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Caprine management at Archaic and Classical period Argilos in northern Greece: the isotopic evidence from sequentially sampled tooth enamel 希腊北部阿基洛斯古代和古典时期的山羊管理:牙釉质顺序采样的同位素证据
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02104-3
Rudolph Alagich, Angelos Gkotsinas, Jacques Y. Perreault, Zisis Bonias, Elissavet Dotsika, Lewis Adler, Colin Smith

This paper contributes new data on animal management practices from the Greek Archaic and Classical periods. Management strategies and season of birth of caprines from the city of Argilos (ca. 655 − 357 BC) are established through the analysis of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of sequentially sampled tooth enamel. The results reveal a variety of management regimes being practiced by farmers at ancient Argilos, with no observable differences in diet and herding strategies between the Archaic and Classical periods. The samples that provide season of birth data, however, suggest a possible distinction between the two periods. Births are centred around autumn/early winter in the Archaic period and late winter/spring during the Classical period and could be the result of the prioritisation of different commodities by farmers.

本文提供了有关希腊古代和古典时期动物管理实践的新数据。通过对连续取样的牙釉质稳定碳氧同位素比率的分析,确定了阿基洛斯市(约公元前655 ~ 357年)山羊的管理策略和出生季节。研究结果显示,古代阿基洛斯的农民实行了多种管理制度,在古代和古典时期的饮食和放牧策略上没有明显的差异。然而,提供出生季节数据的样本表明,这两个时期之间可能存在区别。古代时期的出生集中在秋季/初冬,古典时期的出生集中在冬末/春季,这可能是农民对不同商品进行优先排序的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Metallurgical technology and resources mobility in the El Argar culture: An archaeometallurgical study at Laderas del Castillo (Callosa de Segura, Alicante) El Argar文化中的冶金技术和资源流动:阿利坎特Callosa de Segura的Laderas del Castillo考古冶金学研究
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02109-y
N. Escanilla, M Murillo-Barroso, E. Soriano, J. A. López Padilla, F. J. Jover Maestre, A. Lackinger

Metallurgy has been defined as a pivotal activity in understanding of the development of El Argar society. Nonetheless, comprehensive studies of extractive metallurgical processes based on archaeometallurgical analyses remain lacking. This article examines the production remains found at the El Argar site of Laderas del Castillo, documented from 2150 to 1950 cal BC, including samples of slag, crucibles, copper prills and artefacts. Laderas del Castillo emerges as a key site for understanding the technology and organization of metallurgical production in the El Argar world. There are few sites with archaeometric analysis of metallurgical remains, and the present case allows for an almost complete view of the entire metallurgical chaîne opératoire in this period. Microstructural analyses of smelting remains by SEM-EDS reveal a technological tradition that mirrors the previous Copper Age one and the direct exploitation of complex arsenical copper ores with occasional copper sulphides. Despite the existence of closer mineralizations, lead isotope analyses show the exploitation of various copper resources and sources far from the settlement (Linares, the Interior of the Baetic Cordilleras and Almagrera, about 300, 200 and 140 km respectively). These active exchange networks in Laderas del Castillo reflect the same pattern found in the rest of the El Argar territory, which is based on the intensive exploitation of mineralizations in the interior of the Baetics and the Southeast of the peninsula. Some of these sources have also been observed in Copper Age metallurgy, suggesting that the mobility and exchange networks operating in the southeast during the El Argar period were rooted in earlier archaeological phases, indicating a wide and complex exchange network in the region.

冶金一直被定义为了解阿尔加尔社会发展的关键活动。尽管如此,基于考古冶金分析的提取冶金过程的综合研究仍然缺乏。本文研究了在Laderas del Castillo的El Argar遗址发现的生产遗迹,这些遗迹记录于公元前2150年至1950年,包括炉渣、坩埚、铜丸和人工制品的样本。Laderas del Castillo成为了解El Argar世界冶金生产技术和组织的关键地点。很少有遗址对冶金遗迹进行考古分析,而目前的情况允许对这一时期的整个冶金chane opsamatoire几乎有一个完整的看法。SEM-EDS对熔炼残留物的微观结构分析揭示了一种技术传统,反映了以前铜时代的技术传统和直接开采复杂的含砷铜矿石,偶尔含有铜硫化物。尽管存在较近的矿化,但铅同位素分析表明,各种铜资源和来源远离定居点(Linares, Baetic Cordilleras和Almagrera的内部,分别约300,200和140公里)。Laderas del Castillo的这些活跃的交换网络反映了在El Argar领土其他地区发现的相同模式,这是基于对Baetics内部和半岛东南部矿化的密集开采。其中一些来源也在铜时代的冶金中被观察到,这表明在El Argar时期在东南部运行的流动性和交换网络植根于更早的考古阶段,表明该地区有一个广泛而复杂的交换网络。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence of parasites in the ancient city of Delos (Greece) during the hellenistic period 希腊化时期,在古希腊城市Delos发现寄生虫的证据
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02117-y
Kévin Roche, Nicolas Capelli, Alain Bouet, Matthieu Le Bailly

This article focuses on paleoparasitological analysis using microscopy and paleogenetics from 59 archaeological structures, comprising 51 latrines from the Hellenistic city of Delos, located in the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. Among the analysed structures, 35 tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal helminth eggs, including Ascarididae, Trichocephalida, several Strongyle-types and one fluke egg. Subsequent paleogenetic analysis identified the presence of Ascaris sp., Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis. To our knowledge, this is the only study of its kind covering almost the entire surface area of an ancient city, significantly demonstrating the reality of the parasitic burden experienced by an urban community in the Mediterranean basin during Antiquity.

本文重点对爱琴海基克拉泽群岛的希腊化城市Delos的59个考古结构进行了古寄生虫学分析和古遗传学研究,其中包括51个厕所。在分析的结构中,35个检测出一个或多个胃肠道蠕虫卵阳性,包括蛔虫、毛头虫、几种圆形型和一个吸虫卵。随后的古成因分析确定了蛔虫、毛线虫和蛭形肠虫的存在。据我们所知,这是同类研究中唯一一项覆盖了几乎整个古城表面的研究,显著地证明了古代地中海盆地城市社区所经历的寄生负担的现实。
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引用次数: 0
Metallurgical analyses reveal brass production in the Northeast China 冶金分析揭示了东北地区的黄铜生产
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02108-z
Junjie Zhao, Hongyan Xiao, Jianfeng Cui

Metallurgical analyses of copper-based artefacts recovered from the royal temple of Changbai Mountain Deity in Northeast China reveals industrial brass-production in 12th -13th centuries. Brass, which used to be imported from the West, had been converted to locally produced and extensively adopted as an alternative to bronze during this era. Compared with brass objects from the Taizicheng site in North China, the consistency in the zinc content shows a high level of technic uniformity, suggesting that localisation of brass-production may have emerged at an earlier stage. Bronze scrapes were employed to manufacture Cu-Zn-Sn alloy for certain purposes. Lead isotopic analysis implies a multi-centre provenance of zinc ores, spanning from North China to Northeast China, further specified by serials of historical texts. The divergence of value observed between bronze and brass artifacts indicates a shortage of tin resources, which might be the primary catalyst for a bronze-to-brass transition within the Jin State.

对中国东北长白山王庙出土的铜基文物的冶金分析揭示了12 -13世纪的工业黄铜生产。过去从西方进口的黄铜,在这个时代已经转变为当地生产,并被广泛采用作为青铜的替代品。与华北太子城遗址的黄铜制品相比,锌含量的一致性显示出高度的技术一致性,表明黄铜生产本地化可能在更早的阶段出现。青铜刮刀用于制造铜锌锡合金,具有一定的用途。铅同位素分析表明,锌矿石具有多中心的来源,范围从华北到东北,并由一系列历史文献进一步说明。青铜和黄铜器物的价值差异表明锡资源的短缺,这可能是金国从青铜到黄铜过渡的主要催化剂。
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引用次数: 0
Millet and meals: the role and significance of Panicum miliaceum in culinary contexts at Bruszczewo, Poland 小米和膳食:波兰Bruszczewo烹饪环境中Panicum miliaceum的作用和意义
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02095-1
Edward A. Standall, Oliver E. Craig, Jutta Kneisel, Johannes Müller, Wiebke Kirleis, Janusz Czebreszuk, Carl Heron

The translocation of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) is an enticing subject of archaeological investigation. While the species was rapidly dispersed across Eurasia during prehistory, its adoption appears to have been inconsistent, with evidence for its sudden and gradual adoption, as well as its rejection, observed within and between contemporary communities and cultures. The translocation of P. miliaceum may be better understood through the identification of its role and significance as a foodstuff among past populations. This study employs molecular investigation and bulk and compound-specific isotope analysis to study organic residues produced during culinary activities at Bruszczewo, Poland, during the Early Bronze Age (EBA) and Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age (LBA/EIA). The analysis of ceramic-absorbed and charred ‘foodcrust’ residues enabled a comprehensive examination of vessel use-life and the production of individual meals. This study strongly suggests that P. miliaceum was not present at Bruszczewo during the EBA, conforming to its established translocation chronology, while highlighting its extensive use during the LBA/EIA. The cereal was incorporated into a variety of culinary activities, constituting both a minor and major ingredient of many meals, while being absent in others. Finally, the observation of apparently unrestricted use of P. miliaceum at Bruszczewo provided further insight into the role and significance of this cereal relative to contemporary LBA/EIA evidence for its use across the region.

糜子(Panicum miliaceum)的易位是考古研究的一个重要课题。虽然该物种在史前时期迅速散布在欧亚大陆,但它的采用似乎是不一致的,在当代社区和文化内部和之间观察到它的突然和逐渐的采用,以及它的拒绝。通过鉴定其在过去种群中作为食物的作用和意义,可以更好地理解粟粒孢的易位。本研究采用分子调查和体积和化合物特异性同位素分析来研究波兰Bruszczewo在青铜时代早期(EBA)和青铜时代晚期/铁器时代早期(LBA/EIA)烹饪活动中产生的有机残留物。对陶瓷吸收和烧焦的“食物外壳”残留物的分析使得对容器使用寿命和个别膳食生产的全面检查成为可能。该研究强烈表明,在EBA期间,P. miliaceum不存在于Bruszczewo,符合其既定的易位年代学,同时突出了其在LBA/EIA期间的广泛使用。谷物被纳入到各种烹饪活动中,构成了许多膳食的次要和主要成分,而在其他食物中则不存在。最后,在Bruszczewo观察到的明显不受限制的miliaceum的使用,为进一步了解这种谷物相对于其在该地区使用的当代LBA/EIA证据的作用和意义提供了进一步的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Copper of the Kabeiroi: Bronze age metallurgy at Mikró Vouní on Samothrace and its Minoan connections 卡拜罗伊的铜:青铜时代的冶金术Mikró Vouní在萨莫色雷斯和它的米诺斯联系
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02110-5
Nerantzis Nerantzis, Dimitris Matsas

The prehistoric settlement of Mikró Vouní lies on the southwestern coast of the island of Samothrace in the northeastern Aegean. The site’s stratigraphic sequence spans from the beginning of the Late Neolithic to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. Its importance has been emphasized due to the finding of Minoan pottery and clay mini-documents with Linear A inscriptions, indicative of the active links the settlement held with a Cretan palace (Knossos) in the 18th century BCE. The excavation yielded important finds related to Bronze Age metallurgy, namely furnaces, moulds, tuyères, crucibles and pieces of slag deriving from several contexts of different chronological periods, spanning from EBA II to MBA III. Notably the metallurgical finds of the MBA II-III periods derive from contexts with Minoan or Minoanising pottery and clay mini-documents suggesting a Minoan administration at the site. Recording of all relevant finds was followed by sampling of crucibles and slags that were subjected to laboratory analysis. The current article focuses on an investigation of metal production with the application of optical microscopy and SEM/EDS analysis aiming to reconstruct the prevalent processes that took place at the site during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. The results are significant as they provide crucial information on the technical intricacies of arsenical copper production in the early stages and the introduction of tin bronze technology most probably associated with the Minoan interaction on site. Evidence for cementation and co-smelting of Cu and Sn ores represent the earliest examples so far reported for the north Aegean. As the iconography of the Minoan clay documents’ seal impressions indicates, religious ideology of the Minoan palatial administration appears as an arena for encouraging metal manufacturing and trading in the north Aegean and beyond. In this context, Samothrace appears well incorporated into long-distance exchange networks for the procurement of tin to sustain bronze working practices, as the findings from Mikró Vouní suggest. Metallurgical technology seems to resonate in mythic accounts of the well-known smith deities, the Kabeiroi, who were essentially the same divinities as the Great Gods of Samothrace.

史前定居点Mikró Vouní位于爱琴海东北部萨莫色雷斯岛的西南海岸。该遗址的地层序列从新石器时代晚期开始到青铜时代中期结束。它的重要性一直被强调,因为发现了米诺斯陶器和带有线形A题词的粘土迷你文件,表明该定居点与公元前18世纪的克里特宫殿(克诺索斯)有积极的联系。这次发掘产生了与青铜时代冶金有关的重要发现,即熔炉、模具、熔炉、坩埚和炉渣碎片,它们来自不同年代的几个背景,从EBA II到MBA III。值得注意的是,MBA II-III时期的冶金发现来自米诺斯或米诺斯化陶器和粘土的迷你文件,这些文件表明该遗址曾有米诺斯政府。对所有相关发现进行记录后,对坩埚和炉渣进行取样,并进行实验室分析。本文主要通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜/能谱分析对金属生产进行调查,旨在重建青铜时代早期和中期在该遗址发生的普遍过程。这些结果意义重大,因为它们提供了关于早期阶段砷铜生产技术复杂性的关键信息,以及锡青铜技术的引入,这很可能与现场的米诺斯互动有关。铜和锡的胶结和共熔炼的证据是迄今为止在爱琴海北部报道的最早的例子。正如米诺斯粘土文件的印鉴图像所表明的那样,米诺斯宫殿管理的宗教意识形态是一个鼓励北爱琴海及其他地区的金属制造和贸易的舞台。在这种情况下,萨莫色雷斯似乎很好地融入了长途交换网络,以采购锡,以维持青铜的工作实践,如Mikró Vouní的研究结果所表明的那样。冶金技术似乎与著名的铁匠之神Kabeiroi的神话故事产生了共鸣,Kabeiroi本质上与萨莫色雷斯的大神相同。
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引用次数: 0
Correction To: The crystalline quartz‑rich raw material from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): why is it called quartzite when it should be called quartz? 更正:奥杜瓦伊峡谷(坦桑尼亚)富含石英的结晶原料:应该叫石英,为什么叫石英岩?
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02114-1
Antonio Tarriño, Benito Ábalos, Pablo Puelles, Luis Eguiluz, Fernando Díez‑Martín
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引用次数: 0
Correction To: Diversified pottery use across 5th and 4th millennium cal BC neolithic coastal communities along the Strait of Gibraltar 更正为直布罗陀海峡沿岸公元前 5 世纪和 4 世纪新石器时代沿海社区的陶器使用多样化
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02113-2
Adrià Breu‑Barcons, Eduardo Vijande‑Vila, Jesús Cantillo‑Duarte, Pau Comes, Carl Heron, Joan Villanueva, José Ramos‑Muñóz
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引用次数: 0
Not just a technique! An experimental approach to refine the definition of the bipolar anvil reduction in the Uluzzian 不仅仅是一种技术!用实验方法完善乌鲁齐双极砧还原的定义
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02097-z
Davide Delpiano, Giulia Marciani, Jacopo Conforti, Serena Lombardo, Matteo Rossini, Marcos César Pereira Santos, Stefano Benazzi, Marco Peresani, Adriana Moroni

The bipolar technique has been widely used across a wide range of prehistoric contexts, from the Lower Pleistocene to the Metal Ages, and is a defining feature of the Uluzzian technocomplex, evident in the Early Upper Palaeolithic of Italy and Greece. The objective of this paper is to examine whether the use of the bipolar technique within the Uluzzian extends beyond its conventional definition as a mere technique. To address this question, we conducted goal-orientated experimental flaking, focusing on the industries found at key Uluzzian sites in Italy: Broion, La Fabbrica, and Castelcivita. A comprehensive review of archaeological and ethnographic evidence further supplemented our study on the application of the bipolar technique. While bipolar reduction typically involves less procedural control, resulting in a diverse range of blanks, our research shows that adhering to certain discernible principles can indeed exert control over specific morphological features of the resulting products. Factors such as blank selection and configuration, along with the management of volumes and edges, contribute to high productivity, the generation of elongated products, and miniaturization as distinctive characteristics. These findings collectively establish the bipolar reduction on an anvil in the Uluzzian as a systematic method of debitage.

双极技术被广泛应用于从下更新世到金属时代的各种史前环境中,是意大利和希腊早上旧石器时代乌鲁齐技术复合体的一个显著特征。本文的目的是研究双极技术在乌鲁兹人中的使用是否超出了其作为一种单纯技术的传统定义。为了解决这个问题,我们进行了以目标为导向的实验性剥片,重点研究了在意大利主要乌鲁兹遗址发现的工业:布罗翁、拉法布里卡和卡斯特西维塔。对考古学和人种学证据的全面审查进一步补充了我们对双极技术应用的研究。虽然双极还原法通常涉及的程序控制较少,导致坯体种类繁多,但我们的研究表明,遵循某些可辨别的原则确实可以对所产生产品的特定形态特征进行控制。坯料的选择和配置,以及体积和边缘的管理等因素,都有助于提高生产率,生产出细长的产品,并使产品具有微型化的显著特征。这些发现共同确立了在乌鲁齐铁砧上进行双极还原是一种系统的出土方法。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the effect of heating temperature on silcrete blank production 量化加热温度对硅酸盐混凝土坯料生产的影响
IF 2.1 2区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-024-02112-3
Sara Watson, Li Li, Alex Mackay

In southern Africa, heat treatment of silcrete is documented by ~ 164 ka and is considered an important technological innovation, allowing knappers to improve the flaking properties of rocks for lithic blank production. Previous research has explored structural, mechanical, and geochemical changes in silcrete during heat treatment, but most studies have not explored the implications of those transformations for the blanks produced. Experiments that have examined the effects of heat treatment on blank production tend to rely on replicative flintknapping, where small changes in the way a blank is removed can create “noise.” In this study, we provide quantitative data to understand the effects of silcrete source and heating temperature on blank production using a flaking machine to isolate the effects of heat treatment on blank morphology. Our results show changes in absolute blank dimensions, and in the frequency of abrupt terminations as a result of heat treatment. However, the benefits of heat treatment may only occur within a limited temperature range and are heavily source dependent. This suggests that we should reconsider broad generalizations about the role of heat treatment in lithic technology and its supposed benefits and focus more on silcrete source and source-based effects on blank production.

在南部非洲,硅质混凝土的热处理在约 164 ka 年前就有记载,被认为是一项重要的技术革新,使石匠能够改善岩石的剥落特性,以生产石坯。以前的研究探讨了热处理过程中硅质混凝土的结构、机械和地球化学变化,但大多数研究没有探讨这些变化对所生产的坯料的影响。研究热处理对坯料生产影响的实验往往依赖于复制性燧石剥制,在这种情况下,坯料剥制方式的微小变化就会产生 "噪音"。在这项研究中,我们使用剥片机提供了量化数据,以了解硅混凝土源和加热温度对坯料生产的影响,从而分离出热处理对坯料形态的影响。我们的研究结果表明,热处理会导致坯料的绝对尺寸和突然终止的频率发生变化。然而,热处理的益处可能只出现在有限的温度范围内,而且在很大程度上取决于来源。这表明我们应该重新考虑热处理在石器技术中的作用及其假定的益处,并更多地关注硅质源和基于源的对坯料生产的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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