Assunta Bertaccini, Nicoletta Contaldo, Giulia Feduzi, Agustín Mane Ela Andeme, Egya Ndede Yankey, Luciano Rovesti
During the past two decades, a high mortality of coconut palms was observed in the coastal areas of Equatorial Guinea. Reportedly, the palm population has been reduced by 60%–70%, and coconut production has decreased accordingly. To identify the cause of the mortality, a survey was carried out in April 2021 in various localities of the coconut belt. Molecular analyses carried out on 16S rRNA and secA genes detected phytoplasma presence in the majority of the samples. Sequencing and BLAST search of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed >99% identity of the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’. The RFLP analyses of 16S ribosomal gene using Tru1I and TaqI enzymes led to assign these phytoplasmas to subgroup 16SrXXII-A. In all samples that tested positive, including one from a hybrid coconut palm and two from oil palm the same phytoplasma was identified. The phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and secA genes confirmed respectively 99.98%–100% and 97.94%–100% identity to ‘Ca. P. palmicola’. RFLP analyses using MboII enzyme on the secA gene amplicon differentiated the phytoplasma found in Equatorial Guinea from those present in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The Equatorial Guinean phytoplasma strain resulted to be identical to the strains from Mozambique, confirming the presence of a geographic differentiation among phytoplasma strains in the coastal areas of Western and Central Africa. The identified phytoplasma is different from the ‘Ca. P. palmicola’ strains found in Ghana and Ivory Coast and represents the first identification a 16SrXXII-A strain in Equatorial Guinea and in Central Africa. Strict monitoring and surveillance procedures for early detection of the pathogen are strongly recommended to reduce its impact and further spread in the country and permit the recovery of coconut plantations.
{"title":"Molecular identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’ associated with coconut lethal yellowing in Equatorial Guinea","authors":"Assunta Bertaccini, Nicoletta Contaldo, Giulia Feduzi, Agustín Mane Ela Andeme, Egya Ndede Yankey, Luciano Rovesti","doi":"10.1111/aab.12854","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12854","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the past two decades, a high mortality of coconut palms was observed in the coastal areas of Equatorial Guinea. Reportedly, the palm population has been reduced by 60%–70%, and coconut production has decreased accordingly. To identify the cause of the mortality, a survey was carried out in April 2021 in various localities of the coconut belt. Molecular analyses carried out on 16S rRNA and <i>secA</i> genes detected phytoplasma presence in the majority of the samples. Sequencing and BLAST search of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed >99% identity of the detected phytoplasmas to ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma palmicola’. The RFLP analyses of 16S ribosomal gene using <i>Tru</i>1I and <i>Taq</i>I enzymes led to assign these phytoplasmas to subgroup 16SrXXII-A. In all samples that tested positive, including one from a hybrid coconut palm and two from oil palm the same phytoplasma was identified. The phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and <i>secA</i> genes confirmed respectively 99.98%–100% and 97.94%–100% identity to ‘<i>Ca.</i> P. palmicola’. RFLP analyses using <i>Mbo</i>II enzyme on the <i>secA</i> gene amplicon differentiated the phytoplasma found in Equatorial Guinea from those present in Ghana and Ivory Coast. The Equatorial Guinean phytoplasma strain resulted to be identical to the strains from Mozambique, confirming the presence of a geographic differentiation among phytoplasma strains in the coastal areas of Western and Central Africa. The identified phytoplasma is different from the ‘<i>Ca</i>. P. palmicola’ strains found in Ghana and Ivory Coast and represents the first identification a 16SrXXII-A strain in Equatorial Guinea and in Central Africa. Strict monitoring and surveillance procedures for early detection of the pathogen are strongly recommended to reduce its impact and further spread in the country and permit the recovery of coconut plantations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aab.12854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45895830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silicon can increase the natural defence of plants against stresses including herbivorous insects. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is one of the forms of silicon, and despite its wide use in the industrial sector, its use in agriculture is still poorly adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar application of SiO2 in inducing defence against Spodoptera frugiperda in soybean. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design with four treatments (0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of SiO2). The effect on cannibalism, biological parameters (mortality, duration of the larval stage, duration of the pupal stage and pupal weight) and wear on the mandible of S. frugiperda were evaluated. The foliar silicon content was also determined. The supply of SiO2 prolonged the duration of the larval and pupal stages of the S. frugiperda by 0.56 and 0.17 days for each 1% of SiO2 applied, respectively. The use of SiO2 at 5% increased the mortality rate of caterpillars in the larval stage by approximately 25%. There was no effect of SiO2 application on cannibalism and weight of S. frugiperda pupae. There was wear on the caterpillars' jaws in the third and fourth instar at the highest SiO2 concentration. The application of SiO2 promoted greater accumulation of silicon in soybean leaves. It is concluded that the foliar application of SiO2 affects the biological performance of S. frugiperda through the induction of defence in the soybean crop and presents itself as a promising strategy in integrated pest management programmes.
{"title":"Silicon dioxide in the defence induction of soybean against Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Michele Gevinski Otolakoski, Bianca Zampieron Bagio, Brenda Gallina Viegas, Crislaine Sartori Suzana Milan, Jaqueline Huzar-Novakowiski","doi":"10.1111/aab.12853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12853","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silicon can increase the natural defence of plants against stresses including herbivorous insects. Silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) is one of the forms of silicon, and despite its wide use in the industrial sector, its use in agriculture is still poorly adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of foliar application of SiO<sub>2</sub> in inducing defence against <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> in soybean. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design with four treatments (0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of SiO<sub>2</sub>). The effect on cannibalism, biological parameters (mortality, duration of the larval stage, duration of the pupal stage and pupal weight) and wear on the mandible of <i>S. frugiperda</i> were evaluated. The foliar silicon content was also determined. The supply of SiO<sub>2</sub> prolonged the duration of the larval and pupal stages of the <i>S. frugiperda</i> by 0.56 and 0.17 days for each 1% of SiO<sub>2</sub> applied, respectively. The use of SiO<sub>2</sub> at 5% increased the mortality rate of caterpillars in the larval stage by approximately 25%. There was no effect of SiO<sub>2</sub> application on cannibalism and weight of <i>S. frugiperda</i> pupae. There was wear on the caterpillars' jaws in the third and fourth instar at the highest SiO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The application of SiO<sub>2</sub> promoted greater accumulation of silicon in soybean leaves. It is concluded that the foliar application of SiO<sub>2</sub> affects the biological performance of <i>S. frugiperda</i> through the induction of defence in the soybean crop and presents itself as a promising strategy in integrated pest management programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68179258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michele Gevinski Otolakoski, Bianca Zampieron Bagio, Brenda Gallina Viegas, Crislaine Sartori Suzana- Milan, J. Huzar‐Novakowiski
{"title":"Silicon dioxide in the defense indction of soybean against Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Michele Gevinski Otolakoski, Bianca Zampieron Bagio, Brenda Gallina Viegas, Crislaine Sartori Suzana- Milan, J. Huzar‐Novakowiski","doi":"10.1111/aab.12853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12853","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaojie Li, Yingtong Mu, Xiaoming Zhang, Junjie Wang
Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Astragalus) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to Leguminosae. Its main agronomic and industrial interest is the accumulation of astragaloside IV and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in roots, two components that play crucial pharmacological roles in the finished pharmaceutical products. Phenological research is a prerequisite for improving the yield quality of cultivated medicinal plants. However, there are no standardized phenological studies on Astragalus. To expand phenotyping knowledge on this medicinal plant, researchers and breeders need a universal scale to describe the development of this plant. This study aims to define the phenological growth stages of Astragalus, based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale to provide a standard scale for Astragalus, and grown under temperate conditions of production and climate, proposes a disease and pest control reference. This study was conducted in Inner Mongolia, North China. The existing BBCH scale with a three-digit code was used to define Astragalus's phenological growth codes, supplemented with pictures. Phenological observations were performed twice monthly, based on the developmental stages. The chronology and duration of each stage were also observed and described according to the accumulation of degree days during the growing season. Based on the data obtained, the influence of the average temperature and GDD on the phenophases was evaluated. The phenological description is divided into two principal growth stages: five for vegetative growth (perennating bud, leaf development, formation of branches, main stem elongation and root development), four for reproductive growth (reproductive organ development, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturation), and one for senescence according to the BBCH scale. Seventy secondary growth stages were described within the 10 principal growth stages. Under each secondary growth stage, six mesostages are also taken into account, which contains the distinct patterns of the phenological characteristics in Astragalus varieties and the process of transplanting seedlings. A practical management program for disease and pest control was also proposed by using the BBCH code and the phenological data proposed in this work. Our study presents the first BBCH scale established for Astragalus cultivated in temperate conditions and a chronology of phenological stages based on the accumulation of thermal time, through growing degree day calculation. This work provides a general tool that can be widely used by researchers, breeders, and manufacturers of medicinal materials leading to better agricultural production and scientific communication.
{"title":"Phenological growth stages of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus according to the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale","authors":"Xiaojie Li, Yingtong Mu, Xiaoming Zhang, Junjie Wang","doi":"10.1111/aab.12851","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Astragalus membranaceus</i> var<i>. mongholicus</i> (<i>Astragalus</i>) is a perennial medicinal plant belonging to Leguminosae. Its main agronomic and industrial interest is the accumulation of astragaloside IV and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in roots, two components that play crucial pharmacological roles in the finished pharmaceutical products. Phenological research is a prerequisite for improving the yield quality of cultivated medicinal plants. However, there are no standardized phenological studies on <i>Astragalus</i>. To expand phenotyping knowledge on this medicinal plant, researchers and breeders need a universal scale to describe the development of this plant. This study aims to define the phenological growth stages of <i>Astragalus</i>, based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale to provide a standard scale for <i>Astragalus</i>, <i>and</i> grown under temperate conditions of production and climate, proposes a disease and pest control reference. This study was conducted in Inner Mongolia, North China. The existing BBCH scale with a three-digit code was used to define <i>Astragalus</i>'s phenological growth codes, supplemented with pictures. Phenological observations were performed twice monthly, based on the developmental stages. The chronology and duration of each stage were also observed and described according to the accumulation of degree days during the growing season. Based on the data obtained, the influence of the average temperature and GDD on the phenophases was evaluated. The phenological description is divided into two principal growth stages: five for vegetative growth (perennating bud, leaf development, formation of branches, main stem elongation and root development), four for reproductive growth (reproductive organ development, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturation), and one for senescence according to the BBCH scale. Seventy secondary growth stages were described within the 10 principal growth stages. Under each secondary growth stage, six mesostages are also taken into account, which contains the distinct patterns of the phenological characteristics in <i>Astragalus</i> varieties and the process of transplanting seedlings. A practical management program for disease and pest control was also proposed by using the BBCH code and the phenological data proposed in this work. Our study presents the first BBCH scale established for <i>Astragalus</i> cultivated in temperate conditions and a chronology of phenological stages based on the accumulation of thermal time, through growing degree day calculation. This work provides a general tool that can be widely used by researchers, breeders, and manufacturers of medicinal materials leading to better agricultural production and scientific communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aab.12851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43256102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Magdalena Cervantes-Juan, Jorge E. Ibarra, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, María Karina Manzo-Valencia, Marco Antonio Meraz Mercado, Silvia Valdés-Rodríguez
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most damaging plant parasitic nematodes in the world. In this study, the effect of cystatin from Amaranthus hypochondriacus (AhCPI) as a potential control agent for M. incognita was explored. In vitro bioassays demonstrated that AhCPI affects the growth and development of eggs and the infectivity of juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, such as mortality and slower development, showing characteristic tissue damage. Mortality levels were quantified by Probit analysis, estimating LC50s of 1.4 mg/mL for eggs and 0.028 mg/mL for J2. In planta bioassays showed that infected tomato seedlings treated with 0.056 mg/mL of AhCPI showed a 60% reduction in the number of galls, as compared with untreated J2-inoculated seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, three applications of 10 mL of AhCPI (1.4 mg/mL) in the soil around the stem of M. incognita-infected tomato plants, reduced the number of galls by 93 ± 8%, as compared to the control M. incognita-infected plants. The application of AhCPI to the infected plants increased the yield (10.7%) of harvested tomato fruits, as compared to infected plants. These results show the potential of AhCPI for the control of M. incognita in tomato plants.
根结线虫南方根结线虫是世界上危害最大的植物寄生线虫之一。在本研究中,探讨了Amaranthus hypochodiacus(AhCPI)的胱抑素作为隐姓埋名M.incognita的潜在控制剂的作用。体外生物测定表明,AhCPI会影响隐翅虫卵的生长发育和幼体(J2)的传染性,如死亡率和发育迟缓,表现出特征性的组织损伤。死亡率水平通过Probit分析进行量化,估计LC50为1.4 鸡蛋为mg/mL,0.028 对于J2为mg/mL。植物体内生物测定表明,用0.056处理的受感染番茄幼苗 mg/mL的AhCPI显示与未处理的接种J2的幼苗相比,胆囊数量减少了60%。在温室条件下,10 mL AhCPI(1.4 mg/mL)在感染了M.incognita的番茄植株茎部周围的土壤中,使胆结石的数量减少了93 ± 8%。与感染植物相比,将AhCPI应用于感染植物可提高收获番茄果实的产量(10.7%)。这些结果显示了AhCPI在番茄植株中控制隐翅虫的潜力。
{"title":"Nematicidal effect of an Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cystatin (AhCPI) on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood","authors":"María Magdalena Cervantes-Juan, Jorge E. Ibarra, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, María Karina Manzo-Valencia, Marco Antonio Meraz Mercado, Silvia Valdés-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1111/aab.12852","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12852","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The root-knot nematode <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> is one of the most damaging plant parasitic nematodes in the world. In this study, the effect of cystatin from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> (AhCPI) as a potential control agent for <i>M. incognita</i> was explored. In vitro bioassays demonstrated that AhCPI affects the growth and development of eggs and the infectivity of juveniles (J2) of <i>M. incognita</i>, such as mortality and slower development, showing characteristic tissue damage. Mortality levels were quantified by Probit analysis, estimating LC<sub>50</sub>s of 1.4 mg/mL for eggs and 0.028 mg/mL for J2. <i>In planta</i> bioassays showed that infected tomato seedlings treated with 0.056 mg/mL of AhCPI showed a 60% reduction in the number of galls, as compared with untreated J2-inoculated seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, three applications of 10 mL of AhCPI (1.4 mg/mL) in the soil around the stem of <i>M. incognita</i>-infected tomato plants, reduced the number of galls by 93 ± 8%, as compared to the control <i>M. incognita</i>-infected plants. The application of AhCPI to the infected plants increased the yield (10.7%) of harvested tomato fruits, as compared to infected plants. These results show the potential of AhCPI for the control of <i>M. incognita</i> in tomato plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aab.12852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45989178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulo César Souza Júnior, Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori, Franz Walter Rieger Hippler, Ludmila da Silva Bastos, Paulo Cassio Alves Linhares, Marlon Alexander Peralta Sanchez
Drought is the major abiotic stress that limits growth, development and yield of crops worldwide. In this scenario, mineral nutrients, such as boron (B), have been promising for increasing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses because of their physiological roles in plants. We aimed to evaluate the benefits of foliar supplementation of B in either relieving or reducing the physiological damages caused by water stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). A greenhouse trial was carried out in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two water conditions (well-watered and drought stress) and three doses of B (0, 150 and 300 mg B L−1). Foliar application of B was before inducing the water stress, which remained for 20 days during vegetative stage. Plants were evaluated at three moments, according to the water conditions: maximum stress, rehydration and just before harvesting. The levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation increased in soybean leaves and roots under water stress, resulting in impaired plant growth. However, the foliar supplementation with B before the stress increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of stress markers. Furthermore, B applied foliar increased the nutrient concentration in the leaves of plants and stimulated root growth, which resulted in higher harvest index related to yield. The foliar application of B has shown as an alternative management to mitigate the damages caused by drought stress in soybean.
干旱是限制全球作物生长、发育和产量的主要非生物胁迫。在这种情况下,矿物质营养素,如硼(B),由于其在植物中的生理作用,有希望提高植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。我们的目的是评估叶面补充硼在减轻或减少大豆(Glycine max L.)水分胁迫引起的生理损害方面的益处 × 3因子方案,具有两种水分条件(充足水分和干旱胁迫)和三种剂量的B(0、150和300 毫克 B L−1)。叶面施用B是在诱导水分胁迫之前,水分胁迫持续了20 在营养期的天数。根据水分条件,在三个时刻对植物进行评估:最大压力、补水和收割前。水分胁迫下,大豆叶片和根系的过氧化氢和脂质过氧化水平升高,导致植物生长受损。然而,在胁迫前叶面补充B增加了抗氧化酶的活性,降低了胁迫标志物的水平。此外,施用B提高了植物叶片中的营养浓度,刺激了根系的生长,这导致了与产量相关的更高的收获指数。叶面施用硼已被证明是减轻大豆干旱胁迫损害的一种替代管理方法。
{"title":"Boron foliar supplementation as a strategy to attenuate drought stress in soybean","authors":"Paulo César Souza Júnior, Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori, Franz Walter Rieger Hippler, Ludmila da Silva Bastos, Paulo Cassio Alves Linhares, Marlon Alexander Peralta Sanchez","doi":"10.1111/aab.12848","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12848","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drought is the major abiotic stress that limits growth, development and yield of crops worldwide. In this scenario, mineral nutrients, such as boron (B), have been promising for increasing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses because of their physiological roles in plants. We aimed to evaluate the benefits of foliar supplementation of B in either relieving or reducing the physiological damages caused by water stress in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.). A greenhouse trial was carried out in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two water conditions (well-watered and drought stress) and three doses of B (0, 150 and 300 mg B L<sup>−1</sup>). Foliar application of B was before inducing the water stress, which remained for 20 days during vegetative stage. Plants were evaluated at three moments, according to the water conditions: maximum stress, rehydration and just before harvesting. The levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation increased in soybean leaves and roots under water stress, resulting in impaired plant growth. However, the foliar supplementation with B before the stress increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of stress markers. Furthermore, B applied foliar increased the nutrient concentration in the leaves of plants and stimulated root growth, which resulted in higher harvest index related to yield. The foliar application of B has shown as an alternative management to mitigate the damages caused by drought stress in soybean.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45649145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karen Valverde-Méndez, Eduardo J. Hernández, Dennis Matamoros, Natalia Barboza
Begomoviruses (Geminiviridae family) are characterized by their high recombination rate and a wide range of hosts, making their control difficult. In Costa Rica, various species of bipartite begomoviruses have been reported, which are Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV), Tomato yellow mottle virus (ToYMoV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSiV) and the monopartite begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Since the TYLCV first report in Costa Rica, neither additional knowledge has been produced on how this begomovirus has spread in the country's territory nor on the distribution of the other bipartite species. A total of 429 tomato samples collected during the years 2015–2016 were used to study these aspects. Each sample was georeferenced and analysed with various techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for the begomoviruses previously reported in Costa Rica. It was found that the presence/absence of the different species can vary, depending on the province. TYLCV is present in the six provinces analysed in this work, with a proportion from 3.7 to 86.6 per cent. Alajuela, Cartago, and Heredia are the provinces most affected by tomato-infecting begomoviruses. Fourteen different haplotypes of TYLCV were detected, but all were identified as TYLCV-IL. The distribution of TYLCV was related to the presence of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED, especially in the country's main tomato production areas. This information allows the phytosanitary surveillance services to develop strategies for the integrated management of the disease and to contribute data to the genetic improvement programmes of the crop.
{"title":"Begomovirus diversity in tomato crops in Costa Rica","authors":"Karen Valverde-Méndez, Eduardo J. Hernández, Dennis Matamoros, Natalia Barboza","doi":"10.1111/aab.12850","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12850","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Begomoviruses (<i>Geminiviridae</i> family) are characterized by their high recombination rate and a wide range of hosts, making their control difficult. In Costa Rica, various species of bipartite begomoviruses have been reported, which are <i>Pepper golden mosaic virus</i> (PepGMV), <i>Tomato yellow mottle virus</i> (ToYMoV), <i>Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus</i> (ToLCSiV) and the monopartite begomovirus <i>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</i> (TYLCV). Since the TYLCV first report in Costa Rica, neither additional knowledge has been produced on how this begomovirus has spread in the country's territory nor on the distribution of the other bipartite species. A total of 429 tomato samples collected during the years 2015–2016 were used to study these aspects. Each sample was georeferenced and analysed with various techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for the begomoviruses previously reported in Costa Rica. It was found that the presence/absence of the different species can vary, depending on the province. TYLCV is present in the six provinces analysed in this work, with a proportion from 3.7 to 86.6 per cent. Alajuela, Cartago, and Heredia are the provinces most affected by tomato-infecting begomoviruses. Fourteen different haplotypes of TYLCV were detected, but all were identified as TYLCV-IL. The distribution of TYLCV was related to the presence of the whitefly <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> MED, especially in the country's main tomato production areas. This information allows the phytosanitary surveillance services to develop strategies for the integrated management of the disease and to contribute data to the genetic improvement programmes of the crop.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43288196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joana Machado, Ana Patricia G. Fernandes, Boris Bokor, Marek Vaculík, Ep Heuvelink, Susana M. P. Carvalho, Marta W. Vasconcelos
Exploring sustainable strategies for improving crop water and nitrogen use efficiency is essential. Silicon (Si) has been reported as a beneficial metalloid for plants since it alleviates several abiotic stresses (including drought) by triggering the plants' antioxidant system. However, its role in mitigating the negative impact of nitrogen (N) deficit alone or when combined with water (W) deficit is not well studied. This study applied 0 or 2 mM of Na₂SiO3 to 3-week-old tomato cv. Micro-Tom seedlings that were grown under the following conditions: control (CTR; 100%N + 100% Field Capacity), N deficit (N; 50% N + 100% Field Capacity), water deficit (W; 100% N + 50% Field Capacity) or combined stress (N + W; 50% N + 50% Field Capacity). The Si effect on tomato plant growth depended on the type of stress. Si could only alleviate stress caused by N + W deficit resulting in a higher root dry weight (by 28%), total dry weight (by 23%) and root length (by 37%). Alongside this, there was an increase in the antioxidant (AOX) system activity with the root activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzymes being enhanced by 48% and by 263%, respectively. Si application also enhanced AOX enzyme activity when tomato plants were subjected to individual deficits but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, Si-treated tomato plants could efficiently modulate their AOX networks in a situation of combined N and water limitation, thus mitigating some of the adverse effects of this combined stress.
{"title":"The effect of silicon on the antioxidant system of tomato seedlings exposed to individual and combined nitrogen and water deficit","authors":"Joana Machado, Ana Patricia G. Fernandes, Boris Bokor, Marek Vaculík, Ep Heuvelink, Susana M. P. Carvalho, Marta W. Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1111/aab.12849","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12849","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exploring sustainable strategies for improving crop water and nitrogen use efficiency is essential. Silicon (Si) has been reported as a beneficial metalloid for plants since it alleviates several abiotic stresses (including drought) by triggering the plants' antioxidant system. However, its role in mitigating the negative impact of nitrogen (N) deficit alone or when combined with water (W) deficit is not well studied. This study applied 0 or 2 mM of Na₂SiO<sub>3</sub> to 3-week-old tomato cv. Micro-Tom seedlings that were grown under the following conditions: control (CTR; 100%N + 100% Field Capacity), N deficit (N; 50% N + 100% Field Capacity), water deficit (W; 100% N + 50% Field Capacity) or combined stress (N + W; 50% N + 50% Field Capacity). The Si effect on tomato plant growth depended on the type of stress. Si could only alleviate stress caused by N + W deficit resulting in a higher root dry weight (by 28%), total dry weight (by 23%) and root length (by 37%). Alongside this, there was an increase in the antioxidant (AOX) system activity with the root activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzymes being enhanced by 48% and by 263%, respectively. Si application also enhanced AOX enzyme activity when tomato plants were subjected to individual deficits but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, Si-treated tomato plants could efficiently modulate their AOX networks in a situation of combined N and water limitation, thus mitigating some of the adverse effects of this combined stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48248218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kadriye Çağlayan, Kivilcim Ördek, Mona Gazel, Eminur Elçi, Vahid Roumi, Janja Lamovšek, Irena Mavrič Pleško
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), recently renamed to Idaeovirus rubi, is one of the most common viruses infecting Rubus species worldwide but there is still a limited number of genome sequences available in the GenBank database and the majority of the sequences include partial sequences of RNA-1 and RNA-2. The distribution and incidence of RBDV in main raspberry and blackberry growing provinces in Turkey were monitored during 2015–2019 and 537 Rubus spp. samples were tested by both DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. Among the tested samples, 36 samples tested positive for RBDV by DAS-ELISA and 67 samples by RT-PCR. There was relatively low nucleotide diversity among the Turkish isolates. Turkish isolates shared 93%–97.7%, 84.3%–98.9%, and 85%–99.2% nucleotide sequence identities with available sequences in the GenBank, in partial RNA-1, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree constructed for RNA-1, MP, and CP sequences, all Turkish raspberry isolates were clustered in a distinct clade. However, the blackberry isolates showed considerable variation in nucleotide sequences and were placed in three distinct groups. The divergent blackberry isolates showed high variability in MP (84.5%–89.3%) and CP (85.5%–89.7%) regions and were placed in a distinct group. The rest of blackberry isolates clustered together with sweet cherry RBDV isolates adjacent to the grapevine clade or together with raspberry isolates. The comparative analysis conducted on three RNA segments of RBDV highlighted the high sequence diversity of Turkish RBDV isolates. This study also emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring of RBDV infections in Turkey, with special regard to those Rubus spp. and grapevine accessions employed in conservation and selection programmes. In particular, the presence of new RBDV genetic variants and infection of Rubus species must be taken into account to choose a correct detection protocol and management strategy.
{"title":"Incidence and genetic diversity of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) in Rubus spp. in Turkey","authors":"Kadriye Çağlayan, Kivilcim Ördek, Mona Gazel, Eminur Elçi, Vahid Roumi, Janja Lamovšek, Irena Mavrič Pleško","doi":"10.1111/aab.12847","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12847","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), recently renamed to <i>Idaeovirus rubi</i>, is one of the most common viruses infecting <i>Rubus</i> species worldwide but there is still a limited number of genome sequences available in the GenBank database and the majority of the sequences include partial sequences of RNA-1 and RNA-2. The distribution and incidence of RBDV in main raspberry and blackberry growing provinces in Turkey were monitored during 2015–2019 and 537 <i>Rubus</i> spp. samples were tested by both DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. Among the tested samples, 36 samples tested positive for RBDV by DAS-ELISA and 67 samples by RT-PCR. There was relatively low nucleotide diversity among the Turkish isolates. Turkish isolates shared 93%–97.7%, 84.3%–98.9%, and 85%–99.2% nucleotide sequence identities with available sequences in the GenBank, in partial RNA-1, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree constructed for RNA-1, MP, and CP sequences, all Turkish raspberry isolates were clustered in a distinct clade. However, the blackberry isolates showed considerable variation in nucleotide sequences and were placed in three distinct groups. The divergent blackberry isolates showed high variability in MP (84.5%–89.3%) and CP (85.5%–89.7%) regions and were placed in a distinct group. The rest of blackberry isolates clustered together with sweet cherry RBDV isolates adjacent to the grapevine clade or together with raspberry isolates. The comparative analysis conducted on three RNA segments of RBDV highlighted the high sequence diversity of Turkish RBDV isolates. This study also emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring of RBDV infections in Turkey, with special regard to those <i>Rubus</i> spp. and grapevine accessions employed in conservation and selection programmes. In particular, the presence of new RBDV genetic variants and infection of <i>Rubus</i> species must be taken into account to choose a correct detection protocol and management strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aab.12847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42073097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aimee J. Tonks, Joe M. Roberts, Audun Midthassel, Tom Pope
The 21st century has brought new challenges to the agri-food industry due to population growth, global warming, and greater public awareness of environmental issues. Ensuring global food security for future generations is crucial. However, pests, weeds, and diseases still significantly contribute to crop losses, and the availability of effective conventional synthetic pesticides is decreasing. To address this, new and diverse pest management tools are needed. One pest management tool showing potential for invertebrate pest management is the exploitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—in particular, the compounds 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. This review aims to explore the extent to which 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show potential in the future management of invertebrate crop and animal pests. A significant increase in the rate of publication of literature on the use of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone in crop protection since 2018 is identified by this review, therefore, showing the potential importance of these compounds for use in future pest management. This review also identifies key interactions between naturally occurring biosynthesised 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, and a range of invertebrate targets. Many of these interactions with key crop pests are sourced from the taxonomic families Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Trichomaceae. However, analysis of the practical application of these sources in an integrated pest management programme identifies clear limitations with the use of naturally occurring biosynthesised 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. Rather, future focus should be placed on the development and exploitation of synthesised nature identical 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone for use as a biopesticide product. Overall, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show potential for exploitation in future crop protection, being abundant in source and diversity of invertebrate interactions. However, their use as a naturally occurring biosynthesised chemical is likely not practical for direct implementation in crop protection. Rather, focus should be placed on the development and exploitation of synthesised nature identical variants of these compounds for use as a biopesticide.
{"title":"Exploiting volatile organic compounds in crop protection: A systematic review of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone","authors":"Aimee J. Tonks, Joe M. Roberts, Audun Midthassel, Tom Pope","doi":"10.1111/aab.12846","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aab.12846","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 21st century has brought new challenges to the agri-food industry due to population growth, global warming, and greater public awareness of environmental issues. Ensuring global food security for future generations is crucial. However, pests, weeds, and diseases still significantly contribute to crop losses, and the availability of effective conventional synthetic pesticides is decreasing. To address this, new and diverse pest management tools are needed. One pest management tool showing potential for invertebrate pest management is the exploitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—in particular, the compounds 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. This review aims to explore the extent to which 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show potential in the future management of invertebrate crop and animal pests. A significant increase in the rate of publication of literature on the use of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone in crop protection since 2018 is identified by this review, therefore, showing the potential importance of these compounds for use in future pest management. This review also identifies key interactions between naturally occurring biosynthesised 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, and a range of invertebrate targets. Many of these interactions with key crop pests are sourced from the taxonomic families Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, and Trichomaceae. However, analysis of the practical application of these sources in an integrated pest management programme identifies clear limitations with the use of naturally occurring biosynthesised 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. Rather, future focus should be placed on the development and exploitation of synthesised nature identical 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone for use as a biopesticide product. Overall, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone show potential for exploitation in future crop protection, being abundant in source and diversity of invertebrate interactions. However, their use as a naturally occurring biosynthesised chemical is likely not practical for direct implementation in crop protection. Rather, focus should be placed on the development and exploitation of synthesised nature identical variants of these compounds for use as a biopesticide.</p>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aab.12846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42026342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}