Background/aim: The local immune response in colorectal cancer is closely related to prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, histological analyses were performed to determine the phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and their infiltration in the stromal and intratumoral regions, aiming to elucidate their interactions and prognostic effects.
Patients and methods: Multiplex fluorescent labeling was performed using surgically resected colorectal cancer specimens to investigate the infiltration of CD45RO (+) TILs, which exhibit cytotoxicity, and subsets of CD4 (+) TILs, identified by their characteristic transcription factor expression.
Results: The degree of CD45RO (+) TIL infiltration in the entire observation field or stromal area was not associated with prognosis. However, a high degree of infiltration in the tumor nest (intratumoral area) was significantly associated with a favorable prognosis. CD4 (+) TILs and their subsets were not associated with prognosis. However, stratified analyses revealed that a high degree of infiltration of stromal CD4 (+) TILs and the subsets T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells is necessary for the association between high intratumoral CD45RO (+) TIL infiltration and favorable prognosis.
Conclusion: A sufficient degree of infiltration of stromal CD4 (+) TIL subsets is required for intratumoral CD45RO (+) TILs to exert toxicity against cancer cells. This highlights the significance of stromal immune reactions in achieving effective cytotoxic immune responses in the intratumoral area and demonstrates the critical role of the spatial distribution pattern of TILs in exerting their functions.
背景/目的:结直肠癌的局部免疫反应与预后和疗效密切相关。本研究通过组织学分析确定了肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TILs)的表型及其在基质和瘤内区域的浸润情况,旨在阐明它们之间的相互作用和对预后的影响:使用手术切除的结直肠癌标本进行多重荧光标记,研究CD45RO(+)TIL(具有细胞毒性)和CD4(+)TIL亚群的浸润情况,CD4(+)TIL亚群由其特征性转录因子表达来识别:结果:CD45RO(+)TIL在整个观察区域或基质区域的浸润程度与预后无关。但是,肿瘤巢(瘤内区域)的高浸润程度与良好预后显著相关。CD4(+)TILs及其亚群与预后无关。然而,分层分析显示,基质CD4(+)TIL和T辅助细胞(Th)1、Th2、Th17和调节性T细胞亚群的高度浸润是瘤内CD45RO(+)TIL高度浸润与预后良好相关的必要条件:结论:瘤内 CD45RO (+) TIL 对癌细胞产生毒性需要足够程度的基质 CD4 (+) TIL 亚群浸润。这凸显了基质免疫反应在实现瘤内有效细胞毒性免疫反应中的重要性,并证明了TILs的空间分布模式在发挥其功能中的关键作用。
{"title":"Stromal CD4 (+) T Cell Subsets Mediate Antitumor Cytotoxic Immune Responses in Human Colorectal Carcinoma.","authors":"Gentaro Fukushima, Eiichi Sato, Ryutaro Udo, Tomoya Tago, Kenta Kasahara, Junichi Mazaki, Kenichi Iwasaki, Masanobu Enomoto, Tetsuo Ishizaki, Yuichi Nagakawa","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The local immune response in colorectal cancer is closely related to prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, histological analyses were performed to determine the phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and their infiltration in the stromal and intratumoral regions, aiming to elucidate their interactions and prognostic effects.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Multiplex fluorescent labeling was performed using surgically resected colorectal cancer specimens to investigate the infiltration of CD45RO (+) TILs, which exhibit cytotoxicity, and subsets of CD4 (+) TILs, identified by their characteristic transcription factor expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The degree of CD45RO (+) TIL infiltration in the entire observation field or stromal area was not associated with prognosis. However, a high degree of infiltration in the tumor nest (intratumoral area) was significantly associated with a favorable prognosis. CD4 (+) TILs and their subsets were not associated with prognosis. However, stratified analyses revealed that a high degree of infiltration of stromal CD4 (+) TILs and the subsets T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells is necessary for the association between high intratumoral CD45RO (+) TIL infiltration and favorable prognosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A sufficient degree of infiltration of stromal CD4 (+) TIL subsets is required for intratumoral CD45RO (+) TILs to exert toxicity against cancer cells. This highlights the significance of stromal immune reactions in achieving effective cytotoxic immune responses in the intratumoral area and demonstrates the critical role of the spatial distribution pattern of TILs in exerting their functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17215
Motokazu Sato, Qinghong Han, Chihiro Hozumi, Hideo Kujiraoka, Kohei Mizuta, Sei Morinaga, Byung Mo Kang, Noritoshi Kobayashi, Yasushi Ichikawa, Atsushi Nakajima, Robert M Hoffman
Background/aim: Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5% among patients with distant metastasis, a figure that has not improved over many decades. Only 10 to 20% patients are candidates for curative surgery at presentation due to the aggressive nature and asymptomatic progression of pancreatic cancer. Although first-line chemotherapy, such as FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine + nab paclitaxel, improved the median survival from 8.5 to 11.1 months, more effective treatments are immediately needed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of methionine restriction with oral rMETase (o-rMETase) and a low-methionine diet combined with first-line chemotherapy on a patient with stage IV metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Case report: A 63-year-old female was diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer in October 2023. The patient started FOLFIRINOX as first-line chemotherapy in combination with methionine restriction, which comprised o-rMETase 250 units twice a day and a low-methionine diet. The patient was monitored using computed tomography and CA19-9 blood tests. After five months from the start of combination therapy, the size of the primary tumor decreased by 40% along with liver-metastasis regression. The CA19-9 blood marker decreased by 86%. The patient sustains a high performance status and continues the combination therapy without severe side effects.
Conclusion: Methionine restriction consisting of o-rMETase and a low-methionine diet, in combination with first-line chemotherapy, was highly effective in a patient with inoperable stage IV pancreatic cancer.
{"title":"First-line Chemotherapy in Combination With Oral Recombinant Methioninase and a Low-methionine Diet for a Stage IV Inoperable Pancreatic-Cancer Patient Resulted in 40% Tumor Reduction and an 86% CA19-9 Biomarker Decrease.","authors":"Motokazu Sato, Qinghong Han, Chihiro Hozumi, Hideo Kujiraoka, Kohei Mizuta, Sei Morinaga, Byung Mo Kang, Noritoshi Kobayashi, Yasushi Ichikawa, Atsushi Nakajima, Robert M Hoffman","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5% among patients with distant metastasis, a figure that has not improved over many decades. Only 10 to 20% patients are candidates for curative surgery at presentation due to the aggressive nature and asymptomatic progression of pancreatic cancer. Although first-line chemotherapy, such as FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine + nab paclitaxel, improved the median survival from 8.5 to 11.1 months, more effective treatments are immediately needed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of methionine restriction with oral rMETase (o-rMETase) and a low-methionine diet combined with first-line chemotherapy on a patient with stage IV metastatic pancreatic cancer.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 63-year-old female was diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer in October 2023. The patient started FOLFIRINOX as first-line chemotherapy in combination with methionine restriction, which comprised o-rMETase 250 units twice a day and a low-methionine diet. The patient was monitored using computed tomography and CA19-9 blood tests. After five months from the start of combination therapy, the size of the primary tumor decreased by 40% along with liver-metastasis regression. The CA19-9 blood marker decreased by 86%. The patient sustains a high performance status and continues the combination therapy without severe side effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methionine restriction consisting of o-rMETase and a low-methionine diet, in combination with first-line chemotherapy, was highly effective in a patient with inoperable stage IV pancreatic cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17201
Junan Li, Ming J Poi
Background/aim: The tumor suppressor CDKN2C (also designed as p18INK4C or p18) is deleted in approximately 7% to 40% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, indicative of its potential association with myeloma pathogenesis.
Materials and methods: A quantitative real-time PCR-based assay was developed to determine p18 deletion in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a cohort of 108 multiple myeloma patients after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Additionally, the p18 mRNA expression level in PBMCs was quantitatively assessed using Taqman® gene expression assays.
Results: p18 was homozygously and hemizygously deleted in PBMCs from 3 (2.8%) and 5 (4.6%) patients, respectively. Neither the p18 deletion nor the p18 mRNA levels in PBMCs were associated with progression-free survival (PFS), 90-day response, and the occurrence of severe mucositis in these patients (all p-values >0.20).
Conclusion: Neither p18 deletion nor p18 mRNA expression in PBMCs can be used as a prognostic biomarker in MM patients.
{"title":"Genetic Alteration of <i>p18<sup>INK4C</sup></i> and its Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Were Not Associated With Progression-free Survival of Multiple Myeloma Patients After Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.","authors":"Junan Li, Ming J Poi","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The tumor suppressor CDKN2C (also designed as p18<sup>INK4C</sup> or p18) is deleted in approximately 7% to 40% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, indicative of its potential association with myeloma pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A quantitative real-time PCR-based assay was developed to determine p18 deletion in DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a cohort of 108 multiple myeloma patients after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Additionally, the p18 mRNA expression level in PBMCs was quantitatively assessed using Taqman<sup>®</sup> gene expression assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>p18 was homozygously and hemizygously deleted in PBMCs from 3 (2.8%) and 5 (4.6%) patients, respectively. Neither the p18 deletion nor the p18 mRNA levels in PBMCs were associated with progression-free survival (PFS), 90-day response, and the occurrence of severe mucositis in these patients (all p-values >0.20).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Neither p18 deletion nor p18 mRNA expression in PBMCs can be used as a prognostic biomarker in MM patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background/aim: Recent studies suggest that PD-L1 expression in immune cells, rather than tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor immunity. Trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) is a secreted protein expressed mainly by the gastrointestinal epithelium and is related to the development of malignant disease. This study investigated the effects of TFF1 on tumor immunity in a xenograft mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC).
Materials and methods: MC38 cells were implanted in wild-type (WT) and TFF1KO mice, and the tumor micro-environment was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The circulating immune cells were analyzed using flow cytometry.
Results: Tumor growth was suppressed in TFF1KO mice. In the tumor microenvironment, CD8- and CD4-positive T cells and CD11c-positive dendritic cells (DCs) were frequently found in TFF1KO mice. When an immune checkpoint inhibitor was administered to these mice, almost half of the tumors in TFF1KO mice showed a complete response. The number of circulating PD-L1/DCs was markedly associated with tumor volume, with TFF1 deletion accelerating this effect and its injection decreasing it. These findings indicate that loss of TFF1 activates tumor immunity via frequent T-cell priming by DCs, and eventually suppresses tumor growth in CRC. In addition, the number of circulating PD-L1/DCs was identified as a predictive marker of checkpoint-inhibiting therapy efficacy.
Conclusion: Loss of TFF1 resulted in accelerated immune response to colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to investigate the precise mechanisms of TFF1 in immunotolerance and develop a novel TFF1-inhibiting immunotherapeutic strategy for CRC.
{"title":"Loss of Trefoil Factor 1 Accelerates the Immune Response to Colorectal Cancer.","authors":"Takanori Jinno, Junpei Yamaguchi, Atsushi Ogura, Toshio Kokuryo, Yukihiro Yokoyama, Masaki Sunagawa, Taisuke Baba, Yuki Murata, Tomoki Ebata","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Recent studies suggest that PD-L1 expression in immune cells, rather than tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor immunity. Trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) is a secreted protein expressed mainly by the gastrointestinal epithelium and is related to the development of malignant disease. This study investigated the effects of TFF1 on tumor immunity in a xenograft mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>MC38 cells were implanted in wild-type (WT) and TFF1KO mice, and the tumor micro-environment was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The circulating immune cells were analyzed using flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tumor growth was suppressed in TFF1KO mice. In the tumor microenvironment, CD8- and CD4-positive T cells and CD11c-positive dendritic cells (DCs) were frequently found in TFF1KO mice. When an immune checkpoint inhibitor was administered to these mice, almost half of the tumors in TFF1KO mice showed a complete response. The number of circulating PD-L1/DCs was markedly associated with tumor volume, with TFF1 deletion accelerating this effect and its injection decreasing it. These findings indicate that loss of TFF1 activates tumor immunity via frequent T-cell priming by DCs, and eventually suppresses tumor growth in CRC. In addition, the number of circulating PD-L1/DCs was identified as a predictive marker of checkpoint-inhibiting therapy efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Loss of TFF1 resulted in accelerated immune response to colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to investigate the precise mechanisms of TFF1 in immunotolerance and develop a novel TFF1-inhibiting immunotherapeutic strategy for CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer immunotherapy activates the host immune system against tumor cells and has the potential to lead to the development of innovative strategies for cancer treatment. Neoantigens are non-self-antigens produced by genetic mutations in tumor cells that induce a strong immune response against tumor cells without central immune tolerance. Along with advances in neoantigen analysis technology, the development of vaccines focusing on neoantigens is being accelerated. Whereas there are various platforms for neoantigen vaccines, combined immuno-therapies are being developed simultaneously with the clinical application of synthetic long peptides and mRNA and dendritic-cell (DC)-based vaccines. Personalized DC-based vaccines not only can load various antigens including neoantigens, but also have the potential to elicit a strong immune response in T cells as antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we describe the properties of neoantigens and the basic characteristics of DCs. We also discuss the clinical applications of neoantigen vaccines, focusing on personalized DC-based vaccines, as well as future research and development directions and challenges.
癌症免疫疗法可激活宿主免疫系统对抗肿瘤细胞,并有可能开发出创新的癌症治疗策略。新抗原是肿瘤细胞基因突变产生的非自身抗原,可诱导针对肿瘤细胞的强烈免疫反应,而不会产生中心免疫耐受。随着新抗原分析技术的进步,以新抗原为重点的疫苗开发也在加速。虽然新抗原疫苗有多种平台,但随着合成长肽和 mRNA 以及基于树突状细胞 (DC) 的疫苗的临床应用,联合免疫疗法也在同步发展。基于树突状细胞的个性化疫苗不仅能装载包括新抗原在内的各种抗原,而且有可能在作为抗原递呈细胞的 T 细胞中引起强烈的免疫反应。在这篇综述中,我们描述了新抗原的特性和 DC 的基本特征。我们还讨论了新抗原疫苗的临床应用,重点是基于 DC 的个性化疫苗,以及未来的研发方向和挑战。
{"title":"Personalized Dendritic-cell-based Vaccines Targeting Cancer Neoantigens.","authors":"Takashi Kamigaki, Rishu Takimoto, Sachiko Okada, Hiroshi Ibe, Eri Oguma, Shigenori Goto","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer immunotherapy activates the host immune system against tumor cells and has the potential to lead to the development of innovative strategies for cancer treatment. Neoantigens are non-self-antigens produced by genetic mutations in tumor cells that induce a strong immune response against tumor cells without central immune tolerance. Along with advances in neoantigen analysis technology, the development of vaccines focusing on neoantigens is being accelerated. Whereas there are various platforms for neoantigen vaccines, combined immuno-therapies are being developed simultaneously with the clinical application of synthetic long peptides and mRNA and dendritic-cell (DC)-based vaccines. Personalized DC-based vaccines not only can load various antigens including neoantigens, but also have the potential to elicit a strong immune response in T cells as antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we describe the properties of neoantigens and the basic characteristics of DCs. We also discuss the clinical applications of neoantigen vaccines, focusing on personalized DC-based vaccines, as well as future research and development directions and challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17227
Hyunwoo Lee, Yoon Ah Cho, Deok Geun Kim, Jae Young Son, Eun Yoon Cho
Background/aim: TP53 mutation in breast cancer (BC) is associated with chemoresistance, endocrine therapy resistance, and late recurrence, resulting in poor prognosis. Nuclear accumulation of p53 in immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a surrogate marker of TP53 mutation. This study analyzed the frequency, type, and distribution of TP53 mutations in BCs and assessed the efficacy of p53 IHC as a surrogate marker of TP53 mutation.
Patients and methods: We collected data from 112 BC cases, including the results of p53 IHC and next-generation sequencing (NGS).
Results: Over-expression of p53 IHC was observed in 36 patients (32.1%), complete absence in 19 patients (17.0%), aberrant cytoplasmic staining in 1 patient (0.9%), and wild-type in 56 (50.0%) patients. The concordance rate between TP53 mutation and p53 IHC was 88.4% in all BCs, 89.9% in luminal BCs, and 86.0% in triple-negative BCs (TNBC). TNBC, abnormal p53 IHC pattern, p53 IHC over-expression, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) history, TP53 mutation, and high pre-treatment ki-67 labeling index (≥50%) were significantly associated with worse distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) (p<0.05). Pre-NAC clinical stage III was associated with worse DMFS but not OS. Multivariate analysis showed that NAC history, TNBC, and p53 IHC over-expression were independent predictors of worse DMFS. An abnormal p53 IHC pattern and NAC history were independent predictors of worse OS.
Conclusion: P53 IHC is a valid surrogate marker of TP53 mutation in BC. Accumulation of abnormal p53 alone, regardless of TP53 mutation, was associated with worse DMFS and can be used as an easily accessible biomarker to predict chemoresistance.
{"title":"Real-world Comparison of P53 Immunohistochemistry and TP53 Mutation Analysis Using Next-generation Sequencing.","authors":"Hyunwoo Lee, Yoon Ah Cho, Deok Geun Kim, Jae Young Son, Eun Yoon Cho","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>TP53 mutation in breast cancer (BC) is associated with chemoresistance, endocrine therapy resistance, and late recurrence, resulting in poor prognosis. Nuclear accumulation of p53 in immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a surrogate marker of TP53 mutation. This study analyzed the frequency, type, and distribution of TP53 mutations in BCs and assessed the efficacy of p53 IHC as a surrogate marker of TP53 mutation.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We collected data from 112 BC cases, including the results of p53 IHC and next-generation sequencing (NGS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over-expression of p53 IHC was observed in 36 patients (32.1%), complete absence in 19 patients (17.0%), aberrant cytoplasmic staining in 1 patient (0.9%), and wild-type in 56 (50.0%) patients. The concordance rate between TP53 mutation and p53 IHC was 88.4% in all BCs, 89.9% in luminal BCs, and 86.0% in triple-negative BCs (TNBC). TNBC, abnormal p53 IHC pattern, p53 IHC over-expression, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) history, TP53 mutation, and high pre-treatment ki-67 labeling index (≥50%) were significantly associated with worse distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) (p<0.05). Pre-NAC clinical stage III was associated with worse DMFS but not OS. Multivariate analysis showed that NAC history, TNBC, and p53 IHC over-expression were independent predictors of worse DMFS. An abnormal p53 IHC pattern and NAC history were independent predictors of worse OS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>P53 IHC is a valid surrogate marker of TP53 mutation in BC. Accumulation of abnormal p53 alone, regardless of TP53 mutation, was associated with worse DMFS and can be used as an easily accessible biomarker to predict chemoresistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17225
Isabella Palumbo, Anna Giulia Becchetti, Elisabetta Perrucci, Lorenzo Falcinelli, Simonetta Saldi, Vittorio Bini, Cynthia Aristei
Background/aim: In breast cancer (BC) patients who have received breast-conserving surgery, moderate hypofractionation is standard of care for whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI). On the other hand, the fractionation schedule for the boost is less well defined. A previous prospective study of our group aimed at evaluating acute and late cutaneous and subcutaneous side effects related to a sequential hypofractionated boost (HB) in patients who had received HF-WBI. The present study aimed at evaluating late side effects at a longer follow-up.
Patients and methods: From 2014 to 2015, 219 BC patients received moderate HF-WBI (42.4 Gy in 16 fractions) at the Radiation Oncology Section of the University of Perugia. Patients with negative prognostic factors received a HB (2.65 Gy for 4 or 5 fractions). Late side effects were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0. Univariate and multivariate analyses estimated predictive factors for late toxicity.
Results: Median follow-up was 8.6 years (range=6.7-9.6). One hundred and sixty-five patients were evaluable in the present analysis; HB was administered to 47.3% of them. Late cutaneous and subcutaneous side effects occurred in 26/165 patients (15.8%); and all were G1. In univariate analysis ≥10 excised lymph nodes and HB administration emerged as risk factors for late side effects (p=0.003 and p=0.041, respectively). In multivariate analysis only ≥10 excised lymph nodes were confirmed as a risk factor for side effects (OR=3.431; 95%CI=1.209-9.737).
Conclusion: HB after HF-WBI was safe and well-tolerated, even at a long-term follow-up; consequently, it can be used in routine practice.
{"title":"Sequential Moderate Hypofractionated Boost in Breast Cancer Patients: A Monoinstitutional Analysis of Late Side Effects.","authors":"Isabella Palumbo, Anna Giulia Becchetti, Elisabetta Perrucci, Lorenzo Falcinelli, Simonetta Saldi, Vittorio Bini, Cynthia Aristei","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>In breast cancer (BC) patients who have received breast-conserving surgery, moderate hypofractionation is standard of care for whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI). On the other hand, the fractionation schedule for the boost is less well defined. A previous prospective study of our group aimed at evaluating acute and late cutaneous and subcutaneous side effects related to a sequential hypofractionated boost (HB) in patients who had received HF-WBI. The present study aimed at evaluating late side effects at a longer follow-up.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>From 2014 to 2015, 219 BC patients received moderate HF-WBI (42.4 Gy in 16 fractions) at the Radiation Oncology Section of the University of Perugia. Patients with negative prognostic factors received a HB (2.65 Gy for 4 or 5 fractions). Late side effects were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v5.0. Univariate and multivariate analyses estimated predictive factors for late toxicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median follow-up was 8.6 years (range=6.7-9.6). One hundred and sixty-five patients were evaluable in the present analysis; HB was administered to 47.3% of them. Late cutaneous and subcutaneous side effects occurred in 26/165 patients (15.8%); and all were G1. In univariate analysis ≥10 excised lymph nodes and HB administration emerged as risk factors for late side effects (p=0.003 and p=0.041, respectively). In multivariate analysis only ≥10 excised lymph nodes were confirmed as a risk factor for side effects (OR=3.431; 95%CI=1.209-9.737).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HB after HF-WBI was safe and well-tolerated, even at a long-term follow-up; consequently, it can be used in routine practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17223
Kazuhisa Takeda, Yutaro Kikuchi, Y U Sawada, Takafumi Kumamoto, Jun Watanabe, Tetsukan Woo, Chikara Kunisaki, Itaru Endo
Background/aim: No clear treatment strategy for simultaneously detected liver and lung metastases (SLLM) of colorectal carcinoma has been established, to date. We aimed to identify the prognostic factors for SLLM and propose an appropriate treatment option.
Patients and methods: This retrospective study included 64 patients with SLLM: 32 underwent pulmonary resection after hepatectomy in 32, while the other 32 underwent hepatectomy alone in 32. Poor prognostic factors and a suitable strategy for SLLM were assessed.
Results: Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level ≥20 ng/ml (p=0.001) and unresected lung metastases (p=0.001) were independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival. Compared with the non-pulmonary resection group, the rate of R1 resection of liver tumors (46.8% vs. 15.6%; p=0.007), incidence of complications after hepatectomy (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥III: 21.8% vs. 0%; p=0.005) and having four or more metastatic lung nodules (40.6% vs. 3.2%; p=0.001) were significantly higher in the group that underwent hepatectomy only.
Conclusion: Preoperative CEA ≥20 ng/ml and unresectable pulmonary nodules were prognostic factors for poor survival of patients with SLLM. Furthermore, the presence of more than four pulmonary nodules was a preoperative predictive factor for unresectable pulmonary nodules. R1 resection and the occurrence of complications after hepatectomy should be avoided; a smooth transition from hepatectomy to pulmonary resection is important.
背景/目的:迄今为止,还没有针对同时发现的结直肠癌肝肺转移(SLLM)制定明确的治疗策略。我们旨在确定 SLLM 的预后因素,并提出适当的治疗方案:这项回顾性研究纳入了 64 例 SLLM 患者:32 例患者在肝切除术后接受了肺切除术,另外 32 例患者仅接受了肝切除术。研究评估了SLLM的不良预后因素和合适的策略:多变量分析显示,术前癌胚抗原(CEA)水平≥20 ng/ml(P=0.001)和未切除的肺转移灶(P=0.001)是总生存率低的独立预后因素。与非肺部切除组相比,仅进行肝切除术组的肝肿瘤R1切除率(46.8% vs. 15.6%;P=0.007)、肝切除术后并发症发生率(Clavien-Dindo分级≥III:21.8% vs. 0%;P=0.005)和有4个或更多转移性肺结节(40.6% vs. 3.2%;P=0.001)明显更高:结论:术前CEA≥20 ng/ml和不可切除的肺结节是SLLM患者生存率低的预后因素。此外,存在四个以上肺结节是不可切除肺结节的术前预测因素。应避免R1切除和肝切除后并发症的发生;从肝切除到肺切除的平稳过渡非常重要。
{"title":"Simultaneously Detected Liver and Lung Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma: A Potential Treatment Strategy.","authors":"Kazuhisa Takeda, Yutaro Kikuchi, Y U Sawada, Takafumi Kumamoto, Jun Watanabe, Tetsukan Woo, Chikara Kunisaki, Itaru Endo","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>No clear treatment strategy for simultaneously detected liver and lung metastases (SLLM) of colorectal carcinoma has been established, to date. We aimed to identify the prognostic factors for SLLM and propose an appropriate treatment option.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 64 patients with SLLM: 32 underwent pulmonary resection after hepatectomy in 32, while the other 32 underwent hepatectomy alone in 32. Poor prognostic factors and a suitable strategy for SLLM were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level ≥20 ng/ml (p=0.001) and unresected lung metastases (p=0.001) were independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival. Compared with the non-pulmonary resection group, the rate of R1 resection of liver tumors (46.8% vs. 15.6%; p=0.007), incidence of complications after hepatectomy (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥III: 21.8% vs. 0%; p=0.005) and having four or more metastatic lung nodules (40.6% vs. 3.2%; p=0.001) were significantly higher in the group that underwent hepatectomy only.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preoperative CEA ≥20 ng/ml and unresectable pulmonary nodules were prognostic factors for poor survival of patients with SLLM. Furthermore, the presence of more than four pulmonary nodules was a preoperative predictive factor for unresectable pulmonary nodules. R1 resection and the occurrence of complications after hepatectomy should be avoided; a smooth transition from hepatectomy to pulmonary resection is important.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17195
Beata Smolarz, Honorata Łukasiewicz, Dariusz Samulak, Radosław Kołaciński, Sara Langner, Marianna Makowska, Hanna Romanowicz
The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the main factors in the cell's response to a lack of oxygen. Hypoxia is a typical feature of a growing cancerous tumor. Increased activity of HIF-1 is observed in many cancers, including endometrial cancer. HIF-1 functions as a heterodimer consisting of three subunits HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α and one subunit β. HIF-1α is a subunit that is sensitive to oxygen concentration and is constitutively expressed. The HIF-1α gene is highly polymorphic. Literature data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HIF-1α gene may be risk factors for endometrial cancer. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer development, progression and prognosis, including the role of SNPs, could lead to the development of new anti-cancer therapies.
{"title":"Hypoxia-induced Factor-1α and its Role in Endometrial Cancer.","authors":"Beata Smolarz, Honorata Łukasiewicz, Dariusz Samulak, Radosław Kołaciński, Sara Langner, Marianna Makowska, Hanna Romanowicz","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17195","DOIUrl":"10.21873/anticanres.17195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is one of the main factors in the cell's response to a lack of oxygen. Hypoxia is a typical feature of a growing cancerous tumor. Increased activity of HIF-1 is observed in many cancers, including endometrial cancer. HIF-1 functions as a heterodimer consisting of three subunits HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α and one subunit β. HIF-1α is a subunit that is sensitive to oxygen concentration and is constitutively expressed. The HIF-1α gene is highly polymorphic. Literature data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HIF-1α gene may be risk factors for endometrial cancer. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer development, progression and prognosis, including the role of SNPs, could lead to the development of new anti-cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background/aim: How tumors regulate the genes of the coagulome is crucial for cancer-associated thrombosis and the occurrence of venous thromboembolic complications in patients with cancer. We have previously reported potent yet complex effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on the expression of three genes that play a key role in the regulation of thrombin/plasmin activation (F3, PLAU, and SERPINE1). This study aimed to extend the investigation of GC effects to the whole tumor coagulome and assess the resulting impact on the ability of cancer cells to activate thrombin and plasmin.
Materials and methods: Cancer RNA expression data were retrieved from various sources. Additionally, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells exposed to GC in vitro were analyzed using QPCR, enzymatic assays measuring thrombin and urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) activity, and D-dimer concentrations.
Results: Our findings highlight the potent and specific stimulatory effect of GC on SERPINE1 expression across different types of cancer. Consistently, GC were found to inhibit uPA proteolytic activity and reduce the concentrations of D-dimers in OSCC in vitro.
Conclusion: Fibrinolysis inhibition is a key consequence of cancer cell exposure to GC, possibly leading to the stabilization of the fibrin clot in cancer.
{"title":"Transcriptional Induction of <i>SERPINE1</i> and Fibrinolysis Inhibition as Predominant Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Cancer Coagulome.","authors":"Floriane Racine, Christophe Louandre, Julien Demagny, Corinne Godin, Zuzana Saidak, Antoine Galmiche","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17145","DOIUrl":"10.21873/anticanres.17145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>How tumors regulate the genes of the coagulome is crucial for cancer-associated thrombosis and the occurrence of venous thromboembolic complications in patients with cancer. We have previously reported potent yet complex effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on the expression of three genes that play a key role in the regulation of thrombin/plasmin activation (F3, PLAU, and SERPINE1). This study aimed to extend the investigation of GC effects to the whole tumor coagulome and assess the resulting impact on the ability of cancer cells to activate thrombin and plasmin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cancer RNA expression data were retrieved from various sources. Additionally, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells exposed to GC in vitro were analyzed using QPCR, enzymatic assays measuring thrombin and urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) activity, and D-dimer concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings highlight the potent and specific stimulatory effect of GC on SERPINE1 expression across different types of cancer. Consistently, GC were found to inhibit uPA proteolytic activity and reduce the concentrations of D-dimers in OSCC in vitro.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fibrinolysis inhibition is a key consequence of cancer cell exposure to GC, possibly leading to the stabilization of the fibrin clot in cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141765022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}