Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813697
Annie-Claude Labbé, P. Bualombai, Dylan R. Pillai, K. Zhong, V. Vanisaveth, B. Hongvanthong, S. Looareesuwan, Kevin C. Kain
Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is well documented in Thailand. Laos, however, continues to use chloroquine (CQ) as the first-line therapy for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence, in these two areas, of the cg2, pfmdrl and pfcrt allelic types that have previously been associated with CQ_resistance. Isolates of P. falciparum were collected from participants in ongoing treatment studies conducted in Thailand (near the Thai-Cambodian border) and in Laos (Vang Vieng district). The pfmdrl and pfcrt alleles were characterized by PCR-RFLP and mutations in cg2 were characterized by PCR and single-stranded-conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) electrophoresis. Eight (32%) of the 25 Laotian isolates but only one (4%) of the 25 Thai isolates were found to contain the pfmdr1 mutation N86Y (P = 0.02). In contrast, the cg2 polymorphisms previously associated with CQ resistance were present in only 10 of the isolates from Laos but 24 of those from Thailand (40% v. 96%; P < 0.001). All the samples from both countries contained the pfcrt K76T mutant allele reported to confer resistance to CQ. The results may indicate that drug pressure for the maintenance of the pfmdrl and cg2 alleles varies in intensity in the Thai and Laotian study areas, probably reflecting differences in the national malaria-treatment policies of Thailand and Laos.
{"title":"Molecular markers for chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand and Laos","authors":"Annie-Claude Labbé, P. Bualombai, Dylan R. Pillai, K. Zhong, V. Vanisaveth, B. Hongvanthong, S. Looareesuwan, Kevin C. Kain","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813697","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is well documented in Thailand. Laos, however, continues to use chloroquine (CQ) as the first-line therapy for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence, in these two areas, of the cg2, pfmdrl and pfcrt allelic types that have previously been associated with CQ_resistance. Isolates of P. falciparum were collected from participants in ongoing treatment studies conducted in Thailand (near the Thai-Cambodian border) and in Laos (Vang Vieng district). The pfmdrl and pfcrt alleles were characterized by PCR-RFLP and mutations in cg2 were characterized by PCR and single-stranded-conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) electrophoresis. Eight (32%) of the 25 Laotian isolates but only one (4%) of the 25 Thai isolates were found to contain the pfmdr1 mutation N86Y (P = 0.02). In contrast, the cg2 polymorphisms previously associated with CQ resistance were present in only 10 of the isolates from Laos but 24 of those from Thailand (40% v. 96%; P < 0.001). All the samples from both countries contained the pfcrt K76T mutant allele reported to confer resistance to CQ. The results may indicate that drug pressure for the maintenance of the pfmdrl and cg2 alleles varies in intensity in the Thai and Laotian study areas, probably reflecting differences in the national malaria-treatment policies of Thailand and Laos.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"43 1","pages":"781 - 788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86681602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813702
S. Pampiglione, N. Vakalis, A. Lyssimachou, G. Kouppari, T. C. Orihel
A case of subconjunctival infection with a zoonotic species of Onchocerca is described, in a 16-year-old Albanian man who had immigrated to Greece. This is the first report of human infection with Onchocerca in this tissue location and only the eighth report of zoonotic Onchocerca in man.
{"title":"Subconjunctival zoonotic Onchocerca in an Albanian man","authors":"S. Pampiglione, N. Vakalis, A. Lyssimachou, G. Kouppari, T. C. Orihel","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813702","url":null,"abstract":"A case of subconjunctival infection with a zoonotic species of Onchocerca is described, in a 16-year-old Albanian man who had immigrated to Greece. This is the first report of human infection with Onchocerca in this tissue location and only the eighth report of zoonotic Onchocerca in man.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"64 1","pages":"827 - 832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75423626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813699
J. Stiles, J. Meade, Z. Kučerová, D. Lyn, W. Thompson, Z. Zakeri, J. Whittaker
Human infection with Trypanosoma brucei may result in meningo-encephalitis, neuronal demyelination, blood-brain-barrier dysfunction, peri-vascular infiltration, astrocytosis and neuronal apoptosis. Prevention of the short- or long-term, parasite-induced, neuronal assault requires a better understanding of the host's responses to the infection at the molecular level. Northern analysis, cDNA micro-arrays, reverse-transcrip-tase-PCR (RT-PCR), SDS-PAGE and immunohistology were therefore used to investigate global gene and protein expression in the brains of mice infected with T. brucei. Temporal and spatial expression of neuroleukin (NLK), a predominant neurotrophin which is associated with neuronal protection and regeneration during neuronal assault in the brain, was then assessed. Expression of 20 of the 588 genes investigated (representing pro- and anti-inflammatory immuno-modulators, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and pro- and anti-apoptosis factors) was significantly altered (P < 0.05). TUNEL analysis revealed extensive apoptosis at peak parasitaemia, mainly in the cerebellum. RT-PCR analysis of two regulators of apoptosis, Bcl-x(L) (anti-apoptotic) and Bax (pro-apoptotic), revealed equivalent increases in levels of expression. NLK expression was up-regulated in punctated fashion in brain and was mainly localized to abnormal (stellate) catecholamine neurons (CN) in the locus coeruleus (LC) of infected [and, to a lesser degree, the normal (polygonal) cells of uninfected] brainstem. Expression of NLK receptor (NLK-R) was inversely correlated with that of NLK. At peak parasitaemia, trypanosome infection apparently induces cerebellar apoptosis and a corresponding increase in NLK expression. NLK may be modulating inflammation and is probably involved in protecting CN and the cerebellum against apoptosis.
{"title":"Trypanosoma brucei infection induces apoptosis and up-regulates neuroleukin expression in the cerebellum","authors":"J. Stiles, J. Meade, Z. Kučerová, D. Lyn, W. Thompson, Z. Zakeri, J. Whittaker","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813699","url":null,"abstract":"Human infection with Trypanosoma brucei may result in meningo-encephalitis, neuronal demyelination, blood-brain-barrier dysfunction, peri-vascular infiltration, astrocytosis and neuronal apoptosis. Prevention of the short- or long-term, parasite-induced, neuronal assault requires a better understanding of the host's responses to the infection at the molecular level. Northern analysis, cDNA micro-arrays, reverse-transcrip-tase-PCR (RT-PCR), SDS-PAGE and immunohistology were therefore used to investigate global gene and protein expression in the brains of mice infected with T. brucei. Temporal and spatial expression of neuroleukin (NLK), a predominant neurotrophin which is associated with neuronal protection and regeneration during neuronal assault in the brain, was then assessed. Expression of 20 of the 588 genes investigated (representing pro- and anti-inflammatory immuno-modulators, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and pro- and anti-apoptosis factors) was significantly altered (P < 0.05). TUNEL analysis revealed extensive apoptosis at peak parasitaemia, mainly in the cerebellum. RT-PCR analysis of two regulators of apoptosis, Bcl-x(L) (anti-apoptotic) and Bax (pro-apoptotic), revealed equivalent increases in levels of expression. NLK expression was up-regulated in punctated fashion in brain and was mainly localized to abnormal (stellate) catecholamine neurons (CN) in the locus coeruleus (LC) of infected [and, to a lesser degree, the normal (polygonal) cells of uninfected] brainstem. Expression of NLK receptor (NLK-R) was inversely correlated with that of NLK. At peak parasitaemia, trypanosome infection apparently induces cerebellar apoptosis and a corresponding increase in NLK expression. NLK may be modulating inflammation and is probably involved in protecting CN and the cerebellum against apoptosis.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"207 1","pages":"797 - 810"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74518790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813696
H. Ghalib, S. Al-ghamdi, M. Akood, A. Haridi, A. A. Ageel, R. E. Abdalla
The results of annual random screening indicated that Plasmodium falciparum strains showing chloroquine (CQ) resistance in vitro became increasingly common in the Jazan region of south-western Saudi Arabia between 1986 and 1998 (χ2 for trend = 50.027; P < 0.001). This worrying trend and the emergence of a micro-epidemic in 1997–1998 prompted an assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of CQ against uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria in the area. The in-vivo testing of sensitivity to CQ was carried out in 291 clinically manifest, microscopically positive cases of P. falciparum malaria. Most of these patients (88%) were successfully treated with a single standard regimen of CQ therapy. The other 36 patients (12%) showed early treatment failure or a poor response to the CQ, although all of these were then successfully treated with a single standard dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar), as a replacement therapy. Those unsuccessfully treated with CQ were generally younger (t = 2.625; P = 0.01) and tended to have higher body temperatures (t= -2.62; P= 0.012) and higher levels of parasitaemia at initial presentation (P> 0.000) than those who responded well to the drug. Although CQ remains a reasonably effective drug for the treatment of malaria in the Jazan region, and therefore will be kept as the first-line drug for the foreseeable future, failure of CQ efficacy must be carefully monitored in the area.
{"title":"Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-western Saudi Arabia","authors":"H. Ghalib, S. Al-ghamdi, M. Akood, A. Haridi, A. A. Ageel, R. E. Abdalla","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813696","url":null,"abstract":"The results of annual random screening indicated that Plasmodium falciparum strains showing chloroquine (CQ) resistance in vitro became increasingly common in the Jazan region of south-western Saudi Arabia between 1986 and 1998 (χ2 for trend = 50.027; P < 0.001). This worrying trend and the emergence of a micro-epidemic in 1997–1998 prompted an assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of CQ against uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria in the area. The in-vivo testing of sensitivity to CQ was carried out in 291 clinically manifest, microscopically positive cases of P. falciparum malaria. Most of these patients (88%) were successfully treated with a single standard regimen of CQ therapy. The other 36 patients (12%) showed early treatment failure or a poor response to the CQ, although all of these were then successfully treated with a single standard dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar), as a replacement therapy. Those unsuccessfully treated with CQ were generally younger (t = 2.625; P = 0.01) and tended to have higher body temperatures (t= -2.62; P= 0.012) and higher levels of parasitaemia at initial presentation (P> 0.000) than those who responded well to the drug. Although CQ remains a reasonably effective drug for the treatment of malaria in the Jazan region, and therefore will be kept as the first-line drug for the foreseeable future, failure of CQ efficacy must be carefully monitored in the area.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"17 1","pages":"773 - 779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74218089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813704
G. Anyanwu, D. Davies, D. Molyneux, A. Priestman
Examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. A discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the An. gambiae Mopti 2Rbc/bc karyotype from Mali could be separated from the Forest 2La/a karyotype from Liberia in >80% of cases. Similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of Anopheles arabiensis: 2Rab/ + from Burkina Faso, and 2Rb/b from Madagascar.
{"title":"Cuticular-hydrocarbon discrimination between Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis larval karyotypes","authors":"G. Anyanwu, D. Davies, D. Molyneux, A. Priestman","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813704","url":null,"abstract":"Examination of chromatograms of karyotyped larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis has revealed that there are differences in the profile of their epicuticular hydrocarbons. A discriminant analysis of the quantitative hydrocarbon data has shown that the An. gambiae Mopti 2Rbc/bc karyotype from Mali could be separated from the Forest 2La/a karyotype from Liberia in >80% of cases. Similar analysis permitted > 80% separation of individuals of two karyotypes of Anopheles arabiensis: 2Rab/ + from Burkina Faso, and 2Rb/b from Madagascar.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"83 1","pages":"843 - 852"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75204526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813705
N. Samarawickrema, J. Upcroft, N. Thammapalerd, P. Upcroft
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis, is a very difficult organism to culture and cryopreserve (Mirelman, 1992; Spice and Ackers, 1992; Diamond, 1995). Several cooling techniques to preserve E. histolytica, involving a range of rapid to slow (Diamond, 1964) and uncontrolled Games, 1988) cooling procedures using cryoprotectants, have been described. As cryopreservation is dependent on several factors, including the rapidity of cooling, the presence of cryoprotectants and serum proteins, bacterial associates and minor variations in the membrane components of E. histolytica strains, the success of these methods varies. When used at the Q!.teensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) in Brisbane, several of the more established methods, including step-wise, slow cooling-at 1°C/min from 0°C to 25°C and then at 5°C/min to 196°C (Phillips et al., 1984) or at 1 °C/min from room temperature to 100°C (Diamond, 1964; Farri et al., 1983) or at 1 °C/min from 37°C to 60°C followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen Games, 1988)-and uncontrolled fast cooling-to 25°C in a methanol bath followed by subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen Games, 1988) or direct transfer to -70°Conly yielded viable parasites on thawing when xenic (not axenic) strains of E. histolytica were used (unpubl. obs.). The simple method of preserving E. histolytica described below, involving a high concentration of serum and an uncontrolled cooling rate, consistently gave a good recovery of the trophozoites of an axenic strain of E. histolytica on thawing. The strain used, HTH-56:MUTM, was originally isolated from a liver abscess (Thammapalerd et al., 1993). Parasite cultures containing approximately 3.0 X 105 parasites/10-m! culture tube were chilled, 72 h after they had been sub-cultured, in an ice bath for 5 min and then centrifuged at 120 X g for 5 min. The supernatant solution was decanted off and the parasite pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml TYI-S-33 medium (Diamond et al., 1978) supplemented with 0%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 60% or 75% heat-inactivated horse serum (Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD). The parasite suspension was then transferred to a Nunclon® cryotube (Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY) containing 0.5 ml of a cryoprotectant solution [15% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO; Sigma) prepared in TYI-S-33 containing the same concentration of horse serum as used to resuspend the parasites] such that the total volume of suspension in each cryotube was 1.0 ml. The parasites were incubated at 37°C for 15 min, to allow them to take up the DMSO (Farri et al., 1983), and then subjected to rapid cooling by transferring the cryotubes directly into a bath of liquid isopropanol (of analytical grade) pre-chilled to 70°C. The isopropanol bath was in turn placed in a freezer at 70°C for 48 h and then the cryotubes were transferred directly into the liquid phase of liquid nitrogen (at 196°C) for storage for a minimum period of 7 days. Routinely, five replicate vials were processed at a tim
溶组织内阿米巴是人类阿米巴病的病原体，是一种很难培养和低温保存的生物(Mirelman, 1992;Spice and Ackers, 1992年;钻石,1995)。描述了几种保存溶组织芽孢杆菌的冷却技术，包括使用冷冻保护剂的快速到缓慢(Diamond, 1964)和不受控制的Games, 1988)冷却程序。由于低温保存取决于几个因素，包括冷却速度、冷冻保护剂和血清蛋白的存在、细菌结合物和溶组织芽胞杆菌菌株膜成分的微小变化，因此这些方法的成功程度各不相同。用在Q!布里斯班的青少年医学研究所(QIMR)，几种较成熟的方法，包括逐步缓慢冷却-从0°C到25°C，以1°C/分钟的速度冷却，然后以5°C/分钟的速度冷却至196°C (Phillips等人，1984年)或从室温到100°C以1°C/分钟的速度冷却(Diamond, 1964年;Farri et al.， 1983)或在37°C至60°C的温度下(1°C/min)，然后浸泡在液氮中(1988)，然后无控制快速冷却，在甲醇浴中加热至25°C，然后再浸泡在液氮中(1988)，或直接转移到-70°Conly，当使用溶组织芽孢杆菌(非无菌)菌株时，在解冻时产生活的寄生虫(unpubl.)。奥林匹克广播服务公司)。下面描述的保存溶组织芽孢杆菌的简单方法，包括高浓度的血清和不受控制的冷却速度，在解冻时，溶组织芽孢杆菌的无菌菌株的滋养体始终得到很好的恢复。所用菌株HTH-56:MUTM最初是从肝脓肿中分离出来的(Thammapalerd et al.， 1993)。寄生虫培养物含有约3.0 X 105个寄生虫/10-m!继代培养72 h后，冷冻培养管，在冰浴中冷却5分钟，然后在120 X g下离心5分钟。倒出上清液，将寄生虫颗粒重悬在0.5 ml添加0%、10%、20%、50%、60%或75%热灭活马血清(Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD)的TYI-S-33培养基中(Diamond et al.， 1978)。然后将寄生虫悬浮液转移到Nunclon®冷冻管(Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY)，其中含有0.5 ml冷冻保护剂溶液[15%二甲基亚砜(DMSO;Sigma)在TYI-S-33中制备，含有与用于重悬寄生虫相同浓度的马血清]，使每个冷冻管中的悬悬液总量为1.0 ml。在37°C下孵育15分钟，使其吸收DMSO (Farri等人，1983)，然后通过将冷冻管直接转移到预冷至70°C的液体异丙醇(分析级)液中进行快速冷却。异丙醇浴液依次置于70℃的冷冻室中保存48 h，然后将冷冻管直接转入液氮的液相(196℃)中保存至少7天。通常，一次处理5个重复的小瓶;其中一个被用来测试冷冻过程的成功与否，而另外四个被留在液氮中。测试的可行性(当所需的其他用途),每个营养体悬挂被转移迅速解冻cryotube直接从液态氮在35°C水浴浴,然后离开,没有激动,5 - 10分钟。从每个cryotube解冻细胞直接被转移到一个10毫升文化管包含10毫升TYI-S-33中有10%血清(中经常用于大肠阿米巴文化QIMR)曾prewarmed 35°C。然后在35°C下孵育48-72 h，不做任何进一步的操作。所有用血清冷冻并以这种方式解冻的培养物都含有活的寄生虫(即附着在细胞壁上的活动寄生虫)
{"title":"A rapid-cooling method for cryopreserving Entamoeba histolytica","authors":"N. Samarawickrema, J. Upcroft, N. Thammapalerd, P. Upcroft","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813705","url":null,"abstract":"Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis, is a very difficult organism to culture and cryopreserve (Mirelman, 1992; Spice and Ackers, 1992; Diamond, 1995). Several cooling techniques to preserve E. histolytica, involving a range of rapid to slow (Diamond, 1964) and uncontrolled Games, 1988) cooling procedures using cryoprotectants, have been described. As cryopreservation is dependent on several factors, including the rapidity of cooling, the presence of cryoprotectants and serum proteins, bacterial associates and minor variations in the membrane components of E. histolytica strains, the success of these methods varies. When used at the Q!.teensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) in Brisbane, several of the more established methods, including step-wise, slow cooling-at 1°C/min from 0°C to 25°C and then at 5°C/min to 196°C (Phillips et al., 1984) or at 1 °C/min from room temperature to 100°C (Diamond, 1964; Farri et al., 1983) or at 1 °C/min from 37°C to 60°C followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen Games, 1988)-and uncontrolled fast cooling-to 25°C in a methanol bath followed by subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen Games, 1988) or direct transfer to -70°Conly yielded viable parasites on thawing when xenic (not axenic) strains of E. histolytica were used (unpubl. obs.). The simple method of preserving E. histolytica described below, involving a high concentration of serum and an uncontrolled cooling rate, consistently gave a good recovery of the trophozoites of an axenic strain of E. histolytica on thawing. The strain used, HTH-56:MUTM, was originally isolated from a liver abscess (Thammapalerd et al., 1993). Parasite cultures containing approximately 3.0 X 105 parasites/10-m! culture tube were chilled, 72 h after they had been sub-cultured, in an ice bath for 5 min and then centrifuged at 120 X g for 5 min. The supernatant solution was decanted off and the parasite pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml TYI-S-33 medium (Diamond et al., 1978) supplemented with 0%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 60% or 75% heat-inactivated horse serum (Gibco BRL, Rockville, MD). The parasite suspension was then transferred to a Nunclon® cryotube (Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY) containing 0.5 ml of a cryoprotectant solution [15% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO; Sigma) prepared in TYI-S-33 containing the same concentration of horse serum as used to resuspend the parasites] such that the total volume of suspension in each cryotube was 1.0 ml. The parasites were incubated at 37°C for 15 min, to allow them to take up the DMSO (Farri et al., 1983), and then subjected to rapid cooling by transferring the cryotubes directly into a bath of liquid isopropanol (of analytical grade) pre-chilled to 70°C. The isopropanol bath was in turn placed in a freezer at 70°C for 48 h and then the cryotubes were transferred directly into the liquid phase of liquid nitrogen (at 196°C) for storage for a minimum period of 7 days. Routinely, five replicate vials were processed at a tim","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"43 1","pages":"853 - 855"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79187106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813701
M. Eberhard, G. Melemoko, A. Zee, M. Weisskopf, E. Ruiz-Tiben
Over the past 10 years, the status of human infection with guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) in the Central African Republic (CAR) has been difficult to ascertain. It is unclear if indigenous cases are occurring and whether cases are migrating into the CAR from surrounding countries. A team of investigators visited the CAR in July-August 2000, to attempt to ascertain the presence of indigenous transmission. No cases of true guinea-worm infection (i.e. dracunculiasis) were detected, but three cases of human infection with Onchocerca volvulus, each of which had been misidentified as dracunculiasis, were detected. The unusual presentation of skin blisters and extraction of an intact female O. volvulus are described. As a result of this investigation, and the confusion of onchocerciasis being misidentified as dracunculiasis, the presence of endemic transmission of guinea worm in the CAR remains in question.
{"title":"Misidentification of Onchocerca volvulus as guinea worm","authors":"M. Eberhard, G. Melemoko, A. Zee, M. Weisskopf, E. Ruiz-Tiben","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813701","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 10 years, the status of human infection with guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) in the Central African Republic (CAR) has been difficult to ascertain. It is unclear if indigenous cases are occurring and whether cases are migrating into the CAR from surrounding countries. A team of investigators visited the CAR in July-August 2000, to attempt to ascertain the presence of indigenous transmission. No cases of true guinea-worm infection (i.e. dracunculiasis) were detected, but three cases of human infection with Onchocerca volvulus, each of which had been misidentified as dracunculiasis, were detected. The unusual presentation of skin blisters and extraction of an intact female O. volvulus are described. As a result of this investigation, and the confusion of onchocerciasis being misidentified as dracunculiasis, the presence of endemic transmission of guinea worm in the CAR remains in question.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"79 5 1","pages":"821 - 826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89551454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813706
M. Service
Regretfully-because his wife, Catherine, predeceased him and he had no children and left no other close relatives-the death on 4 October 2000 of Robert Charles Muirhead-Thomson, a world renowned medical entomologist, has only just come to my attention. Muirhead-Thomson was born in Kilmaurs, Scotland, on 2 May 1914. He entered Glasgow University to study Zoology, obtaining his B.Sc. in 1936 and D.Sc. in 1942. (His time as an undergraduate overlapped that of D. S. Bertram and W. H. R. Lumsden.) In 1937, after his first degree, he obtained a Royal-Society grant and conducted research on mosquitoes at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. This prepared him for his detailed investigations in the early 1940s on the behaviour of malaria vectors, especially on Anopheles minimus, in Assam, India. These studies were supported in part by another Royal-Society grant and in part by funding from the Colonial Medical Research Service. The latter continued to finance his research from the mid-1940s to early 1950s, in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Tanzania, on the biology of malaria vectors, in particular An. gambiae and An. melas. From 1955-1957, with funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, Muirhead-Thomson worked on malaria epide~ology in Liberia. For the following 9 years he worked for the World Health Organization, in India and Zimbabwe as well as at their headquarters in Geneva. He then returned briefly to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Although mainly known for his studies on anopheline biology in India and West Africa, he also worked on mosquito behaviour in South Africa, Jamaica and Trinidad. In 1956 he published results of his studies on the transnuss10n, by mosquitoes as well as by fleas, of myxomatosis in England. He thus had experience of mosquito biology in four continents. In 1966, Muirhead-Thomson's career changed direction and he began investigating the effects of insecticides on the larvae of simuliid blackflies, at the then University of Rhodesia. He then returned and settled· in England. With funding from the Leverhulme Foundation and the Medical Research Council, he went firstly to Reading University and then to Royal Holloway College, London University, where he studied the impact pesticides had on simuliids and other aquatic macro-invertebrates. Muirhead-Thomson published about 54 pa· pers, many of which were long and accompanied by his photographs (he was an enthusiastic photographer). His first, on myiasis in sheep in south-western Scotland and· co-authored by A. J. Haddow, was published in 1937 in Parasitology. In his last article, which appeared in 1998 in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (92, 891-893), he vigorously argued that xenodiagnosis of malaria cases had many advantages over taking blood films. Not many of us can claim publications spanning 61 years! In addition to scientific papers, MuirheadThomson wrote seven books (1948-1991). The first was entitled Assam Vall
2000年10月4日，世界著名的医学昆虫学家罗伯特·查尔斯·缪尔黑德·汤姆森去世，我才刚刚注意到他的不幸——因为他的妻子凯瑟琳先于他去世，他没有孩子，也没有留下其他近亲。1914年5月2日，缪尔黑德-汤姆森出生在苏格兰的基尔默斯。他进入格拉斯哥大学学习动物学，1936年获得学士学位，1942年获得博士学位。(他读本科的时间与d·s·伯特伦和w·h·r·拉姆斯登重合。)1937年，在获得第一个学位后，他获得了皇家学会的资助，并在伦敦卫生和热带医学学院进行了关于蚊子的研究。这为他在20世纪40年代早期对印度阿萨姆邦疟疾病媒的行为，特别是对小按蚊的行为进行详细调查做好了准备。这些研究部分由另一项皇家学会资助，部分由殖民地医学研究服务处资助。从20世纪40年代中期到50年代初，后者继续资助他在加纳、塞拉利昂、尼日利亚和坦桑尼亚的研究，研究疟疾病媒的生物学，特别是疟疾病媒。冈比亚和安哥拉。米拉。从1955年到1957年，在美国国立卫生研究院的资助下，Muirhead-Thomson在利比里亚研究疟疾流行病学。在接下来的9年里，他在世界卫生组织的印度和津巴布韦以及日内瓦总部工作。之后，他短暂地回到了伦敦卫生和热带医学学院。虽然他主要以研究印度和西非的按蚊生物学而闻名，但他也研究了南非、牙买加和特立尼达的蚊子行为。1956年，他发表了他在英国通过蚊子和跳蚤传播粘液瘤病的研究结果。因此，他在四大洲都有研究蚊子生物学的经验。1966年，Muirhead-Thomson的职业生涯改变了方向，他开始在当时的罗得西亚大学研究杀虫剂对类黑蝇幼虫的影响。然后他回到英国定居。在利华休姆基金会和医学研究委员会的资助下，他首先去了雷丁大学，然后去了伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院，在那里他研究了杀虫剂对拟生物和其他水生大型无脊椎动物的影响。穆尔黑德-汤姆森发表了大约54篇短文，其中许多都很长，并附有他的照片(他是一个热情的摄影师)。他的第一篇论文是关于苏格兰西南部绵羊的蝇蛆病，并与A. J. Haddow合著，于1937年发表在《寄生虫学》上。在他1998年发表在《热带医学与寄生虫学年鉴》(92,891 -893)上的最后一篇文章中，他有力地论证了疟疾病例的异种诊断比采血片有许多优势。没有多少人能发表跨越61年的作品!除了科学论文，MuirheadThomson还写了七本书(1948-1991)。第一本名为《阿萨姆山谷:阿萨姆印度教徒的信仰和习俗》。随后，他出版了四本关于蚊子和其他吸血蝇的书，随后又出版了两本描述杀虫剂对水生动物影响的书。然而，我认为，他1951年出版的《蚊子行为与热带地区疟疾传播和控制的关系》(爱德华·阿诺德，伦敦)仍然是科学的
{"title":"R. C. Muirhead-Thomson","authors":"M. Service","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813706","url":null,"abstract":"Regretfully-because his wife, Catherine, predeceased him and he had no children and left no other close relatives-the death on 4 October 2000 of Robert Charles Muirhead-Thomson, a world renowned medical entomologist, has only just come to my attention. Muirhead-Thomson was born in Kilmaurs, Scotland, on 2 May 1914. He entered Glasgow University to study Zoology, obtaining his B.Sc. in 1936 and D.Sc. in 1942. (His time as an undergraduate overlapped that of D. S. Bertram and W. H. R. Lumsden.) In 1937, after his first degree, he obtained a Royal-Society grant and conducted research on mosquitoes at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. This prepared him for his detailed investigations in the early 1940s on the behaviour of malaria vectors, especially on Anopheles minimus, in Assam, India. These studies were supported in part by another Royal-Society grant and in part by funding from the Colonial Medical Research Service. The latter continued to finance his research from the mid-1940s to early 1950s, in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Tanzania, on the biology of malaria vectors, in particular An. gambiae and An. melas. From 1955-1957, with funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, Muirhead-Thomson worked on malaria epide~ology in Liberia. For the following 9 years he worked for the World Health Organization, in India and Zimbabwe as well as at their headquarters in Geneva. He then returned briefly to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Although mainly known for his studies on anopheline biology in India and West Africa, he also worked on mosquito behaviour in South Africa, Jamaica and Trinidad. In 1956 he published results of his studies on the transnuss10n, by mosquitoes as well as by fleas, of myxomatosis in England. He thus had experience of mosquito biology in four continents. In 1966, Muirhead-Thomson's career changed direction and he began investigating the effects of insecticides on the larvae of simuliid blackflies, at the then University of Rhodesia. He then returned and settled· in England. With funding from the Leverhulme Foundation and the Medical Research Council, he went firstly to Reading University and then to Royal Holloway College, London University, where he studied the impact pesticides had on simuliids and other aquatic macro-invertebrates. Muirhead-Thomson published about 54 pa· pers, many of which were long and accompanied by his photographs (he was an enthusiastic photographer). His first, on myiasis in sheep in south-western Scotland and· co-authored by A. J. Haddow, was published in 1937 in Parasitology. In his last article, which appeared in 1998 in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (92, 891-893), he vigorously argued that xenodiagnosis of malaria cases had many advantages over taking blood films. Not many of us can claim publications spanning 61 years! In addition to scientific papers, MuirheadThomson wrote seven books (1948-1991). The first was entitled Assam Vall","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"83 1","pages":"857 - 858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89883591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813694
M. Rowland, F. Nosten
Owing to the breakdown of health systems, mass population displacements, and resettlement of vulnerable refugees in camps or locations prone to vector breeding, malaria is often a major health problem during war and the aftermath of war. During the initial acute phase of the emergency, before health services become properly established, mortality rates may rise to alarming levels. Establishing good case management and effective malaria prevention are important priorities for international agencies responsible for emergency health services. The operational strategies and control methods used in peacetime must be adapted to emergency conditions, and should be regularly re-assessed as social, political and epidemiological conditions evolve. During the last decade, research on malaria in refugee camps on the Pakistan-Afghanistan and Thailand-Burma borders has led to new methods and strategies for malaria prevention and case management, and these are now being taken up by international health agencies. This experience has shown that integration of research within control programmes is an efficient and dynamic mode of working that can lead to innovation and hopefully sustainable malaria control. United Nations' humanitarian and non-governmental agencies can play a significant part in resolving the outstanding research issues in malaria control.
{"title":"Malaria epidemiology and control in refugee camps and complex emergencies","authors":"M. Rowland, F. Nosten","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813694","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the breakdown of health systems, mass population displacements, and resettlement of vulnerable refugees in camps or locations prone to vector breeding, malaria is often a major health problem during war and the aftermath of war. During the initial acute phase of the emergency, before health services become properly established, mortality rates may rise to alarming levels. Establishing good case management and effective malaria prevention are important priorities for international agencies responsible for emergency health services. The operational strategies and control methods used in peacetime must be adapted to emergency conditions, and should be regularly re-assessed as social, political and epidemiological conditions evolve. During the last decade, research on malaria in refugee camps on the Pakistan-Afghanistan and Thailand-Burma borders has led to new methods and strategies for malaria prevention and case management, and these are now being taken up by international health agencies. This experience has shown that integration of research within control programmes is an efficient and dynamic mode of working that can lead to innovation and hopefully sustainable malaria control. United Nations' humanitarian and non-governmental agencies can play a significant part in resolving the outstanding research issues in malaria control.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"1 1","pages":"741 - 754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80436106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00034983.2001.11813703
Ibrahim H. Kamal, Peter U. Fischer, M. Adly, A. S. E. Sayed, Z. S. Morsy, Reda M. R. Ramzy
The programmes for the elimination of bancroftian filariasis that have been implemented in the Nile delta of Egypt are expected to lead to substantial reductions in filarial loads in the treated populations. Better methods than those currently available are needed for monitoring the efficacy of these and similar efforts at intervention. A PCR-ELISA was therefore evaluated as an epidemiological tool for the detection of the Wuchereria-bancrofti-specific SspI repeat in pools of Culex pipiens collected in a village with a low prevalence of filarial infection in its human residents (2.1%). Indoor-resting mosquitoes were collected by aspiration from 114 randomly selected houses (during one to nine visits/house) and separated into 673 pools, each of which held the mosquitoes collected during one night from one house. Although 18 (2.7%) of the pools showed PCR inhibition and had to be excluded, filarial DNA was detected, using the PCR-ELISA, in 91 (13.9%) of the 655 remaining mosquito pools. The minimum prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in the mosquitoes caught (assuming one infected mosquito/positive pool) was 2.8%. The mean (s.d.) number of mosquitoes/pool did not vary significantly between positive [5.5 (3.4)] and negative [4.9 (3.5)] pools. The assay detected parasite DNA in mosquitoes from 19.3% of 114 houses when only the first visit was considered and from 73.9% of the 88 houses visited more than once. The PCR-ELISA yielded results comparable with those of the regular PCR-SspI assay. The latter assay is recommended for the routine examination, in laboratories in endemic areas, of mosquito pools from randomly selected houses, as the ELISA component of the PCR-ELISA is exceedingly time-consuming, expensive and requires special equipment.
{"title":"Evaluation of a PCR-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens from an Egyptian village with a low prevalence of filariasis","authors":"Ibrahim H. Kamal, Peter U. Fischer, M. Adly, A. S. E. Sayed, Z. S. Morsy, Reda M. R. Ramzy","doi":"10.1080/00034983.2001.11813703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813703","url":null,"abstract":"The programmes for the elimination of bancroftian filariasis that have been implemented in the Nile delta of Egypt are expected to lead to substantial reductions in filarial loads in the treated populations. Better methods than those currently available are needed for monitoring the efficacy of these and similar efforts at intervention. A PCR-ELISA was therefore evaluated as an epidemiological tool for the detection of the Wuchereria-bancrofti-specific SspI repeat in pools of Culex pipiens collected in a village with a low prevalence of filarial infection in its human residents (2.1%). Indoor-resting mosquitoes were collected by aspiration from 114 randomly selected houses (during one to nine visits/house) and separated into 673 pools, each of which held the mosquitoes collected during one night from one house. Although 18 (2.7%) of the pools showed PCR inhibition and had to be excluded, filarial DNA was detected, using the PCR-ELISA, in 91 (13.9%) of the 655 remaining mosquito pools. The minimum prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in the mosquitoes caught (assuming one infected mosquito/positive pool) was 2.8%. The mean (s.d.) number of mosquitoes/pool did not vary significantly between positive [5.5 (3.4)] and negative [4.9 (3.5)] pools. The assay detected parasite DNA in mosquitoes from 19.3% of 114 houses when only the first visit was considered and from 73.9% of the 88 houses visited more than once. The PCR-ELISA yielded results comparable with those of the regular PCR-SspI assay. The latter assay is recommended for the routine examination, in laboratories in endemic areas, of mosquito pools from randomly selected houses, as the ELISA component of the PCR-ELISA is exceedingly time-consuming, expensive and requires special equipment.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"51 1","pages":"833 - 841"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75147881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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