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[Medical discourse and poetical practice: the different figures of authority within the correspondance between Mme d'Epinay and the abbé Galiani]. [医学话语与诗歌实践:埃皮奈夫人与加利亚尼修道院院长通信中的不同权威人物]。
Renaud Redien-Collot

Letters containing medical data are not simple texts. They stem from a writing process which sees the authors constantly review the way they perceive both their bodies and the way they write. In order to limit the relativism inherent to such processes and reduce the ensuing variability of perspectives, most letter writers eventually assume a form of authority. In the second part of the 18th Century, the correspondence between the abbey Galliano and Mme D'Epinay reveals that while they exchanged details about their health, they also experimented with different positions of authority and adapted their writing process as the relationship evolved. This a salutary lesson for modern researchers who are often tempted to reduce the problematic meaning of the letter writing process, defining the letter as an isolated document. Medical correspondence is exemplary in this respect because it requires a certain level of knowledge and the expression of a certain intimacy, entailing the adoption of one or of several forms of authority.

包含医疗数据的信件不是简单的文本。它们源于一个写作过程,在这个过程中,作者不断地审视他们对自己身体和写作方式的看法。为了限制这些过程中固有的相对主义,减少随之而来的观点的可变性,大多数信件的作者最终都以一种权威的形式出现。在18世纪下半叶,修道院加利亚诺和德伊皮奈夫人之间的通信显示,他们在交换健康细节的同时,也尝试了不同的权威职位,并随着关系的发展调整了他们的写作过程。这对现代研究人员来说是一个有益的教训,他们经常试图减少信件写作过程的问题意义,将信件定义为一个孤立的文件。医学通信在这方面是典型的,因为它需要一定程度的知识和一定程度的亲密关系,需要采用一种或几种形式的权威。
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引用次数: 0
[Clinical pictures. The body of the early modern artist]. (临床图片。早期现代艺术家的身体]。
Matthias Bruhn

Historians usually consult letters by artists in order to verify and to interpret works of art. These letters contain basic information about technical, social and psychological aspects. As personal documents, they have always enjoyed a particular esteem among biographers and collectors. On the other hand, historians have often suggested that artists are the melancholic outcasts of society. But even a brief glance at the available correspondence proves that the majority of letters do not support this diagnosis. When artists mention their own physical constitution, they apologise for delays or request further financial support. Moreover, the letter is subject to literary codes according to which medical issues are adopted as a metaphor for more general problems. The French classical painter Nicolas Poussin, on whom the present analysis is based, displayed a particular interest in questions of style and literacy. His writings should then be regarded as complex "compositions" that stand comparison with his artistic oeuvre rather than mere informal messages to his readers. Indeed, correspondences between artists and their patrons, colleagues and friends form a "genre" in their own right that can be drawn upon as a reliable source for research in medical history.

历史学家通常查阅艺术家的信件,以核实和解释艺术作品。这些信件包含有关技术、社会和心理方面的基本信息。作为个人资料,它们一直受到传记作家和收藏家的特别尊重。另一方面,历史学家经常认为艺术家是忧郁的社会弃儿。但是,只要浏览一下现有的信件,就会发现大多数信件都不支持这种诊断。当艺术家提到自己的身体状况时,他们会为延误道歉或要求进一步的经济支持。此外,这封信受到文学规范的约束,根据这些规范,医学问题被用作更普遍问题的隐喻。法国古典画家尼古拉斯·普桑(Nicolas Poussin)是本分析的基础,他对风格和识字问题表现出特别的兴趣。他的作品应该被视为复杂的“作品”,与他的艺术作品相比,而不仅仅是给读者的非正式信息。事实上,艺术家和他们的赞助人、同事和朋友之间的通信本身就形成了一种“流派”,可以作为研究医学史的可靠来源。
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引用次数: 0
[Health behaviour of men. Health and illness in private letters, 1800-1900]. [男子的健康行为。私人信件中的健康与疾病(1800-1900)。
Susanne Frank

Current research shows that men generally have a lower awareness of health and health prevention than women. However, differences in illness behaviour can be observed in terms of how to deal with diseases, in the awareness of complaints and in the use of physicians. In this chapter, private correspondences of men from different social classes (aristocrats, scientists, artisans and journeymen) are presented for the period between 1800 and 1950. The questions addressed are the following: What expectations do men have from medicine and how do they experience treatment given by doctors? What actions do they perceive as dangerous for their health and how do they handle them? The health strategies of men are closely linked to the respective concepts of masculinity in different historical epochs. The point in this investigation is to reveal that the experiences of illness and of health are composed of individual as well as of social components: both reflect the history, situation and way of living of one specific person.

目前的研究表明,男性对健康和健康预防的意识普遍低于女性。然而,在如何处理疾病、对投诉的认识和对医生的使用方面,可以观察到疾病行为的差异。在这一章中,来自不同社会阶层的人(贵族、科学家、工匠和临时工)的私人信件被呈现在1800年至1950年之间。研究涉及的问题如下:男性对医学有什么期望?他们如何体验医生的治疗?他们认为哪些行为对他们的健康有害?他们如何处理这些行为?在不同的历史时期,男性的健康策略与各自的男子气概概念密切相关。这项调查的目的是揭示疾病和健康的经历是由个人和社会组成的:两者都反映了一个特定的人的历史、状况和生活方式。
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引用次数: 0
[Surgery in letters. The example of Lorenz Heister's epistolary consultation]. [字母外科手术。Lorenz Heister的书信体咨询的例子]。
Marion Maria Ruisinger

The consultation letters of Lorenz Heister enable a specific patient-focused analysis. Heister was not only a famous physician of the early German Enlightenment, but a renowned surgeon as well. His double expertise gives his correspondence a unique character. The consultation letters addressed to him testify not only the well known phenomenon of "medicine-by-post", but also the less well known practice of "surgery-by-post". They allow us some insight into the different sensations and strategies of people who suffered from a malady which could call for surgical treatment. Patients' letters enable historians to compare the expression of fears, hopes and actions with those of their fellow-patients who sought in Heister not the surgeon, but the physician. Such a comparative approach suggests a series of issues, of which two are discussed here: representations of the patient's history of suffering (Patientenweg, and representations of the patient's body (Patientenkörper).

洛伦兹·海斯特的咨询信可以进行以患者为中心的具体分析。海斯特不仅是德国启蒙运动早期的一位著名内科医生,也是一位著名的外科医生。他的双重专长使他的信件独具特色。寄给他的咨询信不仅证明了众所周知的“邮寄药物”现象,而且还证明了不太为人所知的“邮寄手术”做法。它们让我们了解到患有可能需要手术治疗的疾病的人的不同感觉和策略。病人的信件使历史学家能够将海斯特的恐惧、希望和行动的表达与他们的病人同伴的表达进行比较,这些人在海斯特身上寻找的不是外科医生,而是内科医生。这样的比较方法提出了一系列问题,其中两个在这里讨论:病人的痛苦史的表现(Patientenweg)和病人的身体的表现(Patientenkörper)。
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引用次数: 0
[Courses of cure: the case of French patients of Samuel and Melanie Hahnemann (1834-1868)]. [治疗过程:塞缪尔和梅勒妮·哈内曼(1834-1868)的法国病人的案例]。
Olivier Faure

Based on the letters sent by French patients to Hahnemann and his wife (or written about them), this essay focuses on the behaviour of patients towards treatment rather than on their representations and interpretations of illness and health. Despite the fact that we don't know exactly who the authors of these letters were, it is clear that they all hope to obtain some of Hahnemann's medicines. The well-known demand for medicine at the beginning of the 19th Century was reinforced by the mystery surrounding homeopathic remedies and the specific way they were made available. Relying on theories which lent an important role to the nerves and the patient's character to explain the origins of sickness, patients hoped that Hahnemann and his new doctrine would be able to change both their life and their psychical characteristics. One can conclude that for the authors of such letters, writing about illness could be a means to construct new behaviour patterns and new attitudes towards health and sickness, rather than an illustration of existing medical, social and literary models.

根据法国病人寄给Hahnemann和他的妻子的信件(或关于他们的文章),这篇文章关注的是病人对治疗的行为,而不是他们对疾病和健康的表述和解释。尽管我们不知道这些信件的确切作者是谁,但很明显,他们都希望得到哈内曼的一些药物。19世纪初,人们对药物的需求是众所周知的,而围绕顺势疗法的神秘和它们的具体获得方式又加强了这种需求。依赖于神经和病人性格的重要理论来解释疾病的起源,病人希望哈内曼和他的新学说能够改变他们的生活和他们的心理特征。可以得出的结论是,对于这些信件的作者来说,写关于疾病的文章可能是构建新的行为模式和对健康和疾病的新态度的一种手段,而不是对现有医学、社会和文学模式的说明。
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引用次数: 0
["I would have liked to speak with the physicians about it but they waved me aside ..."letters to "Nature and Medicine" 1992-1996]. [“我本想和医生谈谈,但他们把我打发到一边……”1992-1996年写给《自然与医学》的信]。
Sylvelyn Hähner-Rombach

The correspondence of the society "Nature and Medicine" (Fördergemeinschaft "Natur und Medizin") between the years 1992 and 1996 is kept in the Institute for the History of Medicine of the Robert Bosch Foundation in Stuttgart. It offers the possibility to analyse the common medical culture of patients who have an interest in alternative medicine. After a short characterisation of the society itself, the letters are analysed in respect to the figures of correspondents, that of the addressees, and the reasons voiced by both for writing in the first place. The various experiences of the writers with the medical market are then discussed and the patient's expectations as enounced to the addressee are developed. In short, these documents represent an invaluable source for a social history from the point of view of patients. In particular, they show--beyond the implicit criticism of academic medicine--what meanings and values lay medical culture endorses in everyday life.

“自然与医学”协会(Fördergemeinschaft“Natur und Medizin”)1992年至1996年之间的通信保存在斯图加特罗伯特·博世基金会的医学史研究所。它提供了分析对替代医学感兴趣的患者的共同医学文化的可能性。在对社会本身作了简短的描述之后,我们从写信人、收信人的形象以及双方最初写信的原因等方面对这些信件进行了分析。然后讨论了作者在医疗市场上的各种经验,并发展了病人对收件人的期望。简而言之,从患者的角度来看,这些文件代表了社会史的宝贵资源。尤其值得一提的是,除了对学术医学的含蓄批评之外,它们还展示了医学文化在日常生活中所认可的意义和价值。
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引用次数: 0
[Patients' letters and pre-modern medical lay-culture]. [病人来信与前现代医学的外行文化]。
Michael Stolberg

Consulting by letter was fairly common practice among the educated, upper classes of early modern Europe. Surviving letters of consultation written by patients, relatives or friends count among the most valuable source for the analysis of pre-modern experiences of disease and the body. This essay gives a brief overview of the various types of consultation letters and related documents which resulted from this practice before tracing the historical development of epistolary consultations from the late Middle Ages through the heyday medical correspondence in the 18th c. before its decline in the 19th c. It presents "experience", "self-fashioning" and "discourse" as three particularly fruitful levels of analysis on which patients' letters can be used within the wider framework of a cultural history of medicine. These three levels of analysis, or three distinct approaches, enable historians to access a greater awareness of the ways in which the experience of illness and the body is culturally framed with an analysis of the performative effects of patients' narratives and the influence of medical discourse among the wider society.

在近代早期欧洲受过良好教育的上层阶级中,写信咨询是相当普遍的做法。病人、亲属或朋友写的幸存的咨询信是分析前现代疾病和身体经历的最有价值的来源之一。本文简要概述了各种类型的咨询信件和相关文件,这些信件和相关文件源于这种做法,然后追溯了从中世纪晚期到18世纪鼎盛时期医学函电的历史发展,然后在19世纪衰落。“自我塑造”和“话语”是三个特别富有成效的分析层面,病人的信件可以在更广泛的医学文化史框架内使用。这三个层次的分析,或三种不同的方法,使历史学家能够通过分析病人叙述的表演效果和医学话语在更广泛的社会中的影响,更深入地了解疾病和身体的经历是如何在文化框架下形成的。
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引用次数: 0
[Illness as effect of cultural construction in the enlightenment. The example of hypochondria]. 启蒙时期文化建构的疾病效应。以疑病症为例。
Carmen Goetz

The relationship between hypochondria--a fashionable disease in the late 18th c.--on the one hand and some of the most important social and cultural developments during the same period on the other, are approached through the correspondence of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, merchant, court councilor and author, during a lifetime of residence in Düsseldorf, between 1762 and 1794. Different points are broached in this chapter: The nervous disease called hypochondria fulfilled different functions in the formation of bourgeois ideology, especially regarding the principle of achievement. An effect of autonomy was the main phantasm of the enlightened subject: the body was experienced as an enemy of the most fundamental and almost "holy" grounds of bourgeois social life. Therefore each bodily experience was in itself pathological. The progression of literacy must be seen as one of the most profound changes of the society in the late eighteenth century. Some evidence suggests that this process has an impact on the somatic malfunctions associated with hypochondria.

忧郁症——18世纪晚期的一种流行疾病——一方面与同一时期一些最重要的社会和文化发展之间的关系,通过商人、宫廷顾问和作家弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比(Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi)在1762年至1794年期间在d sseldorf居住的一生的信件来探讨。疑病症在资产阶级意识形态的形成中发挥了不同的作用,特别是在成就原则方面。自主的影响是开明主体的主要幻觉:身体被视为资产阶级社会生活最基本的、几乎是“神圣”的基础的敌人。因此,每个身体体验本身都是病态的。读写能力的进步必须被看作是18世纪晚期社会最深刻的变化之一。一些证据表明,这一过程对与疑病症相关的躯体功能障碍有影响。
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引用次数: 0
[Dealing with the French disease in early modern Augsburg]. [应对近代早期奥格斯堡的法国病]。
Claudia Stein
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引用次数: 0
["The quack does not strive for truth, he only desires gold": on the discussion between scientific medicine and popular medicine in Germany as illustrated by hypnosis and magnetic therapy]. [“庸医不求真理,只求黄金”:以催眠和磁疗为例,论德国科学医学与大众医学之争]。
Jens-Uwe Teichler
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Medizin, Gesellschaft, und Geschichte. Beiheft : Jahrbuch des Instituts fur Geschichte der Medizin der Robert Bosch Stiftung
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