Fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes can be used successfully in the clinical work-up of lymphadenopathy. The procedure has some limitations, some of which can be overcome by using such ancillary studies as flow cytometry or immunophenotyping. The authors discuss the use of these techniques in establishing definitive diagnosis of the most common and well-recognized lymphadenopathies.
Approximately 78% of lung carcinomas would be potentially curable by surgery if they were detected early enough. Thus, the most important factor in predicting outcome and defining therapy is the stage of the disease. This chapter discusses the TNM (primary tumor/nodal involvement/distant metastasis) staging system for lung cancer as well as lymph node and bone marrow micrometastasis status.
Fine-needle aspiration of the breast has become increasingly important as the standard of care for the evaluation of a breast lump. In this chapter the authors present a detailed discussion of breast masses, the basics of palpation and aspiration, and the evaluation of FNA smears in both benign and malignant breast disease.
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