage and the agenesis of the left superior horn of this cartilage. Variations of the external carotid arteries' branches were observed. A right thyrolingual trunk gave off a superior thyroid artery that supplied both thyroid lobes with distinctive right and left branches, the opposite superior thyroid artery being absent. On both sides, the superficial temporal artery coursed over the temporomandibular joints. The right internal carotid artery coiled immediately beneath the skull base. It is recommended that CT scans be carefully explored, as various concomitant anatomical variations, including rare or previously unreported findings, may be encountered.

In the mature central nervous system (CNS), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine (Gly) are predominant inhibitory neurotransmitters that negatively regulate neural activities. In contrast, GABA mediates membrane potential depolarization during development, and GABA/Gly become excitatory after nerve injury because of the high intracellular Cl^- concentration induced by low expression of K⁺, Cl^- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), which transports Cl^- out of neurons. Many studies have reported that during CNS development, GABAergic excitatory action might play crucial roles in neurogenesis through Ca²⁺ influx. Nevertheless, its involvement in neurogenesis has not been proven because the CNS can develop normally without GABAergic signals. Recently, two research groups demonstrated that low level of KCC2 (i.e., GABA/Gly excitation) after nerve injury is involved in axonal regeneration and in enhancement of functional recovery. In this manuscript, we review GABA/Gly excitation and introduce recent findings describing its involvement in axonal regeneration.