Natural resource-based projects represent an important sector in Canada’s economy, where the energy, mining, and forestry industries accounted for 17% of Canada’s gross domestic product in 2018 (Natural Resources Canada, 2019). Many projects are located on or near Indigenous lands, disproportionately impacting Indigenous peoples (Gibson et al., 2017). The negative environmental impacts of resource-based projects are well documented (Koutouki et al., 2018; Westman & Joly, 2019); however, the social consequences are often overlooked. Recently, numerous non-profit organizations have documented a connection between resource-based projects and increased numbers of violent offences against Indigenous women (Amnesty International, 2016b; Bond & Quinlan, 2018; Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, 2021;), but few academic articles have addressed this issue. Therefore, a non-systematic scoping review was conducted on available grey literature, news articles, and academic literature to examine key concepts and themes. This review demonstrates that colonization has placed Indigenous women in Canada at higher risk of violence. The introduction of resource-based projects exacerbates this issue through three key processes: the presence of “man camps,” economic changes, and changing family dynamics. In combination with an inadequate criminal justice system, the resulting violence against Indigenous women can be categorized into three overlapping groups: domestic violence, workplace violence, and sexual violence. An economic map was developed to illustrate the locations of resource-based projects associated with this issue (see Figure 1). This paper suggests potential solutions including addressing toxic workplace culture, updating policies and protocols, ensuring meaningful consultation with Indigenous peoples, and increasing government protections.
以自然资源为基础的项目是加拿大经济的一个重要部门，2018年，能源、采矿和林业产业占加拿大国内生产总值的17%(加拿大自然资源部，2019年)。许多项目位于土著土地上或附近，对土著人民的影响不成比例(Gibson et al.， 2017)。资源型项目对环境的负面影响有很好的记录(Koutouki等人，2018;Westman & Joly, 2019);然而，其社会后果往往被忽视。最近，许多非营利组织记录了基于资源的项目与针对土著妇女的暴力犯罪数量增加之间的联系(大赦国际，2016b;Bond & Quinlan, 2018;加拿大的因纽特族妇女，2021;)，但很少有学术文章讨论这个问题。因此，对可用的灰色文献、新闻文章和学术文献进行了非系统的范围审查，以检查关键概念和主题。这项审查表明，殖民化使加拿大土著妇女面临更高的暴力风险。基于资源的项目的引入通过三个关键过程加剧了这个问题:“男人营地”的存在、经济变化和不断变化的家庭动态。再加上不完善的刑事司法制度，由此产生的针对土著妇女的暴力可以分为三个重叠的类别:家庭暴力、工作场所暴力和性暴力。绘制了一张经济地图，以说明与此问题相关的资源型项目的位置(见图1)。本文提出了潜在的解决方案，包括解决有毒的工作场所文化，更新政策和协议，确保与土著人民进行有意义的磋商，以及增加政府保护。
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Do online shopping advertorials for whitening skincare products in South Korea perpetuate a racial hierarchy wherein whiteness is maintained as an ideal beauty standard? If so, how is this hierarchy articulated and reinforced with words and images? Whitening products, such as tone-up creams and sunscreens, have become increasingly prevalent in the skincare industry in South Korea. Adding a level of nuance to earlier research, my research undertakes a critical feminist discourse analysis method to examine 19 skincare advertorials on the South Korean beauty e-commerce site, Olive Young Global. This study breaks new ground by taking an inductive analysis approach to analyzing these advertorials to produce findings comparable to similar studies in other Asian countries. Thus, it works to confirm the overall message being communicated that these products are sold as the key to a woman’s quest for a white beauty ideal. By undertaking an inductive critical discourse analysis, the research will develop themes based on the exploration of these advertorials with some guidance from existing literature. The globalization of beauty promotes a falsely universal white(ned) woman, and this project evidences a nuanced analysis of the lexical choices and images employed to promote the idea that whiteness and youthfulness equate to “natural” beauty. This critical feminist discourse analysis will provide insight into how a racial hierarchy is reinforced through media and how the exclusion of racialized women from spaces intended to empower all women will reproduce the societal hierarchy among women within the beauty industry.
在韩国，美白护肤品的网络购物软文广告是否延续了种族等级制度，在这种制度下，白是一种理想的美丽标准?如果是这样，这个等级是如何通过文字和图像来表达和强化的?美白产品，如爽肤霜和防晒霜，在韩国护肤品行业越来越流行。在早期研究的基础上，我的研究采用了一种批判性的女权主义话语分析方法，对韩国美容电子商务网站Olive Young Global上的19个护肤软文进行了研究。本研究采用归纳分析的方法对软文进行分析，并得出与其他亚洲国家类似研究相媲美的结果。因此，它证实了所传达的总体信息，即这些产品是作为女性追求白人美理想的关键而出售的。通过归纳式的批评话语分析，本研究将在现有文献的指导下，在对这些软文的探索的基础上发展主题。美丽的全球化促进了一种错误的普遍的白人(ned)女性，这个项目证明了对词汇选择和图像的细致分析，这些词汇和图像被用来促进“白色和年轻”等同于“自然”美。这种批判性的女权主义话语分析将深入了解种族等级是如何通过媒体得到强化的，以及将种族化的女性排除在旨在赋予所有女性权力的空间之外，将如何在美容行业中再现女性之间的社会等级。
{"title":"Whiteness as Beauty","authors":"Jinee Chong","doi":"10.29173/spectrum176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum176","url":null,"abstract":"Do online shopping advertorials for whitening skincare products in South Korea perpetuate a racial hierarchy wherein whiteness is maintained as an ideal beauty standard? If so, how is this hierarchy articulated and reinforced with words and images? Whitening products, such as tone-up creams and sunscreens, have become increasingly prevalent in the skincare industry in South Korea. Adding a level of nuance to earlier research, my research undertakes a critical feminist discourse analysis method to examine 19 skincare advertorials on the South Korean beauty e-commerce site, Olive Young Global. This study breaks new ground by taking an inductive analysis approach to analyzing these advertorials to produce findings comparable to similar studies in other Asian countries. Thus, it works to confirm the overall message being communicated that these products are sold as the key to a woman’s quest for a white beauty ideal. By undertaking an inductive critical discourse analysis, the research will develop themes based on the exploration of these advertorials with some guidance from existing literature. The globalization of beauty promotes a falsely universal white(ned) woman, and this project evidences a nuanced analysis of the lexical choices and images employed to promote the idea that whiteness and youthfulness equate to “natural” beauty. This critical feminist discourse analysis will provide insight into how a racial hierarchy is reinforced through media and how the exclusion of racialized women from spaces intended to empower all women will reproduce the societal hierarchy among women within the beauty industry.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84818416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By representing and manipulating locations that hold widespread cultural significance, artists mediate the relationship between individuals and city spaces. The photographic work of Cui Xiuwen explores the complexity of identity formation in the Forbidden City, the political center of China. Studying the nuances of her piece One Day in 2004 No. 6 reveals the tension of the relationship between the body and the spaces it inhabits. Though Cui has emphasized the dominating presence of Tiananmen Gate looming over her youthful female figure, the image also supports the agency of this young girl. Rather than defining the piece as a representation of either subordination to the weight of cultural history or the assertion of individual identity, this paper recognizes the paradox inherent in the work. In my analysis of the photographic image, I embrace contradictory readings of its meaning to emphasize the importance of visual culture in how individuals define themselves in city spaces. The paper draws on the shifting cultural meaning of Tiananmen Gate and contextualizes Cui’s work with pieces by other contemporary Chinese artists, including Hu Ming and Lin Xin, engaging in similar themes. Analyzing specific elements of Cui’s piece, such as the Young Pioneer’s Uniform and the young girl’s cyborg hand, reveals the significance of gender when considering identity formation in the Forbidden City. This paper outlines the subtleties of Cui’s artwork to place it in conversation with academic and artistic representations of the Forbidden City, as the historical significance of this space continues to influence self-conception.
{"title":"Art and Identity in the Forbidden City","authors":"Kate O'Connor","doi":"10.29173/spectrum182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum182","url":null,"abstract":"By representing and manipulating locations that hold widespread cultural significance, artists mediate the relationship between individuals and city spaces. The photographic work of Cui Xiuwen explores the complexity of identity formation in the Forbidden City, the political center of China. Studying the nuances of her piece One Day in 2004 No. 6 reveals the tension of the relationship between the body and the spaces it inhabits. Though Cui has emphasized the dominating presence of Tiananmen Gate looming over her youthful female figure, the image also supports the agency of this young girl. Rather than defining the piece as a representation of either subordination to the weight of cultural history or the assertion of individual identity, this paper recognizes the paradox inherent in the work. In my analysis of the photographic image, I embrace contradictory readings of its meaning to emphasize the importance of visual culture in how individuals define themselves in city spaces. The paper draws on the shifting cultural meaning of Tiananmen Gate and contextualizes Cui’s work with pieces by other contemporary Chinese artists, including Hu Ming and Lin Xin, engaging in similar themes. Analyzing specific elements of Cui’s piece, such as the Young Pioneer’s Uniform and the young girl’s cyborg hand, reveals the significance of gender when considering identity formation in the Forbidden City. This paper outlines the subtleties of Cui’s artwork to place it in conversation with academic and artistic representations of the Forbidden City, as the historical significance of this space continues to influence self-conception.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86578957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introducing ‘Synaptic,’ a new podcast from Spectrum","authors":"","doi":"10.53053/etef6279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53053/etef6279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72549383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘VIP’ interneurons may govern autism traits in Dravet syndrome","authors":"Lauren Schenkman","doi":"10.53053/ztai2285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53053/ztai2285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80053881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heading to INSAR 2023: New research and sessions to address simmering tensions","authors":"P. Hess","doi":"10.53053/arie6952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53053/arie6952","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"345 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76914874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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