Informed by calls to re-evaluate the relationship between Canadian literature and power in the wake of Canada’s sesquicentennial, this paper examines Frank G. Paci’s Black Madonna, a 1982 Italian-Canadian novel that played a significant role in early discussions of Canadian multiculturalism. This paper reassesses Paci’s representation of the protagonist Marie, a second-generation Italian-Canadian woman. Using Judith Butler’s concept of the construction of the gendered body and Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, this paper analyzes Marie’s struggle for bodily control and her rejection of her Italian mother’s ideals about food, sexuality, and family. Through applying this framework of gender performativity and abjection of Otherness, this paper argues that Marie’s disordered relationships with food and her sexuality are a result of the pressure on second-generation female immigrants to perform cultural identity while simultaneously assimilating into Anglo-Canadian culture. I contend that Marie’s rape fantasies and sexually transgressive encounters are indicative of the corporeal tensions faced by female immigrants in Canada, while her bulimic abjection of Italian food acts as a physical manifestation of the abjection of immigrant cultures by both Canadian multiculturalism and second generation immigrants within multiculturalism. This reassessment of Black Madonna provides a framework for re-reading early multicultural texts through a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between multiculturalism, gender, sexuality, food, and trauma.
{"title":"Force-Feeding: Consumption and Sexuality in Frank G. Paci's Black Madonna","authors":"Shelby Paulgaard","doi":"10.29173/spectrum192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum192","url":null,"abstract":"Informed by calls to re-evaluate the relationship between Canadian literature and power in the wake of Canada’s sesquicentennial, this paper examines Frank G. Paci’s Black Madonna, a 1982 Italian-Canadian novel that played a significant role in early discussions of Canadian multiculturalism. This paper reassesses Paci’s representation of the protagonist Marie, a second-generation Italian-Canadian woman. Using Judith Butler’s concept of the construction of the gendered body and Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, this paper analyzes Marie’s struggle for bodily control and her rejection of her Italian mother’s ideals about food, sexuality, and family. Through applying this framework of gender performativity and abjection of Otherness, this paper argues that Marie’s disordered relationships with food and her sexuality are a result of the pressure on second-generation female immigrants to perform cultural identity while simultaneously assimilating into Anglo-Canadian culture. I contend that Marie’s rape fantasies and sexually transgressive encounters are indicative of the corporeal tensions faced by female immigrants in Canada, while her bulimic abjection of Italian food acts as a physical manifestation of the abjection of immigrant cultures by both Canadian multiculturalism and second generation immigrants within multiculturalism. This reassessment of Black Madonna provides a framework for re-reading early multicultural texts through a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between multiculturalism, gender, sexuality, food, and trauma.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"3 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While Stephen King’s The Shining (1997) features a hotel haunted by ghosts, the main female character Wendy Torrance is much more haunted by her fear of failing to fulfill her gender role within the structure of the traditional, white, American nuclear family. In this paper, I analyze how the fear of being an unsuccessful wife and mother illustrates structural problems within the nuclear family that are detrimental to women. Not only do they produce persistent insecurity and anxiety, but they also reinforce the delegation of power to a sole patriarchal authority figure. The Shining reveals how these issues become especially problematic in situations of abuse. However, it also presents an opportunity for women to escape from both abuse and the fear of role failure: completely abandoning the structure of the nuclear family. Thus, The Shining illuminates inherent flaws within the nuclear family’s roles and suggests that women cannot find autonomy, freedom, or happiness within its confines.
{"title":"Women, Role Failure, and the Nuclear Family in Stephen King’s The Shining","authors":"Kyra McKauffley","doi":"10.29173/spectrum197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum197","url":null,"abstract":"While Stephen King’s The Shining (1997) features a hotel haunted by ghosts, the main female character Wendy Torrance is much more haunted by her fear of failing to fulfill her gender role within the structure of the traditional, white, American nuclear family. In this paper, I analyze how the fear of being an unsuccessful wife and mother illustrates structural problems within the nuclear family that are detrimental to women. Not only do they produce persistent insecurity and anxiety, but they also reinforce the delegation of power to a sole patriarchal authority figure. The Shining reveals how these issues become especially problematic in situations of abuse. However, it also presents an opportunity for women to escape from both abuse and the fear of role failure: completely abandoning the structure of the nuclear family. Thus, The Shining illuminates inherent flaws within the nuclear family’s roles and suggests that women cannot find autonomy, freedom, or happiness within its confines.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77947673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Representations of monstrosity in literature reveal the cultural tensions of specific historical periods, as collective social fears become embodied by creatures intended to disturb their audiences. Gothic novels of the late Victorian Era rely on these representations of darkness in society, and the different monsters created by Victorian authors reflect various views of social norms, particularly in relation to gender. This essay focuses on Bram Stoker’s sexually threatening vampires in Dracula and Robert Louis Stevenson’s physically repulsive representation of the duality of humankind in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Portrayals of monsters in the late nineteenth century were not limited to literature, but also evident in visual works, such as Aubrey Beardsley’s renderings of Salomé for Oscar Wilde’s publication of a play by the same name. While Stoker’s engagement with monstrosity villainizes female sexual subjectivity, Stevenson’s depiction of corruption questions socially performative masculinity. An analysis of Beardsley’s images emphasizes the potential for sexually subjective female monsters like those in Dracula to contradict social gender norms much like Stevenson’s representation of Mr Hyde, rather than perpetuate the sexual repression of women as Stoker’s novel does. However, the exoticized nature of these drawings also highlights the association between imperial ideologies and representations of gendered monstrosity which both Stoker and Stevenson exhibit as they express anxieties about the colonial other in their texts. Studying these works allows insight into the connections between gender, sexual normativity, and the colonial other that continue to be relevant in contemporary media.
{"title":"The Interior Other","authors":"Kate O'Connor","doi":"10.29173/spectrum183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum183","url":null,"abstract":"Representations of monstrosity in literature reveal the cultural tensions of specific historical periods, as collective social fears become embodied by creatures intended to disturb their audiences. Gothic novels of the late Victorian Era rely on these representations of darkness in society, and the different monsters created by Victorian authors reflect various views of social norms, particularly in relation to gender. This essay focuses on Bram Stoker’s sexually threatening vampires in Dracula and Robert Louis Stevenson’s physically repulsive representation of the duality of humankind in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Portrayals of monsters in the late nineteenth century were not limited to literature, but also evident in visual works, such as Aubrey Beardsley’s renderings of Salomé for Oscar Wilde’s publication of a play by the same name. While Stoker’s engagement with monstrosity villainizes female sexual subjectivity, Stevenson’s depiction of corruption questions socially performative masculinity. An analysis of Beardsley’s images emphasizes the potential for sexually subjective female monsters like those in Dracula to contradict social gender norms much like Stevenson’s representation of Mr Hyde, rather than perpetuate the sexual repression of women as Stoker’s novel does. However, the exoticized nature of these drawings also highlights the association between imperial ideologies and representations of gendered monstrosity which both Stoker and Stevenson exhibit as they express anxieties about the colonial other in their texts. Studying these works allows insight into the connections between gender, sexual normativity, and the colonial other that continue to be relevant in contemporary media.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91163252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Syrian conflict is a significant humanitarian crisis. An estimated 6.5 million Syrians have been forced to flee the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011. In 2015, the Canadian federal government promised to welcome 25,000 Syrian refugees, and expanded the number to 40,000 in 2017. Since 2015, Canada’s intake of Syrian refugees has exceeded 50,000, representing the largest number of refugees admitted in Canada since the Immigration Act of 1978. This paper reviews and analyzes the literature corresponding to Syrian refugees’ experiences as they transition to Canada by exploring key topics including sponsorship streams, employment, housing affordability, language acquisition, and educational opportunities. It examines obstacles in Syrian refugees’ successful integration into the aforementioned community and social services and underscores the importance of providing financial and material support for language acquisition and education opportunities to improve Syrian refugees’ acculturation process. The findings reveal two key themes in the literature—financial stability, and language and education—which are discussed in the context of their implications on Syrian refugees’ mental health. The paper discusses how the challenges of integrating into a host country can significantly undermine refugees’ ability to transition successfully. The review points to the importance of providing Syrian refugees with the necessary financial and material stability so as not to compound the stress and anxiety being experienced during the transition. The importance of language acquisition and education programs are also discussed in the literature review in the context of better facilitating Syrian refugees’ acculturation and contributing to positive mental health outcomes.
{"title":"Syrian Refugees’ Stability and Opportunity in Canada and Implications on Mental Health","authors":"Anthony Lorenzo Cherubini","doi":"10.29173/spectrum201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum201","url":null,"abstract":"The Syrian conflict is a significant humanitarian crisis. An estimated 6.5 million Syrians have been forced to flee the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011. In 2015, the Canadian federal government promised to welcome 25,000 Syrian refugees, and expanded the number to 40,000 in 2017. Since 2015, Canada’s intake of Syrian refugees has exceeded 50,000, representing the largest number of refugees admitted in Canada since the Immigration Act of 1978. This paper reviews and analyzes the literature corresponding to Syrian refugees’ experiences as they transition to Canada by exploring key topics including sponsorship streams, employment, housing affordability, language acquisition, and educational opportunities. It examines obstacles in Syrian refugees’ successful integration into the aforementioned community and social services and underscores the importance of providing financial and material support for language acquisition and education opportunities to improve Syrian refugees’ acculturation process. The findings reveal two key themes in the literature—financial stability, and language and education—which are discussed in the context of their implications on Syrian refugees’ mental health. The paper discusses how the challenges of integrating into a host country can significantly undermine refugees’ ability to transition successfully. The review points to the importance of providing Syrian refugees with the necessary financial and material stability so as not to compound the stress and anxiety being experienced during the transition. The importance of language acquisition and education programs are also discussed in the literature review in the context of better facilitating Syrian refugees’ acculturation and contributing to positive mental health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86877886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philosophical prose has a long-standing tradition in both Eastern and Western cultures. With the emergence of Zen and Platonic dialogues, writers throughout history have used non-fiction to portray the nuances of human experience. This approach has the capacity to bring ideas to life and facilitate new ways of thinking about the world around us. Following these traditions, this experimental piece provides an autobiographical retelling of philosophical discussions between neurodivergent students in Toronto, Canada. During their conversation, the characters spend considerable time analyzing complex social and political topics, with careful attention being given to personal responsibility and the distinction between thoughts and actions. Travelling through the busy streets of modern life, the narrator eventually has a revelatory moment with a stranger that disrupts his tendency to live inside his head and overintellectualize.
{"title":"The Torontoic Dialogues","authors":"Janina Wozniak","doi":"10.29173/spectrum169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum169","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophical prose has a long-standing tradition in both Eastern and Western cultures. With the emergence of Zen and Platonic dialogues, writers throughout history have used non-fiction to portray the nuances of human experience. This approach has the capacity to bring ideas to life and facilitate new ways of thinking about the world around us. Following these traditions, this experimental piece provides an autobiographical retelling of philosophical discussions between neurodivergent students in Toronto, Canada. During their conversation, the characters spend considerable time analyzing complex social and political topics, with careful attention being given to personal responsibility and the distinction between thoughts and actions. Travelling through the busy streets of modern life, the narrator eventually has a revelatory moment with a stranger that disrupts his tendency to live inside his head and overintellectualize.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86202576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preterm birth, referring to a baby being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, is the leading cause of death in young children and is associated with many complications for the individuals who survive. The current intensive care treatment for preterm infants involves an abundant amount of medical equipment, physiological stressors, and ethical dilemmas. Many of these issues could be improved upon with the use of a fluid-filled sac that mimics the placental environment creating an artificial placenta (AP). This paper explores the history of how animal models were used to test AP devices. The physiological stress that preterm infants experience being removed from a placental environment and being surrounded by life-saving medical equipment is highlighted. The paper also explores potential future uses and procedures involved in APs. It concludes with an exploration of AP bioethical considerations through autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. In summary, this paper attempts to compile an overview of AP technology through exploring the background, physiology, and ethical considerations involved.
{"title":"Background, Physiology and Ethics of Artificial Placentas","authors":"Ashley Zubkowski","doi":"10.29173/spectrum131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum131","url":null,"abstract":"Preterm birth, referring to a baby being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, is the leading cause of death in young children and is associated with many complications for the individuals who survive. The current intensive care treatment for preterm infants involves an abundant amount of medical equipment, physiological stressors, and ethical dilemmas. Many of these issues could be improved upon with the use of a fluid-filled sac that mimics the placental environment creating an artificial placenta (AP). \u0000This paper explores the history of how animal models were used to test AP devices. The physiological stress that preterm infants experience being removed from a placental environment and being surrounded by life-saving medical equipment is highlighted. The paper also explores potential future uses and procedures involved in APs. It concludes with an exploration of AP bioethical considerations through autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. \u0000In summary, this paper attempts to compile an overview of AP technology through exploring the background, physiology, and ethical considerations involved.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88733590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cindy Gladue, a 36-year-old Cree Métis woman, was murdered in an Edmonton hotel bathroom in June 2011 while working as a sex worker. While much has been written about her death, the media’s news reporting has largely failed to adequately capture the nuances of Cindy’s death. This includes both the gravity of the individual crime perpetrated by Bradley Barton and the colonial gendered violences that made her death possible. Since Indigenous women are judged based on their post-mortem representation from the media, this essay analyses how the inadequate representation of Cindy Gladue’s murder contributes to the negative profilicity of missing and murdered Indigenous peoples. This inadequate representation then allows for the continuation of gender-based harm. I use a Critical Discourse Analysis (van Dijk, 2015) framework to link discourses used in international, mainstream Canadian, and Indigenous news sources to the ongoing missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, two spirit plus (MMIWG2S+) crisis faced by Indigenous communities to situate and reassign responsibility for this gender-based violence
{"title":"The Media’s Representation of Cindy Gladue: An Analysis","authors":"Jay Makepeace","doi":"10.29173/spectrum160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum160","url":null,"abstract":"Cindy Gladue, a 36-year-old Cree Métis woman, was murdered in an Edmonton hotel bathroom in June 2011 while working as a sex worker. While much has been written about her death, the media’s news reporting has largely failed to adequately capture the nuances of Cindy’s death. This includes both the gravity of the individual crime perpetrated by Bradley Barton and the colonial gendered violences that made her death possible. Since Indigenous women are judged based on their post-mortem representation from the media, this essay analyses how the inadequate representation of Cindy Gladue’s murder contributes to the negative profilicity of missing and murdered Indigenous peoples. This inadequate representation then allows for the continuation of gender-based harm. I use a Critical Discourse Analysis (van Dijk, 2015) framework to link discourses used in international, mainstream Canadian, and Indigenous news sources to the ongoing missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, two spirit plus (MMIWG2S+) crisis faced by Indigenous communities to situate and reassign responsibility for this gender-based violence","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to find out how assumptions surrounding the moralization of reading appear in the BookTube videos of readers inspired by Rory Gilmore, the bibliophilic protagonist of the Warner Bros. comedy-drama series Gilmore Girls. In doing so, it aims to illuminate the ways in which the myth of the “moralization” of reading is used to disguise complex relations between class, privilege, and meritocracy, both within Gilmore Girls and without. Building from the scholarship of Harvey J. Graff, Deborah Brandt, Q. D. Leavis, and Janis Radway, I first analyze how literacy has come to be associated with goodness and what sort of literature is thought to be related to moral righteousness. Using this framework, I then analyze the appearance of reading in Gilmore Girls itself, concluding that beliefs surrounding the virtue of reading linger even in the fictional world of Stars Hollow. Finally, I analyze two Rory Gilmore-inspired readathon videos, arguing that by echoing Rory’s own perspectives on reading, BookTubers demonstrate that the belief that reading is an unequivocal moral good persists, even if readers themselves are not aware of it.
{"title":"The Goodness of Gilmore: Examining the Moralization of Reading in the Rory Gilmore-inspired Readathons of BookTube","authors":"Olivia O'Neill","doi":"10.29173/spectrum184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum184","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to find out how assumptions surrounding the moralization of reading appear in the BookTube videos of readers inspired by Rory Gilmore, the bibliophilic protagonist of the Warner Bros. comedy-drama series Gilmore Girls. In doing so, it aims to illuminate the ways in which the myth of the “moralization” of reading is used to disguise complex relations between class, privilege, and meritocracy, both within Gilmore Girls and without. Building from the scholarship of Harvey J. Graff, Deborah Brandt, Q. D. Leavis, and Janis Radway, I first analyze how literacy has come to be associated with goodness and what sort of literature is thought to be related to moral righteousness. Using this framework, I then analyze the appearance of reading in Gilmore Girls itself, concluding that beliefs surrounding the virtue of reading linger even in the fictional world of Stars Hollow. Finally, I analyze two Rory Gilmore-inspired readathon videos, arguing that by echoing Rory’s own perspectives on reading, BookTubers demonstrate that the belief that reading is an unequivocal moral good persists, even if readers themselves are not aware of it.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74115587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) food dyes make industrial goods like foods and beverages more appealing. These dyes are synthetic and are typically used instead of natural dyes due to their color, stability, and low cost. Research has implied that children are sensitive to the amount of food dye in products. The amount of food dye in products is proprietary information, so it can be challenging to determine how much dye children are ingesting. In this study, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was utilized to find the concentration of food dyes in various powdered drink mixes. The results show that powdered drink mixes containing Red 40 have higher concentrations of food dye than the rest of the drink mixes. Our data supports that there is a difference between the concentrations of food dyes within drink mixes containing Red 40 versus those without it. These concentrations depend on the dye and how many dyes were in the drink mix.
{"title":"Determination of Concentration of Food Dyes in Powdered Drink Mixes","authors":"Madeline Herndon, Sarah Pierce","doi":"10.29173/spectrum172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum172","url":null,"abstract":"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) food dyes make industrial goods like foods and beverages more appealing. These dyes are synthetic and are typically used instead of natural dyes due to their color, stability, and low cost. Research has implied that children are sensitive to the amount of food dye in products. The amount of food dye in products is proprietary information, so it can be challenging to determine how much dye children are ingesting. In this study, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was utilized to find the concentration of food dyes in various powdered drink mixes. The results show that powdered drink mixes containing Red 40 have higher concentrations of food dye than the rest of the drink mixes. Our data supports that there is a difference between the concentrations of food dyes within drink mixes containing Red 40 versus those without it. These concentrations depend on the dye and how many dyes were in the drink mix.","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81569103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1970s, the Philippine state implemented a labour-export policy to alleviate the country’s economic crisis. This policy centres the needs of employers at the expense of the rights and lives of Filipino migrants. As a consequence, many Filipino migrants find themselves in low-paying, precarious, and exploitative working conditions. However, as foreign employment of Filipino labour is tied to the state’s economic agenda, the Philippine state is caught between protecting the rights of its citizens and economic profits. In this essay, I argue that the Philippine state constructs ‘docile’ and ‘subservient’ migrant subjectivities to serve the state’s neoliberal interests. Although, as migrants learn to become acutely aware of their exploitation, they re-construct a subjectivity premised on challenging the Philippine state’s neoliberal interests through the help of transnational migrant activist groups. This essay employs a qualitative case study analysis of the Philippines’ foremost institution serving migrants, the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA) and the largest transnational Filipino migrant activist group, Migrante International. I use a Critical Filipino Studies (FilCrit) framework to analyze these case studies. FilCrit recognizes that the institutionalization of migration under US colonization largely influences how Filipinos are incorporated into the global economy to this day. This essay finds that the goals of the Philippine state and migrant activist groups stems from their opposing values. The Philippine state is concerned about its neoliberal agenda, while migrant activist groups are concerned with Filipino migrants’ everyday lives.
{"title":"(Re) Constructing ‘Subservient’ Filipino Migrant Subjectivities","authors":"F. Gelvezon","doi":"10.29173/spectrum186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/spectrum186","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1970s, the Philippine state implemented a labour-export policy to alleviate the country’s economic crisis. This policy centres the needs of employers at the expense of the rights and lives of Filipino migrants. As a consequence, many Filipino migrants find themselves in low-paying, precarious, and exploitative working conditions. However, as foreign employment of Filipino labour is tied to the state’s economic agenda, the Philippine state is caught between protecting the rights of its citizens and economic profits. In this essay, I argue that the Philippine state constructs ‘docile’ and ‘subservient’ migrant subjectivities to serve the state’s neoliberal interests. Although, as migrants learn to become acutely aware of their exploitation, they re-construct a subjectivity premised on challenging the Philippine state’s neoliberal interests through the help of transnational migrant activist groups.\u0000 \u0000This essay employs a qualitative case study analysis of the Philippines’ foremost institution serving migrants, the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA) and the largest transnational Filipino migrant activist group, Migrante International. I use a Critical Filipino Studies (FilCrit) framework to analyze these case studies. FilCrit recognizes that the institutionalization of migration under US colonization largely influences how Filipinos are incorporated into the global economy to this day. This essay finds that the goals of the Philippine state and migrant activist groups stems from their opposing values. The Philippine state is concerned about its neoliberal agenda, while migrant activist groups are concerned with Filipino migrants’ everyday lives. ","PeriodicalId":79731,"journal":{"name":"Spectrum (Lexington, Ky.)","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89332031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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