Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1179/136485910X12851868779821
W. Peters
In 1955 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched its global campaign to eradicate malaria, essentially on the basis of two novelties. The first was the application of two chemicals: DDT to kill mosquitoes and chloroquine to overcome the malarial parasites in people. The second was the construction, by George Macdonald, of an ingenious mathematical formula to correlate the epidemiological factors that underlie the transmission of malaria. The use of the chemicals had led to some preliminary success in managing malaria in a small number of areas with relatively limited intensities of malarial transmission. The formula was designed to provide a measure of the levels of change in several malariarelated factors that would facilitate the total interruption of malarial transmission. Malaria eradication became the ‘holy grail’ to which we all aspired. Following a visit across the African continent from west to east, your reviewer — who was, like Jobin, deeply involved in this effort — once said to a journalist (in retrospect, unwisely): ‘I set off (in 1953) to Liberia with a bucket of DDT in one hand and a bottle of chloroquine in the other to eradicate malaria. I returned to the continent nearly two decades later and almost nothing had changed’. I was equally unwise to conclude, in a report that I wrote in 1960 for the WHO, that, with the means then at our disposal, to eradicate malaria from Africa was impossible. As a result of making this statement, I became virtually persona non grata in Geneva for a very long time. In this book, which the author calls a ‘polemic’, Jobin comes to a similar conclusion half a century later. His argument, emerging from his lifetime involvement in the management of malaria as both a practitioner and administrator, is based essentially on the increasing evidence of the vital role that human fallibility plays in the limited success that has met all major attempts to achieve malaria eradication. What Jobin does not specifically point out is that, for all its ingenuity and mathematical logic, the Macdonald formula omitted one crucial factor: the mentality of Homo sapiens. Since the 1950s a wealth of technological progress has been made at all levels in our knowledge of malaria, with the development of new forms of therapy and new insecticides to kill the vectors and the investigation of the molecular biology of the parasites and the molecular nature of immunity to malarial infection. During the past decade there has been an awakening of the developed world to the cost of malaria, in terms of human suffering and its impact on social and economic development. This has given rise to an unprecedented, exponential increase in the level of financial support for research into ways of reducing the burden of malaria, and some (as-yet limited) successes have been achieved. Unfortunately, as Jobin points out, the challenge of reducing malarial transmission, particularly on the African continent, remains little changed. No longer do
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Pub Date : 2010-12-01DOI: 10.1179/136485910X12851868780306
M. Service
So how does this new edition of Mosquitoes and their Control differ from the first, which was published 7 years ago and also reviewed in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (98, 429)? There is a new coauthor (Minoo Madon) and there are now colour photographs, more line-drawings and tables, and a considerable reorganization and expansion of Part IV, on control. The most significant change — the inclusion of brief taxonomic keys for the identification of non-European mosquitoes — was apparently made in response to criticism that, as a title for the first edition, Mosquitoes and their Control was misleading because the book only covered European mosquitoes. I understand that, after considerable discussion, the authors opted to create new chapters and present taxonomic keys to the adult females of selected species from Africa, Asia, Australia and Central, South and North America. Given the vast number of mosquito species in these areas, it is not surprising that only those that are important vectors and/or cause serious biting problems are included. I do, however, find this subjective approach rather unsatisfactory. I wonder whether the additional brief accounts of non-European mosquitoes are relevant in a book whose raison d’être is (or, at least, was) to provide more information on European mosquitoes. The largest section (41%) of the book is still devoted to the identification, morphology, biology, medical importance and distribution of European mosquitoes, and I think it would have been better if the title had simply been changed to European Mosquitoes and their Control. There is a list of known mosquito species in Europe (pages xix–xxi) but even more useful is the list of new generic names and the years in which they were adopted (pages 6 and 7). Many familiar names disappear. Ochlerotatus japonicus, for example, is now Hulecoeteomyia japonica, and Oc. geniculatus becomes Dahliana geniculata. Not everyone likes, or even accepts, the elevation of some former subgenera. The authors use of ‘Aedes/Ochlerotatus’ for Aedes and Ochlerotatus species that were previously in the genus Aedes, and ‘Aedes albopictus [Stegomyia albopicta]’ — with the older and more widely recognised species name followed, in brackets, by the new name — I found useful. Unfortunately, some anomalies remain. ‘Ochlerotatus (Mucidus) alternans’, for example, is still used as a heading on page 357, with no explanation that this taxon has become Mucidus (Mucidus) alternans. I think this shows the difficulties that can arise, especially for non-taxonomists, when so many subgenera are upgraded to generic status. Chapter 5 of Part I gives a good account of the morphology of the adults, pupae and larvae of mosquitoes, while chapters 6–10 of Part II present very-clearly-illustrated taxonomic keys for the identification of adult females and males, pupae and fourth-instar larvae of European mosquitoes. Part IV, which deals with mosquito control, has been considerably updated.
那么，新版《蚊子及其控制》与7年前出版的第一版《热带医学与寄生虫学年鉴》(Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 98,429)有何不同?有了一位新的合著者(Minoo Madon)，现在有了彩色照片，更多的线条图和表格，并且对第四部分进行了相当大的重组和扩展，即控制。最重要的变化——包括识别非欧洲蚊子的简短分类键——显然是为了回应批评，即作为第一版的标题，《蚊子及其控制》具有误导性，因为该书只涉及欧洲蚊子。据我所知，经过大量的讨论，作者选择创建新的章节，并提供来自非洲，亚洲，澳大利亚和中，南美和北美的精选物种的成年雌性的分类钥匙。鉴于这些地区的蚊子种类繁多，只包括那些重要的病媒和/或造成严重叮咬问题的蚊子也就不足为奇了。然而，我确实发现这种主观的方法相当令人不满意。我想知道这些关于非欧洲蚊子的简短描述是否与这本书有关，这本书之所以创建être的目的是(或者至少曾经是)提供更多关于欧洲蚊子的信息。书中最大的部分(41%)仍然是关于欧洲蚊子的鉴定、形态学、生物学、医学重要性和分布的，我认为如果把书名改成《欧洲蚊子及其控制》会更好。有一份欧洲已知蚊子种类的清单(第19 - 22页)，但更有用的是新的属名及其采用年份的清单(第6和7页)。许多熟悉的名字消失了。例如，Ochlerotatus japonicus现在是Hulecoeteomyia japonica, Oc。龙葵变成龙葵。并不是每个人都喜欢甚至接受一些前亚属的提升。作者用“伊蚊/赤纹伊蚊”来表示以前属于伊蚊属的伊蚊和赤纹伊蚊，用“白纹伊蚊[白纹伊蚊]”——括号里是更古老、更广为人知的物种名称，后面是新名称——我发现这很有用。不幸的是，一些反常现象仍然存在。例如，“Ochlerotatus (Mucidus) alternans”仍然被用作357页的标题，没有解释这个分类群已经成为Mucidus (Mucidus) alternans。我认为这表明了可能出现的困难，特别是对于非分类学家来说，当如此多的亚属被升级为属时。第1部分第5章很好地描述了蚊子的成虫、蛹和幼虫的形态，第2部分第6-10章非常清楚地说明了欧洲蚊子的成年雌蚊和雄蚊、蛹和4龄幼虫的分类关键。第四部分涉及蚊虫控制，已作了相当大的更新。它涵盖了控制的几乎所有方面，包括利用脊椎动物和无脊椎动物捕食者、真菌和寄生虫进行生物控制。大约有12页是关于苏云金芽孢杆菌的。另一节涉及环境管理，可以理解的是，有一大节(55页)专门讨论化学控制和杀虫剂抗性管理。讨论的其他控制方法包括使用昆虫生长调节剂和幼虫激素类似物，遗传控制热带医学与寄生虫学年鉴，Vol. 104, No. 8, 687-688 (2010)
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Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1179/atm.2010.104.1.1
{"title":"Frontispiece — Dr Michael Chance","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2010.104.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2010.104.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81868599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136485909X440809
M. Service, C. Macpherson
George Nelson was one of the great medical parasitologists of the 20th Century, and among the last members of an elite group of British expatriates who helped control the parasitic deseases of colonial Africa. His many and varied contributions were based on a deep, broad and practical understanding of the subject, an ability to think ‘outside of the box’, and his skill in communicating, both verbally and on paper. Several of his publications have become parasitological classics, and some of his novel ideas have stimulated many others to investigate them further. Born in Kendal (Cumbria, U.K.) on 27 November 1923, George was his parents’ second child, later becoming one of the family’s four children; his two brothers and sister all predeceased him. He attended Heversham Grammar School in the Lake District, initially as a day boy but later becoming a boarder. He became head boy and was selected to play rugby for the England under 16s, gaining a cap playing against Wales at Cardiff Arms Park. Whilst at school, George developed a keen interest in natural history, especially in ornithology — an enthusiasm he retained throughout his life. George chose at an early age to study medicine and after school matriculated into the School of Medicine at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1948 he received his M.B. and Ch.B. and was awarded medals in anatomy, physiology, pathology and medicine. In 1952 George demonstrated his flair for tropical medicine by being the recipient of the Milne Medal on the completion of the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. In 1956 he obtained his M.D. from St Andrews and was awarded the University Gold Medal. In 1960 he took the Diploma in Applied Parasitology and Entomology examination at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, while in 1966 he received his D.Sc. from St Andrews. He later became F.R.C.Path. and in 1981 went on to earn his F.R.C.P. at London University. From 1948–1949 George was a house physician at the Dundee Royal Infirmary, and it was in Dundee that he met his future wife Sheila, a nurse, whom he married on 25 August 1951 in Nairobi Cathedral. They were to have four children, two of whom, Alan and Patricia, were born in Kampala, Uganda, whereas Timothy was born in Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, Vol. 103, No. 4, 369–372 (2009)
{"title":"George Stanley Nelson","authors":"M. Service, C. Macpherson","doi":"10.1179/136485909X440809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485909X440809","url":null,"abstract":"George Nelson was one of the great medical parasitologists of the 20th Century, and among the last members of an elite group of British expatriates who helped control the parasitic deseases of colonial Africa. His many and varied contributions were based on a deep, broad and practical understanding of the subject, an ability to think ‘outside of the box’, and his skill in communicating, both verbally and on paper. Several of his publications have become parasitological classics, and some of his novel ideas have stimulated many others to investigate them further. Born in Kendal (Cumbria, U.K.) on 27 November 1923, George was his parents’ second child, later becoming one of the family’s four children; his two brothers and sister all predeceased him. He attended Heversham Grammar School in the Lake District, initially as a day boy but later becoming a boarder. He became head boy and was selected to play rugby for the England under 16s, gaining a cap playing against Wales at Cardiff Arms Park. Whilst at school, George developed a keen interest in natural history, especially in ornithology — an enthusiasm he retained throughout his life. George chose at an early age to study medicine and after school matriculated into the School of Medicine at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1948 he received his M.B. and Ch.B. and was awarded medals in anatomy, physiology, pathology and medicine. In 1952 George demonstrated his flair for tropical medicine by being the recipient of the Milne Medal on the completion of the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. In 1956 he obtained his M.D. from St Andrews and was awarded the University Gold Medal. In 1960 he took the Diploma in Applied Parasitology and Entomology examination at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, while in 1966 he received his D.Sc. from St Andrews. He later became F.R.C.Path. and in 1981 went on to earn his F.R.C.P. at London University. From 1948–1949 George was a house physician at the Dundee Royal Infirmary, and it was in Dundee that he met his future wife Sheila, a nurse, whom he married on 25 August 1951 in Nairobi Cathedral. They were to have four children, two of whom, Alan and Patricia, were born in Kampala, Uganda, whereas Timothy was born in Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, Vol. 103, No. 4, 369–372 (2009)","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78414109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1179/atm.2009.103.1.1
{"title":"Dr Brian Coulter M.D., F.R.C.P.(I.), F.R.C.P.C.H.","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2009.103.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2009.103.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82577584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-01DOI: 10.1179/136485908X337571
R. Ashford, J. R. Baker
{"title":"Obituary — R. S. Bray, 1923–2008","authors":"R. Ashford, J. R. Baker","doi":"10.1179/136485908X337571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485908X337571","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73968594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-09-01DOI: 10.1179/136485908x311885
Anna C. Souchuk
{"title":"Afterword","authors":"Anna C. Souchuk","doi":"10.1179/136485908x311885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485908x311885","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90092377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1179/atm.2008.102.1.1
{"title":"Professor D. H. Molyneux","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2008.102.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2008.102.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73542599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Norman Gratz (1925–2005)","authors":"M. Service","doi":"10.1179/136485906x86329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906x86329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82937060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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