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The past was diverse and deeply creative: a response to Bentley & O'Brien 过去多种多样,极富创造力:对本特利和奥布莱恩的回应
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.103
Catherine J. Frieman

I want to preface this response by noting that, while I think Bentley, O'Brien and I fundamentally differ in how we approach the archaeological record (2024), I am also convinced that the more perspectives on the past we can cultivate, the richer our interpretative garden will be. Moreover, the more narratives of past worlds we develop, the more nuanced and complex our image of the past will become and, hence, the messier and more human (Frieman in press). I therefore write in the hopes that we can disagree with care, so that all of our scholarship is enriched.

在回答这个问题之前,我想说的是,虽然我认为本特利、奥布莱恩和我在如何处理考古记录方面存在根本分歧(2024 年),但我也深信,我们对过去的视角越多,我们的解释花园就会越丰富。此外,我们对过去世界的叙述越多,我们对过去的印象就会变得越细微、越复杂,因而也就越混乱、越人性化(弗里曼,出版中)。因此,我写这篇文章是希望我们能够谨慎地提出不同意见,从而丰富我们的学术研究。
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引用次数: 0
The origin of the Protogeometric style in northern Greece and its relevance for the absolute chronology of the Early Iron Age 希腊北部 Protogeometric 风格的起源及其对早期铁器时代绝对年代学的意义
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.144
Trevor Van Damme, Bartłomiej Lis

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引用次数: 0
Experiencing the divine? Museum presentations of religion in Roman Britain 体验神性?罗马英国博物馆的宗教展示
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.141
Antony Lee

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引用次数: 0
Cultural evolution as inheritance, not intentions 文化进化是继承而非意图
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.63
R. Alexander Bentley, Michael J. O'Brien

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引用次数: 0
Human intent and cultural lineages: a response to Bentley & O'Brien 人类意图和文化脉络:对本特利和奥布莱恩的回应
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.102
Anna Marie Prentiss

I thank Bentley and O'Brien (2024) for their cogent review of issues associated with inheritance and intention in cultural evolution. Intent is, of course, present in cultural process and that begs the question as to when and how we concern ourselves with it as a factor in cultural evolution (Rosenberg 2022). Intent underlies our understanding of both micro- and macro-scale processes of cultural evolution. Lamarckian microevolutionary process depends on decision-makers choosing whether or not to accept and sometimes alter cultural traits (Boyd & Richerson 1985). Zeder (2009, 2018) points out that even long-term change may be affected by conscious infrastructural investments that alter capacity for socioeconomic production and, subsequently, canalise later developments.

我感谢本特利和奥布莱恩(2024 年)对文化进化中与继承和意图相关的问题所做的有说服力的评述。意图当然存在于文化过程中,这就引出了一个问题:我们何时以及如何将其作为文化进化中的一个因素加以关注(罗森伯格,2022 年)。意图是我们理解微观和宏观文化进化过程的基础。拉马克的微观进化过程取决于决策者选择是否接受文化特征,有时甚至改变文化特征(Boyd & Richerson 1985)。Zeder(2009,2018)指出,即使是长期变化也可能受到有意识的基础设施投资的影响,这些投资改变了社会经济生产的能力,并随之影响了后来的发展。
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引用次数: 0
On cultural traditions and innovation: finding common ground 关于文化传统与创新:寻找共同点
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.123
R. Alexander Bentley, Michael J. O’Brien

We appreciate the respondents’ comments on our debate article ‘Cultural evolution as inheritance, not intentions’ (Bentley & O'Brien 2024). We all agree that traditional cultural practices—such as manufacturing Acheulean handaxes—often take considerable amounts of time to learn; as Gladwell (2008) popularly proposed, it takes 10 000 hours of practice to make an expert. We also appear to agree that cultural practices are intergenerational. As Frieman (2024: 1421) notes, ideas and practices persist because they are “valued, recreated, manipulated, instrumentalised and enacted generation after generation”; and as Ingold (2024: 1417) puts it, traditional tasks “are not subject to the free will of the individual but fall upon practitioners as part of their responsibilities” to their communities. Drawing on the practice of Bronze Age metallurgy, Pollard (2024) asks the million-dollar questions: how does innovation occur, and what causes it? As both Prentiss (2024) and Pollard note, for example, the pace of technological change is often punctuated, an observation common across the natural and social sciences, but one that defies easy explanation (e.g. Duran-Nebreda et al. 2024; O'Brien et al. 2024).

我们感谢答复者对我们的辩论文章《文化进化是继承而非意图》(Bentley & O'Brien 2024)所作的评论。我们都同意,传统文化习俗--如制造阿切莱亚人的手斧--往往需要相当长的时间来学习;正如格拉德威尔(Gladwell,2008 年)流行的说法,需要一万小时的实践才能成为专家。我们似乎也同意文化习俗是代代相传的。正如弗里曼(Frieman)(2024: 1421)所指出的,思想和实践之所以能够持续存在,是因为它们 "被重视、被再创造、被操纵、被工具化,并被一代又一代地执行";正如英戈尔德(Ingold)(2024: 1417)所说的,传统任务 "不以个人的自由意志为转移,而是作为其对社区的责任的一部分 "落到了实践者身上。波拉德(2024 年)借鉴青铜时代的冶金实践,提出了一个价值百万美元的问题:创新是如何发生的?例如,正如普伦蒂斯(2024 年)和波拉德所指出的,技术变革的速度往往是有间歇的,这是自然科学和社会科学的共同观察结果,但却难以简单解释(例如,杜兰-奈布雷达等人,2024 年;奥布莱恩等人,2024 年)。
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引用次数: 0
Old cities, new pathways: approaches to Roman urbanism in Italy 老城市,新道路:意大利罗马城市化的方法
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.164
Adeline Hoffelinck

Throughout the twentieth century, considerable research has been dedicated to understanding the rise, development and end of ancient cities. In recent years, there has been a remarkable upsurge of new methodological and theoretical approaches applied in urbanism studies, which enables us to improve, validate or question our knowledge about ancient urban life. The three books reviewed here concern the development, transformation and experience of ancient Roman cities; leading experts in urban history and archaeology discussing the potential of new technologies and conceptual frameworks for analysing Roman urban space.

在整个二十世纪,大量研究致力于了解古代城市的兴起、发展和终结。近年来,应用于城市学研究的新方法和理论方法显著增加,使我们能够改进、验证或质疑我们对古代城市生活的认识。本文评述的三本书涉及古罗马城市的发展、变革和经验;城市史和考古学领域的权威专家讨论了新技术和概念框架在分析古罗马城市空间方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Running out of empty space: environmental lidar and the crowded ancient landscape of Campeche, Mexico 空无一物:环境激光雷达与墨西哥坎佩切拥挤的古代景观
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.148
Luke Auld-Thomas, Marcello A. Canuto, Adriana Velázquez Morlet, Francisco Estrada-Belli, David Chatelain, Diego Matadamas, Michelle Pigott, Juan Carlos Fernández Díaz

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引用次数: 0
On the poverty of academic imagination: a response to Bentley & O'Brien 论学术想象力的贫乏:对本特利和奥布莱恩的回应
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.106
Tim Ingold

Many years ago, I taught a course at the University of Aberdeen on the ‘4As’ of anthropology, archaeology, art and architecture (Ingold 2013). As we had been discussing flint-knapping, I invited the master-knapper, John Lord, to give a demonstration. We watched in awe as he skilfully detached flakes from a flint nodule of irregular shape to reveal the classical, bifacial form of an Acheulean handaxe. Then it was our turn to use wooden or antler hammers to detach flakes from fragments of flint. After an hour or two, none of us had made any headway. What looked simple in practised hands would have required years to learn, not a single afternoon! Nevertheless, the workshop taught us an important lesson. As Bentley and O'Brien (2024) remind us, mastering the skills to make an Acheulean biface requires hundreds of hours of practice. The question is, why does it need so long? What is going on during these many hours?

多年前,我在阿伯丁大学教授一门关于人类学、考古学、艺术和建筑学 "4A "的课程(Ingold,2013 年)。由于我们一直在讨论燧石打制,我邀请了打制大师约翰-洛德(John Lord)进行演示。我们敬畏地看着他娴熟地从一个形状不规则的燧石结核中剥离出燧石片,展现出阿契莱人手斧的经典双面形态。然后轮到我们使用木锤或鹿角锤从燧石碎片上剥离薄片。一两个小时后,我们都没有取得任何进展。在熟手手中看似简单的东西需要多年的时间才能学会,而不是一个下午!尽管如此,工作坊还是给我们上了重要的一课。正如本特利和奥布莱恩(2024 年)提醒我们的那样,掌握制作阿契莱石双面体的技能需要数百小时的练习。问题是,为什么需要这么长时间?在这许多小时里发生了什么?
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引用次数: 0
Ancient inequality and economic growth 古代不平等与经济增长
IF 1.8 2区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2024.163
Gregory K. Dow

The authors of this book are archaeologists who want to create a field they describe as ‘critical paleoeconomics’. Their quest is promising in several ways. For example, they are not averse to grand narratives and believe modern economic theory can offer insights into various features of ancient economies, including markets, trade, money and debt.

本书作者是考古学家,他们希望创建一个被称为 "关键古经济学 "的领域。他们的探索在多个方面充满希望。例如,他们并不排斥宏大叙事,并相信现代经济理论可以为古代经济的各种特征提供见解,包括市场、贸易、货币和债务。
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引用次数: 0
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Antiquity
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