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Internal waves and mixing in the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋的内波和混合
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80016-6
Eric A. D'Asaro , James H. Morison

The variability of internal wave shear levels in the eastern Arctic Ocean is explored using velocity profiler and CTD data from Fram Strait and the Nansen Basin. Shear levels are consistently low over the abyssal plains and higher over rougher topography. Applying the parameterization of GREGG (1989, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 9686-9698) to these data gives diapycnal diffusivities that vary from about 10-6 to above 10-4 m s-2. Extrapolating these diffusivities to the entire Arctic Basin suggests that internal wave mixing could play a major role in transporting heat from the warm intermediate water to the surface. Internal wave generation by the barotropic tide on rough topography may explain the higher shear levels found there.

利用速度剖面仪和来自Fram海峡和Nansen盆地的CTD资料,探讨了北冰洋东部内波切变水平的变化。深海平原上的剪切水平始终较低,而在崎岖地形上则较高。将GREGG (1989, Journal Geophysical Research, 94, 9686-9698)的参数化方法应用到这些数据中,可以得到大约10-6到10-4 m s-2以上的典型扩散系数。将这些扩散系数外推到整个北极盆地表明,内波混合可能在将热量从温暖的中间水输送到地表方面发挥重要作用。正压潮在粗糙地形上产生的内波可以解释那里较高的切变水平。
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引用次数: 112
Arctic deep-sea research: the Nansen Basin Section 北极深海研究:南森盆地剖面
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80013-0
Stephanie L. Pfirman , Jörn Thiede
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引用次数: 5
Origin of sediment pellets from the Arctic seafloor: sea ice or icebergs? 北极海底沉积物颗粒的来源:海冰还是冰山?
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80020-8
P.M. Goldschmidt , S.L. Pfirman , I. Wollenburg , R. Henrich

Sediment cores from the Norwegian and Greenland Seas and the Nansen Basin were studied to determine the origin of sediment pellets, centimetre-sized aggregations of clay to sandsized sediment occurring in the cores. By comparing the grain size, grain shape and composition of the pellet sediments to sediments collected directly from the surfaces of sea ice in the Nansen Basin and from icebergs in the Barents Sea, the pelleted sediment was found to be more similar to that in the icebergs than that on the sea ice. The pellets may be formed on, in or under a glacier or during transport on/in an iceberg. When icebergs overturn or melt, the pellets fall out and are consolidated enough to survive a drop of up to 4 km to the ocean bottom and to retain their integrity even after burial on the seafloor.

研究人员对挪威海、格陵兰海和南森盆地的沉积物岩心进行了研究,以确定沉积物颗粒的起源,岩心中出现了厘米大小的粘土到沙子大小的沉积物的聚集。通过将颗粒沉积物的粒度、形状和组成与直接从南森盆地海冰表面和巴伦支海冰山上采集的沉积物进行比较,发现颗粒沉积物与冰山中的颗粒沉积物比海冰中的颗粒沉积物更相似。颗粒可能是在冰川上、冰川内或冰川下形成的,也可能是在冰山运输过程中形成的。当冰山翻覆或融化时,这些颗粒就会脱落下来,并被固化到足以承受高达4公里的海底下降,即使被埋在海底也能保持其完整性。
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引用次数: 36
Tracing upper waters of the Nansen Basin in the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋南森盆地上层水体的示踪
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80014-2
Leif G. Anderson , E. Peter Jones

Measurements of chemical tracers obtained during the 1987 cruise of F.S. Polarstern across the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean are used to suggest the general flow of upper waters in the Arctic Ocean. In surface water, total carbonate concentrations distinguish between a northern freshwater component whose origin is river run-off and a southern freshwater component whose origin is sea ice meltwater. Below the surface layer, sub-surface water formed in the Barents-Kara Seas with low concentrations of “NO” must divide, some flowing with the Atlantic layer to the east and north before flowing in the same direction as the Transpolar Drift to Fram Strait, and some flowing to the west and south. The former characterizes the lower halocline water observed at the CESAR and LOREX ice camps in the central Arctic Ocean. The latter can be traced in a general way to Fram Strait where the two meet and the two low NO waters merge.

1987年F.S.北极星号(F.S. Polarstern)在北冰洋南森盆地(Nansen Basin)航行期间获得的化学示踪剂测量值被用来表明北冰洋上层水域的一般流动情况。在地表水中,总碳酸盐浓度区分了来自河流径流的北部淡水成分和来自海冰融水的南部淡水成分。在表层以下,在巴伦支-喀拉海形成的低浓度“NO”的次表层水必须分开,一些与大西洋层一起向东和向北流动,然后与跨极流流向弗拉姆海峡的方向相同,一些向西和向南流动。前者的特征是在北冰洋中部的CESAR和LOREX冰营观测到的下盐跃层水。后者可以以一般的方式追溯到Fram海峡,在那里两者相遇,两个低NO水域合并。
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引用次数: 33
Transient temperature effects in CTD measurements CTD测量中的瞬态温度效应
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90048-X
Mike I. Moore , C. Matthew Walkington

We discuss the effect of the changing temperature of CTD electronics on the measured pressure and temperature. An example is presented from a Guildline 8715 CTD which illustrates that substantial errors in measured quantities (order 10 m °C in temperature for our example) can result from transient effects not detectable by static tests of electronic stability. We use a simple linear system model to investigate the effect and to correct data. Such a model is necessary simply to permit quantification of the effect and to enable the design and interpretation of laboratory experiments for that purpose.

讨论了CTD电子元件温度变化对测量压力和温度的影响。从指南8715 CTD中给出了一个例子,说明了测量量的实质性误差(在我们的例子中,温度为10 m°C)可能由电子稳定性静态测试无法检测到的瞬态效应引起。我们使用一个简单的线性系统模型来研究效果和校正数据。这样一个模型是必要的,只是为了使效果能够量化,并能够为此目的设计和解释实验室实验。
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引用次数: 0
Local generation of internal soliton packets in the central bay of Biscay 比斯开中央湾内部孤子包的局部生成
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90045-U
A.L. New , R.D. Pingree

Large-amplitude internal solitary waves (solitons) near the shelf break in the Bay of Biscay are now well documented and understood. A similar phenomenon recently has been reported in the central Bay, about 150 km from the nearest shelf topography. By making several transects with the ship's acoustic Doppler current profiler, we present convincing evidence that these solitons, instead of having travelled along the thermocline from the shelf break, are generated locally at about the position where the beam of internal tidal energy, originating from the shelf break, reflects from the ocean surface.

比斯开湾大陆架断裂附近的大振幅内孤立波(孤子)现在被很好地记录和理解。最近在离最近的陆架地形约150公里的中央湾也报道了类似的现象。通过用船上的声学多普勒电流剖面仪进行几次横断面,我们提出了令人信服的证据,证明这些孤子不是沿着大陆架断裂的温跃层传播,而是在源自大陆架断裂的内部潮汐能束从海洋表面反射的位置附近产生的。
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引用次数: 96
Abyssal circulation model of the Philippine Sea 菲律宾海深海环流模式
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90041-Q
Masahisa Kubota , Koji Ono

The abyssal circulation in the Philippine Sea is investigated by use of a linear reduced-gravity model. It is assumed that the deep water is supplied from the main western North Pacific into the Philippine Sea through the Yap-Mariana Junction, as suggested by observational results. Two different numerical experiments are carried out, with and without bottom topography. The results of the flat-bottom model show that a strong abyssal boundary current is formed along the western and northern boundaries. However, a stagnation point cannot be found in this case. Although the results from the experiment that includes topographical effects display a complicated pattern, abyssal water flowing into the Philippine Sea mainly appears to move northward in the West Mariana Basin. Also, the Model results suggest that the abyssal circulation is more active in the eastern Philippine Sea (the Shikoku and West Mariana Basins) than in the western Philippine Sea (the Philippine Basin). It is remarkable that not only the circulation pattern but also the relative strenghts of the current velocity from the present model are fairly consistent with the observational results from moored current meters and hydrographic data, in spite of the simplicity of the model.

用线性减重模式研究了菲律宾海的深海环流。根据观测结果,假定深水是通过雅浦-马里亚纳汇合处从北太平洋西部主区进入菲律宾海的。进行了有底地形和无底地形两种不同的数值实验。平底模式的结果表明,沿西部和北部边界形成了强烈的深海边界流。然而,在这种情况下,不能找到一个停滞点。虽然包括地形影响在内的实验结果显示出复杂的模式,但流入菲律宾海的深海水主要是在西马里亚纳盆地向北移动。此外,模式结果表明,菲律宾海东部(四国和西马里亚纳盆地)的深海环流比菲律宾海西部(菲律宾盆地)更为活跃。值得注意的是,尽管该模式简单,但不仅环流型,而且流速的相对强度也与系泊海流仪和水文资料的观测结果相当一致。
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引用次数: 10
Recent distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean 北冰洋南森盆地浮游有孔虫的近期分布
Pub Date : 1992-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80018-X
JÖrn Carstens , Gerold Wefer

Planktonic foraminifera were collected in the Arctic Ocean with net tows (>63 μin) along a S-N transect from 81 to 86°N. Five depth intervals were sampled vertically between 500 m water depth and the sea surface. The most common species are Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and Globigerina quinqueloba. Based on the depth habitat, the faunal composition and the population structure, the planktonic foraminifera can be divided into two distinct provinces having a latitudinal boundary at 83°N. In the southern area, the concentrations of planktonic foraminifera are highest as well as the per cent of subpolar species and right-coiling individuals. Both species prefer the water below the pycnocline at about 100 m. North of 83°N, the two species display maximum abundance in the upper 50 m, where the water is colder and fresher than below the pycnocline. The proportions of right-coiling individuals and subpolar species are decreasing going northward. The observed changes are caused by the input of Atlantic water masses transported into the Arctic Ocean.

在81 ~ 86°N的南北向样带上,以净拖带(>63 μin)采集到浮游有孔虫。在水深500米至海面之间垂直采样5个深度区间。最常见的种类是厚皮新红蝇和新红蝇。根据浮游有孔虫的深度生境、区系组成和种群结构,可以将其划分为两个不同的省,其纬度边界在83°N。在南部地区,浮游有孔虫的浓度以及亚极地物种和右盘绕个体的百分比最高。两种植物都喜欢生长在背斜100米以下的水。在北纬83°N以北,这两种植物在海拔50米以上的地方数量最多,那里的水比背斜下方的水更冷、更新鲜。右旋个体和亚极地物种的比例向北下降。观测到的变化是由大西洋水团输送到北冰洋的输入引起的。
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引用次数: 114
The relationship between physical aggregation of phytoplankton and particle flux: a numerical model 浮游植物物理聚集与颗粒通量的关系:一个数值模型
Pub Date : 1992-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90058-2
U. Riebesell , D.A. Wolf-Gladrow

Since large, rapidly-sinking particles account for most of the vertical flux in the ocean, mechanisms responsible for particle aggregation largely control the transport of carbon to depth. The particle flux resulting from a variety of different phytoplankton bloom conditions was simulated with a numerical model in which phytoplankton growth dynamics were combined with physical aggregation, particle size-dependent sedimentation and degradation. Model results demonstrated that particle flux to the deep ocean be generated by solely invoking physical aggregation during phytoplankton blooms. Sensitivity of the model in response to variations of both physico-chemical and biological paramters was tested. The model outcome, described as the fraction of export production leaving the upper ocean carbon pool, proved to be most sensitive to biological variables such as phytoplankton cell size, stickness, and growth characteristics (i.e. solitary vs chain-forming). Changes in these factors strongly affect the efficiency of the “biological pump” and could be explain interannual and geographic variance in deep-ocean flux.

由于大型快速下沉的颗粒物占了海洋垂直通量的大部分,因此负责颗粒聚集的机制在很大程度上控制了碳向深度的传输。利用数值模型模拟了各种不同浮游植物水华条件下的颗粒通量,其中浮游植物生长动力学与物理聚集、颗粒大小依赖性沉积和降解相结合。模型结果表明,进入深海的颗粒通量是通过浮游植物水华期间的物理聚集产生的。测试了模型对物理化学和生物参数变化的敏感性。模型结果被描述为出口产品离开上层海洋碳库的比例,被证明对浮游植物细胞大小、粘性和生长特征(即孤立与成链)等生物变量最敏感。这些因素的变化强烈影响“生物泵”的效率,可以解释深海通量的年际和地理变化。
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引用次数: 83
Particles fluxes and moving fluids: experience from synchronous trap collection in the Sargassso sea 粒子通量和运动流体:萨尔加索海同步捕集的经验
Pub Date : 1992-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90057-Z
G Gust , R.H Byrne , R.E Bernstein , P.R Betzer , W Bowles

A series of synchronous, 24-h experiments using sensor-equipped sediment traps revealed that higher particle collection rates were associated with higher approach velocieties. Surface-tethered traps with variable drag configurations provided distinct differences in approach velocities for paired 400 m deployments and paired 1500 m deployments. Small-scale hot-film hydrodynamics sensors located both inside and outside the sediment traps detected flow cells within the traps with velocities between 50 and 100% of the external fluid approach velocities. In conjunction with laboratory flume simulations, these observations reveal that particles do not settle gravitationally across trap apertures. Intead, particles are swept advectively into traps at the downstream portion of trap apertures, and most are then expelled at the upstream portions of trap apertures. Fluid flows detected inside the drifting traps, which ranged from 1.2 to 31 cm s−1,l probably overwhelm all but the strongest “swimmers” that interact with these sampling divices. At our two sampling horizons (400 and 1500 m), tether-line motions generated trap depth oscillations with a period of the order of 10 s and an amplitude of about 0.5 m. Such effects have not been accounted for in flume simulated of sediment traps collection experiments.

使用配备传感器的沉积物捕集器进行的一系列24小时同步实验表明,较高的颗粒收集率与较高的接近速度有关。对于成对的400米部署和成对的1500米部署,具有可变阻力配置的水面系留式陷阱在接近速度上存在明显差异。位于沉积物捕集器内外的小型热膜流体动力学传感器检测到捕集器内的流动细胞,其速度在外部流体接近速度的50%和100%之间。结合实验室水槽模拟,这些观测结果表明,颗粒不会在重力作用下通过捕集器孔隙沉降。总之,粒子被平流扫入阱孔下游部分的阱中,然后大多数粒子在阱孔上游部分被排出。在漂移陷阱内检测到的流体流动范围从1.2到31厘米s−1,l可能会淹没所有与这些采样潜水器相互作用的最强“游泳者”。在我们的两个采样层(400米和1500米),系绳运动产生了周期约为10秒、振幅约为0.5米的陷阱深度振荡。在模拟沉积物陷阱收集实验的水槽中,尚未考虑到这种影响。
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引用次数: 96
期刊
Deep-sea research. Part A, Oceanographic research papers
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