Pub Date : 2004-10-16Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.1002/scin.5591661616
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Pub Date : 2004-07-03Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.2307/4015355
Alexandra Goho
Inhaling a new experimental vaccine may offer protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. The vaccine, tested in African green monkeys, is the first to be administered directly to the respiratory tract and is also the first that confers immunity with a single dose. “This could be used for local outbreak control,” says Peter L. Collins of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Md. “It would be the most rapid way to vaccinate those at risk for SARS,” especially vulnerable health care workers, he says. SARS became a health crisis in 2003. To date, it has infected more than 8,000 people worldwide, killing 774. The virus that causes SARS has spiky molecules called S proteins protruding from its surface. These proteins enable the virus to infect mucosal cells in the respiratory system. To make the vaccine, scientists added the viral gene that encodes the S protein to the DNA of a different virus, BHPIV3. This bovine-human hybrid virus provokes an immune response, but no illness, in people and monkeys. BHPIV3 is also being tested as a vaccine against the human form of the virus, which causes respiratory infections and pneumonia in children. “A respiratory virus is really the ideal route for a SARS vaccine,” says Collins. The researchers gave four monkeys respiratory doses of BHPIV3 containing the gene for S protein and provided four other monkeys with BHPIV3 augmented with an irrelevant gene. The BHPIV3 virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of all the animals, but only those monkeys that received the S-protein gene developed antibodies against the SARS virus, the scientists report in the June 26 Lancet. After a month, Collins exposed the animals to the SARS virus to see whether those antibodies protected the monkeys from the disease. The SARS virus wasn’t detectable in the noses and throats of monkeys that received the S-protein vaccine but did show up in the others. None of the animals became ill because African green monkeys don’t develop the symptoms of SARS. Collins says that BHPIV3 is a good choice as the basis for a vaccine because it’s already been shown to be safe in people, a factor that would speed the FDAapproval process. The vaccine, however, may not work in adults. Most have immunity to BHPIV3 through childhood exposure to the human form of the virus. Decorating the viral surface with proteins that the human immune system doesn’t recognize could remedy this problem, Collins suggests. Other vaccines against SARS are in the pipeline. One is already being tested in people in China. The developer of an injectable experimental vaccine for SARS (SN: 1/10/04, p. 28), Andrea Gambotto of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, says that his vaccine, too, could possibly be administered through the intranasal route. No clinical trials are now planned for the BHPIV3 vaccine. “If SARS was rampaging through China, we’d probably rush it through testing,” says Collins. But because SARS curre
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Pub Date : 2004-07-03Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.2307/4015354
Carrie Lock
Inhaling a new experimental vaccine may offer protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. The vaccine, tested in African green monkeys, is the first to be administered directly to the respiratory tract and is also the first that confers immunity with a single dose. “This could be used for local outbreak control,” says Peter L. Collins of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Md. “It would be the most rapid way to vaccinate those at risk for SARS,” especially vulnerable health care workers, he says. SARS became a health crisis in 2003. To date, it has infected more than 8,000 people worldwide, killing 774. The virus that causes SARS has spiky molecules called S proteins protruding from its surface. These proteins enable the virus to infect mucosal cells in the respiratory system. To make the vaccine, scientists added the viral gene that encodes the S protein to the DNA of a different virus, BHPIV3. This bovine-human hybrid virus provokes an immune response, but no illness, in people and monkeys. BHPIV3 is also being tested as a vaccine against the human form of the virus, which causes respiratory infections and pneumonia in children. “A respiratory virus is really the ideal route for a SARS vaccine,” says Collins. The researchers gave four monkeys respiratory doses of BHPIV3 containing the gene for S protein and provided four other monkeys with BHPIV3 augmented with an irrelevant gene. The BHPIV3 virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of all the animals, but only those monkeys that received the S-protein gene developed antibodies against the SARS virus, the scientists report in the June 26 Lancet. After a month, Collins exposed the animals to the SARS virus to see whether those antibodies protected the monkeys from the disease. The SARS virus wasn’t detectable in the noses and throats of monkeys that received the S-protein vaccine but did show up in the others. None of the animals became ill because African green monkeys don’t develop the symptoms of SARS. Collins says that BHPIV3 is a good choice as the basis for a vaccine because it’s already been shown to be safe in people, a factor that would speed the FDAapproval process. The vaccine, however, may not work in adults. Most have immunity to BHPIV3 through childhood exposure to the human form of the virus. Decorating the viral surface with proteins that the human immune system doesn’t recognize could remedy this problem, Collins suggests. Other vaccines against SARS are in the pipeline. One is already being tested in people in China. The developer of an injectable experimental vaccine for SARS (SN: 1/10/04, p. 28), Andrea Gambotto of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, says that his vaccine, too, could possibly be administered through the intranasal route. No clinical trials are now planned for the BHPIV3 vaccine. “If SARS was rampaging through China, we’d probably rush it through testing,” says Collins. But because SARS curre
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Pub Date : 2004-04-10Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.1002/scin.5591651516
By controlling a boundary between oil and water, researchers have created a liquid lens that can quickly alter its shape in response to electric signals. Able to adjust its focusing distance from 5 centimeters to infinity in less than 10 milliseconds, the miniature lens may provide variable focusing for digital and cellphone cameras, medical endoscopes, and other products, claim Stein Kuiper and his colleagues at Philips Research of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The company unveiled a crumbsize prototype of its new lens last month at a trade exhibition in Germany. To make the lens, Philips researchers applied a waterrepellent coating to the inside of a tiny tube capped at one end. Adding drops of a watery solution and oil to the tube and then sealing the open end with a transparent, uncoated cap, the researchers found that the water hunkered down into a hemispherical lens at the uncoated end. By applying a voltage to the tube, the researchers could diminish the coating’s repulsiveness, allowing the lens’ outside edge to creep up the once-repellent walls by capillary action. As the water climbed the walls under various voltages, the curvature of its upper surface changed, modifying the lens’ focal length. —P.W.
{"title":"Immunology: SARS vaccine tests well in mouse model.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/scin.5591651516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591651516","url":null,"abstract":"By controlling a boundary between oil and water, researchers have created a liquid lens that can quickly alter its shape in response to electric signals. Able to adjust its focusing distance from 5 centimeters to infinity in less than 10 milliseconds, the miniature lens may provide variable focusing for digital and cellphone cameras, medical endoscopes, and other products, claim Stein Kuiper and his colleagues at Philips Research of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The company unveiled a crumbsize prototype of its new lens last month at a trade exhibition in Germany. To make the lens, Philips researchers applied a waterrepellent coating to the inside of a tiny tube capped at one end. Adding drops of a watery solution and oil to the tube and then sealing the open end with a transparent, uncoated cap, the researchers found that the water hunkered down into a hemispherical lens at the uncoated end. By applying a voltage to the tube, the researchers could diminish the coating’s repulsiveness, allowing the lens’ outside edge to creep up the once-repellent walls by capillary action. As the water climbed the walls under various voltages, the curvature of its upper surface changed, modifying the lens’ focal length. —P.W.","PeriodicalId":80166,"journal":{"name":"Science news","volume":"165 15","pages":"238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/scin.5591651516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37866512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-10Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.1002/scin.5591651513
By controlling a boundary between oil and water, researchers have created a liquid lens that can quickly alter its shape in response to electric signals. Able to adjust its focusing distance from 5 centimeters to infinity in less than 10 milliseconds, the miniature lens may provide variable focusing for digital and cellphone cameras, medical endoscopes, and other products, claim Stein Kuiper and his colleagues at Philips Research of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The company unveiled a crumbsize prototype of its new lens last month at a trade exhibition in Germany. To make the lens, Philips researchers applied a waterrepellent coating to the inside of a tiny tube capped at one end. Adding drops of a watery solution and oil to the tube and then sealing the open end with a transparent, uncoated cap, the researchers found that the water hunkered down into a hemispherical lens at the uncoated end. By applying a voltage to the tube, the researchers could diminish the coating’s repulsiveness, allowing the lens’ outside edge to creep up the once-repellent walls by capillary action. As the water climbed the walls under various voltages, the curvature of its upper surface changed, modifying the lens’ focal length. —P.W.
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Pub Date : 2004-04-10Epub Date: 2009-07-02DOI: 10.1002/scin.5591651515
By controlling a boundary between oil and water, researchers have created a liquid lens that can quickly alter its shape in response to electric signals. Able to adjust its focusing distance from 5 centimeters to infinity in less than 10 milliseconds, the miniature lens may provide variable focusing for digital and cellphone cameras, medical endoscopes, and other products, claim Stein Kuiper and his colleagues at Philips Research of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The company unveiled a crumbsize prototype of its new lens last month at a trade exhibition in Germany. To make the lens, Philips researchers applied a waterrepellent coating to the inside of a tiny tube capped at one end. Adding drops of a watery solution and oil to the tube and then sealing the open end with a transparent, uncoated cap, the researchers found that the water hunkered down into a hemispherical lens at the uncoated end. By applying a voltage to the tube, the researchers could diminish the coating’s repulsiveness, allowing the lens’ outside edge to creep up the once-repellent walls by capillary action. As the water climbed the walls under various voltages, the curvature of its upper surface changed, modifying the lens’ focal length. —P.W.
{"title":"Environment: Inhaling your food-and its cooking fuel.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/scin.5591651515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591651515","url":null,"abstract":"By controlling a boundary between oil and water, researchers have created a liquid lens that can quickly alter its shape in response to electric signals. Able to adjust its focusing distance from 5 centimeters to infinity in less than 10 milliseconds, the miniature lens may provide variable focusing for digital and cellphone cameras, medical endoscopes, and other products, claim Stein Kuiper and his colleagues at Philips Research of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The company unveiled a crumbsize prototype of its new lens last month at a trade exhibition in Germany. To make the lens, Philips researchers applied a waterrepellent coating to the inside of a tiny tube capped at one end. Adding drops of a watery solution and oil to the tube and then sealing the open end with a transparent, uncoated cap, the researchers found that the water hunkered down into a hemispherical lens at the uncoated end. By applying a voltage to the tube, the researchers could diminish the coating’s repulsiveness, allowing the lens’ outside edge to creep up the once-repellent walls by capillary action. As the water climbed the walls under various voltages, the curvature of its upper surface changed, modifying the lens’ focal length. —P.W.","PeriodicalId":80166,"journal":{"name":"Science news","volume":"165 15","pages":"238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/scin.5591651515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37866509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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