C. Ehling, U. Baulain, S. Weigend, M. Henning, D. Rath
The aim of this study was to confirm the suitability of a cryopreservation protocol in three phylogenetically divergent chicken lines on individual ejaculates of roosters. The experimental animals originated from three gene reserve lines. In two trials individual semen samples were cryopreserved and used in insemination experiments. For the freezing medium N-methylacetamide and dimethylformamide were mixed 2:1 in a base diluent according to Hanzawa et al. ( 2006). 0.25 ml straws were frozen in two phases beginning with a controlled temperature decrease of –3°C/min. The samples were thawed in a 4°C water bath. The semen was evaluated by means of CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis). The hens were intravaginal inseminated in the distance of three or four days three times. Fertilization rate was determined after 7-day incubation by candling. Results showed a considerable influence of trial, chicken line and their interaction on sperm quality and fertility. Fertilization results with frozen sperm were extremely variable between individual roosters within the lines and trials (line R22: 9.7–73.3%, line G11: 33.3–84.6%, line L68: 41.4–87.5%). Significant correlations between sperm quality parameters and fertility rates were found only in two of three chicken lines. The results prove that there are genetic differences in the sperm quality and the subsequent fertility which should be taken into account at the construction of a sperm bank. But the developed cryopreservation method was applied successfully to individual roosters of genetic resource lines and is therefore eligible for gene banking of endangered chicken populations.
本研究的目的是确认在三个系统发育不同的鸡系中对公鸡个体射精的低温保存方案的适用性。实验动物来源于三个基因储备系。在两个试验中，个体精液样本被冷冻保存并用于人工授精实验。根据Hanzawa et al.(2006)的方法，将n -甲基乙酰胺和二甲基甲酰胺在基础稀释剂中以2:1混合作为冷冻介质。0.25 ml吸管分两期冷冻，开始时控制温度降低-3°C/min。样品在4°C水浴中解冻。采用计算机辅助精子分析(CASA)对精液进行评估。这些母鸡在三到四天的距离内进行了三次阴道内受精。熏蒸7 d后测定受精率。结果表明，试验、鸡系及其互作对精子质量和育性有较大影响。用冷冻精子受精的结果在系内和试验中的单个公鸡之间差异极大(系R22: 9.7-73.3%，系G11: 33.3-84.6%，系L68: 41.4-87.5%)。精子质量参数与生育率之间的显著相关性仅在三个鸡系中的两个中被发现。结果证明，在精子质量和随后的生育能力方面存在遗传差异，这在建立精子库时应予以考虑。但所开发的冷冻保存方法已成功地应用于遗传资源系的公鸡个体，因此符合濒危鸡种群基因库的条件。
{"title":"Effect of cryopreservation of individual ejaculates on fertility in genetic resource chicken lines","authors":"C. Ehling, U. Baulain, S. Weigend, M. Henning, D. Rath","doi":"10.1399/eps.2017.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2017.185","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to confirm the suitability of a cryopreservation protocol in three phylogenetically divergent chicken lines on individual ejaculates of roosters. The experimental animals originated from three gene reserve lines. In two trials individual semen samples were cryopreserved and used in insemination experiments. For the freezing medium N-methylacetamide and dimethylformamide were mixed 2:1 in a base diluent according to Hanzawa et al. ( 2006). 0.25 ml straws were frozen in two phases beginning with a controlled temperature decrease of –3°C/min. The samples were thawed in a 4°C water bath. The semen was evaluated by means of CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis). The hens were intravaginal inseminated in the distance of three or four days three times. Fertilization rate was determined after 7-day incubation by candling. Results showed a considerable influence of trial, chicken line and their interaction on sperm quality and fertility. Fertilization results with frozen sperm were extremely variable between individual roosters within the lines and trials (line R22: 9.7–73.3%, line G11: 33.3–84.6%, line L68: 41.4–87.5%). Significant correlations between sperm quality parameters and fertility rates were found only in two of three chicken lines. The results prove that there are genetic differences in the sperm quality and the subsequent fertility which should be taken into account at the construction of a sperm bank. But the developed cryopreservation method was applied successfully to individual roosters of genetic resource lines and is therefore eligible for gene banking of endangered chicken populations.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79212851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following described study was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that short-term warm stimulation in incubation temperature during the last days of incubation can improve hatching results and have long-lasting effect on performance, also in laying-type cockerels. The results of the incubation trial showed that a short-term increase in temperature by 1°C over the standard for 2 hours daily (38.2–38.4°C) improved the hatching results by 3.5% and in female and 7.7% in male LB chickens and by 2.0% in female and 5.5% in male LT chickens. The statistical evaluation of the feed level as single effect on performance of cockerels demonstrated a high dependence (P < 0.05) of the protein and energy concentration in the feed on the daily feed intake, the body weight, and the feed to gain ratio. The feed to gain ratio was significantly higher in the low feed groups (2.59 kg/kg) compared to the high feed groups (2.33 kg/kg) over the 70 days growing period. The origin of the cockerels was of great importance on the feed intake (LB-45.7 g/d/bird; LT-47.0 g/d/bird) over the growing phase D22–50 and on body weight at D21 (LT-256 g; LB-242 g) and D70 (LT-1404 g; LB-1380 g). The feed to gain ratio of the LT-cockerels (LT-2.24 kg/kg) was significantly higher compared to the LB- birds (LB-2.16 kg/kg) at the age of D22 to D49, but in the next growing period (D50–70) the order changed and over the total growing period (D1–70) there was no difference between the two origins of cockerels. Over the total growing period (D1–70), the combined effect of incubation temperature+origin of cockerels demonstrated dependence (P <0.05) of both parameters on the daily feed intake and daily weight gain, as well as on the final body weight. A significant interaction (P <0.05) between the origin of cockerels+feed level on daily feed intake (D1-D70) underlined the importance of both these factors on growing parameters. At slaughtering at D49 the percentage of carcass and mass of two legs were statistically different between LT (62.8%; 164.8 g) and LB (61.0%; 155.8 g) cockerels. At the end of the trial (D70) the mass and percentages of meat and organs were not different between LB and LT birds. A firm statistical difference in the percentage of liver and gizzard was calculated between low and high feed level at the age of D49 (gizzard – 2.8%, 3.1%) and D70 (gizzard – 2.6%, 2.8%). The combined effect of incubation temperature+origin of cockerels demonstrates dependence (P < 0.05) of both parameters on yield and percentage of breast meat over the total growing period (D1–70).
{"title":"Combined effect of short-term temperature stimulation during the hatching phase and of protein and energy concentrations in the diets on performance of laying-type cockerels of different strains","authors":"I. Halle, B. Tzschentke","doi":"10.1399/eps.2017.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2017.174","url":null,"abstract":"The following described study was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that short-term warm stimulation in incubation temperature during the last days of incubation can improve hatching results and have long-lasting effect on performance, also in laying-type cockerels. The results of the incubation trial showed that a short-term increase in temperature by 1°C over the standard for 2 hours daily (38.2–38.4°C) improved the hatching results by 3.5% and in female and 7.7% in male LB chickens and by 2.0% in female and 5.5% in male LT chickens. The statistical evaluation of the feed level as single effect on performance of cockerels demonstrated a high dependence (P < 0.05) of the protein and energy concentration in the feed on the daily feed intake, the body weight, and the feed to gain ratio. The feed to gain ratio was significantly higher in the low feed groups (2.59 kg/kg) compared to the high feed groups (2.33 kg/kg) over the 70 days growing period. The origin of the cockerels was of great importance on the feed intake (LB-45.7 g/d/bird; LT-47.0 g/d/bird) over the growing phase D22–50 and on body weight at D21 (LT-256 g; LB-242 g) and D70 (LT-1404 g; LB-1380 g). The feed to gain ratio of the LT-cockerels (LT-2.24 kg/kg) was significantly higher compared to the LB- birds (LB-2.16 kg/kg) at the age of D22 to D49, but in the next growing period (D50–70) the order changed and over the total growing period (D1–70) there was no difference between the two origins of cockerels. Over the total growing period (D1–70), the combined effect of incubation temperature+origin of cockerels demonstrated dependence (P <0.05) of both parameters on the daily feed intake and daily weight gain, as well as on the final body weight. A significant interaction (P <0.05) between the origin of cockerels+feed level on daily feed intake (D1-D70) underlined the importance of both these factors on growing parameters. At slaughtering at D49 the percentage of carcass and mass of two legs were statistically different between LT (62.8%; 164.8 g) and LB (61.0%; 155.8 g) cockerels. At the end of the trial (D70) the mass and percentages of meat and organs were not different between LB and LT birds. A firm statistical difference in the percentage of liver and gizzard was calculated between low and high feed level at the age of D49 (gizzard – 2.8%, 3.1%) and D70 (gizzard – 2.6%, 2.8%). The combined effect of incubation temperature+origin of cockerels demonstrates dependence (P < 0.05) of both parameters on yield and percentage of breast meat over the total growing period (D1–70).","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"568 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88186983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a major part of world poultry production is specialised in meat or egg production, millions of day-old male layer chicks are culled in Europe each year. Within the present study, about 500 birds each of three genetic lines, Lohmann Brown (LB), Lohmann Dual (LD) and Ross 308 were fattened separately in a poultry floor management system over an eleven-week period. At regular intervals 55 birds per line were weighed and the floor space covered by their bodies was calculated using planimetric measurements. Furthermore, several animal health traits were assessed within the final two weeks of fattening. The mean floor area occupied by one-week old Ross 308 broilers was approximately 1.5‑fold higher compared to those of LB and LD at the same age and extended up to more than twice the space with increasing age. The highest mean body weight was measured for Ross 308, followed by LD and LB. While uniformity of the LB flock was high at any time body weights of LD and Ross 308 encompassed a wide range, resulting in a low uniformity within these groups. None of the examined LB and LD chickens showed keel bone deformities, breast plumage pollution or foot pad dermatitis. In contrast, all of the Ross 308 broilers had moderate to severe pollution of breast plumage and up to 27% showed lesions on at least one foot pad at the end of the fattening period. About 91% of the LD and 56% of the LB chickens showed lesions at the comb and/or wattle at the end of the fattening period, indicating aggressive male-male interactions within these groups. The mean eviscerated carcass weight was almost four times higher for Ross 308 (4.11 kg) than for LB (1.05 kg) and LD (1.03 kg).
{"title":"Comparative analyses of layer males, dual purpose males and mixed sex broilers kept for fattening purposes regarding their floor space covering, weight-gain and several animal health traits","authors":"C. Habig, M. Beyerbach, N. Kemper","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2016.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2016.128","url":null,"abstract":"As a major part of world poultry production is specialised in meat or egg production, millions of day-old male layer chicks are culled in Europe each year. \u0000 \u0000Within the present study, about 500 birds each of three genetic lines, Lohmann Brown (LB), Lohmann Dual (LD) and Ross 308 were fattened separately in a poultry floor management system over an eleven-week period. At regular intervals 55 birds per line were weighed and the floor space covered by their bodies was calculated using planimetric measurements. Furthermore, several animal health traits were assessed within the final two weeks of fattening. The mean floor area occupied by one-week old Ross 308 broilers was approximately 1.5‑fold higher compared to those of LB and LD at the same age and extended up to more than twice the space with increasing age. The highest mean body weight was measured for Ross 308, followed by LD and LB. While uniformity of the LB flock was high at any time body weights of LD and Ross 308 encompassed a wide range, resulting in a low uniformity within these groups. None of the examined LB and LD chickens showed keel bone deformities, breast plumage pollution or foot pad dermatitis. In contrast, all of the Ross 308 broilers had moderate to severe pollution of breast plumage and up to 27% showed lesions on at least one foot pad at the end of the fattening period. About 91% of the LD and 56% of the LB chickens showed lesions at the comb and/or wattle at the end of the fattening period, indicating aggressive male-male interactions within these groups. The mean eviscerated carcass weight was almost four times higher for Ross 308 (4.11 kg) than for LB (1.05 kg) and LD (1.03 kg).","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84615561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Josefiak, S. Świątkiewicz, B. Kierończyk, M. Rawski, J. Długosz, R. Engberg, O. Højberg
{"title":"Clostridium perfringens challenge and dietary fat type modifies performance, microbiota composition and histomorphology of the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract","authors":"D. Josefiak, S. Świątkiewicz, B. Kierończyk, M. Rawski, J. Długosz, R. Engberg, O. Højberg","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2016.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2016.130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"2000 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88313509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Lieboldt, I. Halle, J. Frahm, L. Schrader, U. Baulain, M. Henning, R. Preisinger, S. Dänicke, S. Weigend
The aim of the present study was to assess the performance traits of chicken lines with different performance level and phylogenetic origin. Selection for high performances may change unselected traits related to animal health and well-being. However, long before intense selection started to act leading to contemporary high performing genotypes, founder populations on egg laying breeds with white and brown egg shell had been separated for many generations and have evolved independently. We have started to set up a comprehensive collaborative effort at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut to approach research question related to the capacity of high selected chicken lines to cope with limited metabolic resources. As a first step, four genotypes of purebred laying hens (WLA, BLA, R11 and L68) were used, which were divided by their divergence in performance and phylogeny. For the first time these genotypes were characterized according to their performance and growth development in the first 16 weeks of age in a rearing trial, a pre-laying period of 6 weeks and a following performance trial of 13 laying months (23 rd to 74 th week of age). The investigated performance traits were significantly affected by genotype, age and their interaction (p ≤ 0.001). As a result of selection for high laying performance, selected strains showed a significantly higher performance than the non-selected ones. The high performing genotypes had an average laying intensity of 85 to 90%, a daily egg mass production of approximately 50 g/hen/d and a feed to egg mass ratio of 2.1 to 2.3 kg/kg. However, the low performing genotypes had an average laying intensity of 52 to 56%, a daily egg mass production of approximately 26 to 31 g/hen/d and a feed to egg mass ratio of approximately 3.0 kg/kg. Concerning average egg weight only R11 (50 g/egg) differed from the other experimental lines (55 to 58 g/egg). Independently of their performance brown hens showed a significantly higher body weight than white hens during the whole trial. Egg quality analyses showed that high performing lines had a significantly higher albumen proportion (57.1 to 62.4%) and a significantly lower yolk proportion (26.8 to 29.8%) than the low performing lines (albumen: 55.3 to 57.4%, yolk: 30.3 to 33.5%). White hens (10.8 to 13.6%) had significantly higher proportion of egg shells than brown hens (10.3 to 12.9%). In summary, the studied genotypes showed clear differences in performance level that made them well suitable for the established experimental design. With that design further studies should be carried out under varying environmental conditions (e.g. feeding, housing, infectious diseases). Thereby the studies will examine the question whether selection on high performance (WLA, BLA) leads to a reduced adaptability to varying environmental conditions.
{"title":"Phylogenic versus selection effects on growth development, egg laying and egg quality in purebred laying hens","authors":"M. Lieboldt, I. Halle, J. Frahm, L. Schrader, U. Baulain, M. Henning, R. Preisinger, S. Dänicke, S. Weigend","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2015.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2015.89","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to assess the performance traits of chicken lines with different performance level and phylogenetic origin. Selection for high performances may change unselected traits related to animal health and well-being. However, long before intense selection started to act leading to contemporary high performing genotypes, founder populations on egg laying breeds with white and brown egg shell had been separated for many generations and have evolved independently. We have started to set up a comprehensive collaborative effort at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut to approach research question related to the capacity of high selected chicken lines to cope with limited metabolic resources. As a first step, four genotypes of purebred laying hens (WLA, BLA, R11 and L68) were used, which were divided by their divergence in performance and phylogeny. For the first time these genotypes were characterized according to their performance and growth development in the first 16 weeks of age in a rearing trial, a pre-laying period of 6 weeks and a following performance trial of 13 laying months (23 rd to 74 th week of age). The investigated performance traits were significantly affected by genotype, age and their interaction (p ≤ 0.001). As a result of selection for high laying performance, selected strains showed a significantly higher performance than the non-selected ones. The high performing genotypes had an average laying intensity of 85 to 90%, a daily egg mass production of approximately 50 g/hen/d and a feed to egg mass ratio of 2.1 to 2.3 kg/kg. However, the low performing genotypes had an average laying intensity of 52 to 56%, a daily egg mass production of approximately 26 to 31 g/hen/d and a feed to egg mass ratio of approximately 3.0 kg/kg. Concerning average egg weight only R11 (50 g/egg) differed from the other experimental lines (55 to 58 g/egg). Independently of their performance brown hens showed a significantly higher body weight than white hens during the whole trial. \u0000 \u0000Egg quality analyses showed that high performing lines had a significantly higher albumen proportion (57.1 to 62.4%) and a significantly lower yolk proportion (26.8 to 29.8%) than the low performing lines (albumen: 55.3 to 57.4%, yolk: 30.3 to 33.5%). White hens (10.8 to 13.6%) had significantly higher proportion of egg shells than brown hens (10.3 to 12.9%). \u0000 \u0000In summary, the studied genotypes showed clear differences in performance level that made them well suitable for the established experimental design. With that design further studies should be carried out under varying environmental conditions (e.g. feeding, housing, infectious diseases). Thereby the studies will examine the question whether selection on high performance (WLA, BLA) leads to a reduced adaptability to varying environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78274771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally assumed that there is a relationship between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and laying performance criteria in laying hens. This hypothesis was tested in a F2-cross of high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking birds of White Leghorn origin. A total of 967 birds were first observed for the number of bouts of severe feather pecks delivered (FPD) and received (FPR) when kept in groups of random composition. The whole population was split for FPD in HFP and LFP using the threshold of ≥ 2 (HFP) and < 2 (LFP). The birds clearly differed in FPD but there was no significant difference for FPR between HFP and LFP. The subgroups were subjected to a pencil test at 29 weeks of age. At 26 weeks and 39 weeks of age body weight was measured and feather condition scored in different body parts (neck, breast, wings, vent and tail) using a scale from 0–4 (0 = worse, 4 = best). In addition the birds were tested for their feather eating behaviour and their laying performance criteria (hen-day egg production %, egg weight, feed consumption per day and FCR) at 29 weeks of age. In contrast to our expectation HFP birds showed a significant better plumage condition at 39 weeks of age than LFP birds. There were differences in feather scores at both ages for wings and tail. There were no differences between subgroups in the body weight at neither age. There were also no differences in the pencil test. But HFP birds showed a significant higher number of eaten feathers than LFP birds. This is in line with many other studies. But the difference was not as large as reported in previous studies. In contrast to our expectation there were no significant differences between the subgroups in performance, feed intake and FCR although LFP birds showed a significant poorer feather condition than HFP birds at 39 weeks of age. There were, however, negative correlations between feather score, performance, feed consumption and FCR within subgroups.Obviously there is no consistent relationships between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and performance criteria.
{"title":"The phenotypic interrelationships between feather pecking, being feather pecked, feather eating, feather score, fear, body weight, and egg production traits in a F2- cross of White Leghorn lines selected for high and low severe feather pecking","authors":"S. Bögelein, J. Kjaer, J. Bennewitz, W. Bessei","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2015.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2015.84","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally assumed that there is a relationship between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and laying performance criteria in laying hens. This hypothesis was tested in a F2-cross of high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking birds of White Leghorn origin. A total of 967 birds were first observed for the number of bouts of severe feather pecks delivered (FPD) and received (FPR) when kept in groups of random composition. The whole population was split for FPD in HFP and LFP using the threshold of ≥ 2 (HFP) and < 2 (LFP). The birds clearly differed in FPD but there was no significant difference for FPR between HFP and LFP. The subgroups were subjected to a pencil test at 29 weeks of age. At 26 weeks and 39 weeks of age body weight was measured and feather condition scored in different body parts (neck, breast, wings, vent and tail) using a scale from 0–4 (0 = worse, 4 = best). In addition the birds were tested for their feather eating behaviour and their laying performance criteria (hen-day egg production %, egg weight, feed consumption per day and FCR) at 29 weeks of age. In contrast to our expectation HFP birds showed a significant better plumage condition at 39 weeks of age than LFP birds. There were differences in feather scores at both ages for wings and tail. There were no differences between subgroups in the body weight at neither age. There were also no differences in the pencil test. But HFP birds showed a significant higher number of eaten feathers than LFP birds. This is in line with many other studies. But the difference was not as large as reported in previous studies. In contrast to our expectation there were no significant differences between the subgroups in performance, feed intake and FCR although LFP birds showed a significant poorer feather condition than HFP birds at 39 weeks of age. There were, however, negative correlations between feather score, performance, feed consumption and FCR within subgroups.Obviously there is no consistent relationships between feather pecking, fear, feather condition and performance criteria.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81371282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. M. Dibaji, Alireza Seidavi, Leila Asadpour, F. S. Chopa, Vito Laudadio, Elisabetta Casalino, V.Dibaji Tufarelli
{"title":"Einfluss von Biomin®IMBO auf die humorale immunantwort von broilern","authors":"S. M. Dibaji, Alireza Seidavi, Leila Asadpour, F. S. Chopa, Vito Laudadio, Elisabetta Casalino, V.Dibaji Tufarelli","doi":"10.1399/eps.2015.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2015.111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80780784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Leenstra, V. Maurer, F. Galea, M. Bestman, Z. Amsler, J. Visscher, I. Vermeij, M. V. Krimpen
Free range and organic systems expose the laying hen more to unexpected events and adverse climatic conditions than barn and cage systems. In France, The Netherlands and Switzerland the requirements for a hen suitable to produce in free range and organic systems were discussed with farmers. The farmers preferred for these systems a more ‘robust’ hen, more specifically defined as a heavier hen with good eating capacity. Benchmarking of flocks in a web-based management program in The Netherlands from layer flocks finished in 2008 – 2013 indicated that in earlier years indeed mortality among organic and to a lesser extent free range hens was higher than among barn or cage hens. Feed conversion (kg feed/kg eggs) is higher, but the gap is closing. Improvements in management of the hens during rearing and in the layer phase in free range and organic systems seem to be important. Breeding companies take behaviour and performance in non-cage systems into account in their selection programs. Heavier hens need a diet with a lower protein to energy ratio. From model calculations we concluded that in organic systems a heavier hen might be economically profitable, as total feed costs are lower for the heavier hen then for a hen with a lower body weight requiring a diet with a high protein content. For conventional free range hens this is not the case as then the protein content can be adapted by synthetic amino acids. Field studies and cooperation between farmers and breeding organisations will have to show if a strain of heavier hens will be successful in the rather small organic market.
{"title":"Laying hen performance in different production systems; why do they differ and how to close the gap? Results of discussions with groups of farmers in The Netherlands, Switzerland and France, benchmarking and model calculations","authors":"F. Leenstra, V. Maurer, F. Galea, M. Bestman, Z. Amsler, J. Visscher, I. Vermeij, M. V. Krimpen","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2014.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2014.53","url":null,"abstract":"Free range and organic systems expose the laying hen more to unexpected events and adverse climatic conditions than barn and cage systems. In France, The Netherlands and Switzerland the requirements for a hen suitable to produce in free range and organic systems were discussed with farmers. The farmers preferred for these systems a more ‘robust’ hen, more specifically defined as a heavier hen with good eating capacity. \u0000Benchmarking of flocks in a web-based management program in The Netherlands from layer flocks finished in 2008 – 2013 indicated that in earlier years indeed mortality among organic and to a lesser extent free range hens was higher than among barn or cage hens. Feed conversion (kg feed/kg eggs) is higher, but the gap is closing. \u0000Improvements in management of the hens during rearing and in the layer phase in free range and organic systems seem to be important. Breeding companies take behaviour and performance in non-cage systems into account in their selection programs. \u0000Heavier hens need a diet with a lower protein to energy ratio. From model calculations we concluded that in organic systems a heavier hen might be economically profitable, as total feed costs are lower for the heavier hen then for a hen with a lower body weight requiring a diet with a high protein content. For conventional free range hens this is not the case as then the protein content can be adapted by synthetic amino acids. \u0000Field studies and cooperation between farmers and breeding organisations will have to show if a strain of heavier hens will be successful in the rather small organic market.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"96 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72892867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bögelein, D. M. Hurtado, J. Kjaer, Grashorn, J. Bennewitz, W. Bessei
On the basis of observations that flocks of chickens with high incidence of feather pecking and feather damages show a high fear level, it is generally assumed that feather pecking and fear are positively correlated. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments using adult laying hens of lines selected for high (HFP) and low feather pecking behaviour (LFP) and their reciprocal crosses. A total of 60 adult birds, 30 HFP and 30 LFP, of the selection lines were used in part one of the experiment. The birds were first observed for the number of bouts of severe feather pecks delivered (FPD) and received (FPR) when kept in groups of equal numbers of both lines. Thereafter all birds were subjected to several fear tests: Tonic immobility test (TI), open- field test (OF), emerge box test (ET) and pencil test. In part two of the experiment a total of 967 birds of the F2- crosses of both lines were used. All birds were tested using the same fear tests as above at 7 days and 40 weeks of age. FPD and FPR were observed in adults only. The whole population was split for FPD in HFP and LFP using the threshold of ≥ 2 (HFP) and < 2 (LFP). HFP and LFP of the selection lines and the F2- crosses clearly differed in FPD. LFP of the selection lines received more feather pecks than HFP. There was no significant difference for FPR in HFP and LFP in the F2- crosses. In contrast to our expectation HFP from the selection lines showed a significant shorter duration of TI, shorter latency to move and to vocalize in the OF and a shorter latency to leave the emerge box, indicating lower fear. Similar results were found in the HFP and LFP of the F2- crosses for the duration of TI and latency of head appearance in the ET. Latency of the first step and to vocalize in the OF, however showed the opposite tendency. Line by age interactions appeared for the number of inductions in the TI and the latency of head emerge in the ET. There were no differences between HFP and LFP in the pencil test in both experiments. The phenotypic correlations between FPD and FPR with all fear criteria were low and not significant in both experiments. There is obviously no consistent relationship between feather pecking and fear in this population. Depending on type of fear test and age the HFP may show higher, lower or no difference in fear. Genotypes by age interactions further contribute to the variability of the results. The low phenotypic correlations among the criteria confirm this conclusion.
{"title":"The phenotypic interrelationships between feather pecking, being feather pecked and fear criteria in White Leghorn lines selected for high and low severe feather pecking and their F2-crosses","authors":"S. Bögelein, D. M. Hurtado, J. Kjaer, Grashorn, J. Bennewitz, W. Bessei","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2014.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2014.50","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of observations that flocks of chickens with high incidence of feather pecking and feather damages show a high fear level, it is generally assumed that feather pecking and fear are positively correlated. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments using adult laying hens of lines selected for high (HFP) and low feather pecking behaviour (LFP) and their reciprocal crosses. A total of 60 adult birds, 30 HFP and 30 LFP, of the selection lines were used in part one of the experiment. The birds were first observed for the number of bouts of severe feather pecks delivered (FPD) and received (FPR) when kept in groups of equal numbers of both lines. Thereafter all birds were subjected to several fear tests: Tonic immobility test (TI), open- field test (OF), emerge box test (ET) and pencil test. In part two of the experiment a total of 967 birds of the F2- crosses of both lines were used. All birds were tested using the same fear tests as above at 7 days and 40 weeks of age. FPD and FPR were observed in adults only. The whole population was split for FPD in HFP and LFP using the threshold of ≥ 2 (HFP) and < 2 (LFP). HFP and LFP of the selection lines and the F2- crosses clearly differed in FPD. LFP of the selection lines received more feather pecks than HFP. There was no significant difference for FPR in HFP and LFP in the F2- crosses. In contrast to our expectation HFP from the selection lines showed a significant shorter duration of TI, shorter latency to move and to vocalize in the OF and a shorter latency to leave the emerge box, indicating lower fear. Similar results were found in the HFP and LFP of the F2- crosses for the duration of TI and latency of head appearance in the ET. Latency of the first step and to vocalize in the OF, however showed the opposite tendency. Line by age interactions appeared for the number of inductions in the TI and the latency of head emerge in the ET. There were no differences between HFP and LFP in the pencil test in both experiments. The phenotypic correlations between FPD and FPR with all fear criteria were low and not significant in both experiments. There is obviously no consistent relationship between feather pecking and fear in this population. Depending on type of fear test and age the HFP may show higher, lower or no difference in fear. Genotypes by age interactions further contribute to the variability of the results. The low phenotypic correlations among the criteria confirm this conclusion.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78621664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Ebrahem, S. Kersten, C. Ehling, H. Valenta, U. Taylor, U. Baulain, G. Breves, A. Beineke, K. Hermeyer, S. Dänicke
A ten-month-feeding trial was conducted with twenty four adult cockerels of a commercial strain “New Hampshire hybrids” to evaluate the effect of feeding of wheat, mainly contaminated with the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol, on cockerel’s health, nutrient digestibility, semen quality and DON metabolism. Birds were individually weighed and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (control, 4.7 mg DON/kg and 11 mg DON/kg). Feed intake and cockerels’ body weight were not affected by the dietary treatment, nor were the relative organ weights affected. On the other hand, breast muscle relative weight was increased in the cockerels fed DON contaminated diets, while the relative weight of ileum and caecum were significantly decreased at the same time. The content of urea was significantly increased in plasma of cockerels fed the highest DON concentrations, while the triglyceride concentration was significantly lower in plasma of cockerels fed 4.7 mg/kg DON. Haematological and other clinical-chemical parameters remained unaffected. Moreover, crude fat utilization was progressively increased as the concentrations of DON in the diet increased. Utilizations of organic matter, carbohydrates and nitrogen balance were not affected by the dietary treatment. Furthermore, the long term feeding of cockerels with DON contaminated wheat had no negative impact on semen parameters. Taken together, it might be concluded that cockerels are quite resistant to the effects of DON regarding reproductive traits, nutrient digestibility and feed intake. The dose-dependent alterations in the relative weights of breast muscle and digestive organs require further consideration.
{"title":"Effect of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat on health, nutrient digestibility and semen quality of adult cockerels","authors":"Mohammad Ebrahem, S. Kersten, C. Ehling, H. Valenta, U. Taylor, U. Baulain, G. Breves, A. Beineke, K. Hermeyer, S. Dänicke","doi":"10.1399/EPS.2014.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1399/EPS.2014.47","url":null,"abstract":"A ten-month-feeding trial was conducted with twenty four adult cockerels of a commercial strain “New Hampshire hybrids” to evaluate the effect of feeding of wheat, mainly contaminated with the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol, on cockerel’s health, nutrient digestibility, semen quality and DON metabolism. Birds were individually weighed and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (control, 4.7 mg DON/kg and 11 mg DON/kg). \u0000 \u0000Feed intake and cockerels’ body weight were not affected by the dietary treatment, nor were the relative organ weights affected. On the other hand, breast muscle relative weight was increased in the cockerels fed DON contaminated diets, while the relative weight of ileum and caecum were significantly decreased at the same time. \u0000 \u0000The content of urea was significantly increased in plasma of cockerels fed the highest DON concentrations, while the triglyceride concentration was significantly lower in plasma of cockerels fed 4.7 mg/kg DON. Haematological and other clinical-chemical parameters remained unaffected. Moreover, crude fat utilization was progressively increased as the concentrations of DON in the diet increased. Utilizations of organic matter, carbohydrates and nitrogen balance were not affected by the dietary treatment. Furthermore, the long term feeding of cockerels with DON contaminated wheat had no negative impact on semen parameters. \u0000 \u0000Taken together, it might be concluded that cockerels are quite resistant to the effects of DON regarding reproductive traits, nutrient digestibility and feed intake. The dose-dependent alterations in the relative weights of breast muscle and digestive organs require further consideration.","PeriodicalId":8106,"journal":{"name":"Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90291421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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