At the turn of the century the sex mortality ratio (SMR) for US blacks was 1.06; by 1950 the ratio had increased to 1.24 and in 1978 it was up to 1.76. While both whites and blacks exhibit a trend of increase in the SMR the pattern of the increase differs. Although blacks have experienced greater gains in mortality reduction than whites in this century the current racial difference in mortality is such that the life expectancy at birth of blacks is about 6 years less than that of whites. 3 preliminary questions about changing sex mortality differentials are studied: 1) which age groups are particularly responsible for increasing sex differentials; 2) in accounting for changes which specific causes of death have made significant contributions; and 3) does the increased sex differential derive primarily from decreases in female mortality increases in male mortality or from male and female rates moving in the same direction? Results show that from 1950 to 1978 the SMR among US blacks grew by .52 points; the largest increments by young adults aged 25-34 (1.34 points) and young middle aged adults aged 35-44 (.95 points). Causes of death among young adults play an important role at different points in time; heart disease maternal mortality tuberculosis and suicide are some of these causes that affect a widening SMR for this age group. In general the SMR for 25-34 year olds has shown increases in causes of death for which medical health and nutritional interventions have benefited females more than males but the future still holds a narrowing of the SMR gap for this age group if present trends continue. Similar trends are associated with young middle aged adults; both grups display large and consistent amounts of increase in SMRs from 1950 to 1978. For adolescents the overwhelming (44%) increase in the SMR is caused by homicide. Overall the age groups which contribute most to changing sex mortality ratios are young and young middle aged adults; a combination of biological and social factors are responsible. The chief killer among young black adults is homicide with male rates much higher than female rates; it is highly unlikely that men have a biological propensity to die violently. In the case of white males stress manifests itself in suicide; for black males in homicide.
{"title":"Increasing sex mortality differentials among black Americans, 1950-1978.","authors":"E. M. Gee, J. Veevers","doi":"10.2307/274414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274414","url":null,"abstract":"At the turn of the century the sex mortality ratio (SMR) for US blacks was 1.06; by 1950 the ratio had increased to 1.24 and in 1978 it was up to 1.76. While both whites and blacks exhibit a trend of increase in the SMR the pattern of the increase differs. Although blacks have experienced greater gains in mortality reduction than whites in this century the current racial difference in mortality is such that the life expectancy at birth of blacks is about 6 years less than that of whites. 3 preliminary questions about changing sex mortality differentials are studied: 1) which age groups are particularly responsible for increasing sex differentials; 2) in accounting for changes which specific causes of death have made significant contributions; and 3) does the increased sex differential derive primarily from decreases in female mortality increases in male mortality or from male and female rates moving in the same direction? Results show that from 1950 to 1978 the SMR among US blacks grew by .52 points; the largest increments by young adults aged 25-34 (1.34 points) and young middle aged adults aged 35-44 (.95 points). Causes of death among young adults play an important role at different points in time; heart disease maternal mortality tuberculosis and suicide are some of these causes that affect a widening SMR for this age group. In general the SMR for 25-34 year olds has shown increases in causes of death for which medical health and nutritional interventions have benefited females more than males but the future still holds a narrowing of the SMR gap for this age group if present trends continue. Similar trends are associated with young middle aged adults; both grups display large and consistent amounts of increase in SMRs from 1950 to 1978. For adolescents the overwhelming (44%) increase in the SMR is caused by homicide. Overall the age groups which contribute most to changing sex mortality ratios are young and young middle aged adults; a combination of biological and social factors are responsible. The chief killer among young black adults is homicide with male rates much higher than female rates; it is highly unlikely that men have a biological propensity to die violently. In the case of white males stress manifests itself in suicide; for black males in homicide.","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"9 1","pages":"162-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78643646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Death timing among deceased married couples in a southern cemetery.","authors":"T. Trevino-Richard","doi":"10.2307/274913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"313 1","pages":"323-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85721913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward a systematic typology of black folk healers.","authors":"H. Baer","doi":"10.2307/274755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274755","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"50 1","pages":"327-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82995644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUGGESTS that because of the insulting effect of poverty and low socioeconomic status, blacks should be least likely to commit suicide.' By and large, this is true. But black men aged 18 to 29 do not conform to this expectation. Although suicide is not a leading cause of death among blacks, it is the third leading cause of death (after accidents and homicides) among black males in the 18 to 29 year age group. Young black men in this age group are three to four times as likely to commit suicide as young black women of the same age.2 Young adult black males accounted for 27 percent of suicides among blacks nationally between 1970 and 1975, while young adult black females accounted for only 8.3 percent.3 The rate of suicide among young adult black men has risen over the past decade to the point of approximating and sometimes surpassing that of their white male cohorts, which is well above the national average. The rate of increase during the decade has been greatest among black males aged 20 to 24 (15 percent) and 25 to 29 (42 percent) .4 A striking increase in the incidence of suicide among black males for all but the oldest age groups can be clearly discerned in Table 1, which presents rates at five-year intervals for the thirty-year period 1947-1977. Within the 20-24 year age group the rate increased dramatically (195 percent), from 7.3 to 21.5 per 100,000. In the peak suicide age range of 25-29, the rate increased nearly 250 percent, from 8.2 to 28.5 per 100,000 black male population. Equally as dramatic is the 137 percent increase experienced by black males aged 30 to 34 (9.5 to 22.5).
{"title":"Black suicide and social support systems: an overview and some implications for mental health practitioners.","authors":"R. Davis","doi":"10.2307/274753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274753","url":null,"abstract":"PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUGGESTS that because of the insulting effect of poverty and low socioeconomic status, blacks should be least likely to commit suicide.' By and large, this is true. But black men aged 18 to 29 do not conform to this expectation. Although suicide is not a leading cause of death among blacks, it is the third leading cause of death (after accidents and homicides) among black males in the 18 to 29 year age group. Young black men in this age group are three to four times as likely to commit suicide as young black women of the same age.2 Young adult black males accounted for 27 percent of suicides among blacks nationally between 1970 and 1975, while young adult black females accounted for only 8.3 percent.3 The rate of suicide among young adult black men has risen over the past decade to the point of approximating and sometimes surpassing that of their white male cohorts, which is well above the national average. The rate of increase during the decade has been greatest among black males aged 20 to 24 (15 percent) and 25 to 29 (42 percent) .4 A striking increase in the incidence of suicide among black males for all but the oldest age groups can be clearly discerned in Table 1, which presents rates at five-year intervals for the thirty-year period 1947-1977. Within the 20-24 year age group the rate increased dramatically (195 percent), from 7.3 to 21.5 per 100,000. In the peak suicide age range of 25-29, the rate increased nearly 250 percent, from 8.2 to 28.5 per 100,000 black male population. Equally as dramatic is the 137 percent increase experienced by black males aged 30 to 34 (9.5 to 22.5).","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"211 1","pages":"307-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77514416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CINCE WORLD WAR II, and especially during the past two decades, historians of United States slavery have begun to examine the role of blacks within the slave environment. Scholars previously concentrated upon whites and concerned themselves with such questions as the profitability of the institution, the hegemony of the white South, the role that slavery played in the conflict between the North and the South, and the careers and attitudes of white abolitionists. But during the past twenty years, as societal conflicts and the civil rights movement became increasingly prominent, the focus of concern broadened. Researchers have been inspired to investigate the actions and reactions of slaves. The current generation of historians recognizes that blacks, as well as whites, significantly contributed to slave culture and they are now subjecting slaves and slave society to extensive analysis.1 Two decades ago, Stanley Elkins published Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life, a contribution to the study of slavery that heralded a new era in the slavery debate. Elkins introduced ideas concerning blacks that have been criticized extensively and refined. One of the most influential of Elkins' beliefs was that under the conditions of North American slavery, slaves were effectively stripped of an active personality, and that they passively endured the rigors of their status that is, slaves fulfilled the stereotyped Sambo image of docile beings acting only under orders from their masters.2 Historians intent upon revising Elkins' conclusion, for a number of motives, have indicated that slaves not only retained personality initiative, but that they were able to endure the vicissitudes of slavery pre-
自第二次世界大战以来，特别是在过去的二十年中，研究美国奴隶制的历史学家开始研究黑人在奴隶制环境中的作用。学者们以前把注意力集中在白人身上，关心的问题包括制度的盈利能力、南方白人的霸权、奴隶制在南北冲突中扮演的角色、白人废奴主义者的职业和态度。但在过去的二十年里，随着社会矛盾和民权运动的日益突出，关注的焦点扩大了。研究人员受到启发，开始调查奴隶的行为和反应。当代历史学家认识到，黑人和白人一样，对奴隶文化做出了重大贡献，他们现在正在对奴隶和奴隶社会进行广泛的分析20年前，斯坦利·埃尔金斯(Stanley Elkins)出版了《奴隶制:美国制度和知识分子生活中的一个问题》(Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life)，这是对奴隶制研究的贡献，预示着奴隶制辩论进入了一个新时代。埃尔金斯介绍了一些关于黑人的观点，这些观点受到了广泛的批评和完善。埃尔金斯最具影响力的信仰之一是，在北美奴隶制的条件下，奴隶们实际上被剥夺了积极的个性，他们被动地忍受着他们地位的严酷，也就是说，奴隶们满足了Sambo的刻板印象，即只有在主人的命令下才行动的温顺生物出于一些动机，历史学家们打算修改埃尔金斯的结论，他们指出，奴隶不仅保留了个性的主动性，而且他们能够忍受奴隶制之前的沧桑
{"title":"Sexuality and the slave community.","authors":"S. Brown","doi":"10.2307/274880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274880","url":null,"abstract":"CINCE WORLD WAR II, and especially during the past two decades, historians of United States slavery have begun to examine the role of blacks within the slave environment. Scholars previously concentrated upon whites and concerned themselves with such questions as the profitability of the institution, the hegemony of the white South, the role that slavery played in the conflict between the North and the South, and the careers and attitudes of white abolitionists. But during the past twenty years, as societal conflicts and the civil rights movement became increasingly prominent, the focus of concern broadened. Researchers have been inspired to investigate the actions and reactions of slaves. The current generation of historians recognizes that blacks, as well as whites, significantly contributed to slave culture and they are now subjecting slaves and slave society to extensive analysis.1 Two decades ago, Stanley Elkins published Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life, a contribution to the study of slavery that heralded a new era in the slavery debate. Elkins introduced ideas concerning blacks that have been criticized extensively and refined. One of the most influential of Elkins' beliefs was that under the conditions of North American slavery, slaves were effectively stripped of an active personality, and that they passively endured the rigors of their status that is, slaves fulfilled the stereotyped Sambo image of docile beings acting only under orders from their masters.2 Historians intent upon revising Elkins' conclusion, for a number of motives, have indicated that slaves not only retained personality initiative, but that they were able to endure the vicissitudes of slavery pre-","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88358014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A RECENT UPSURGE in suicide by young blacks has prompted growing concern among mental health practitioners and behavioral scientists. As a result, the literature on suicide by blacks has ,grown substantially. Much of this literature concludes that the incidence of suicide, attendant depression, and alcohol and drug abuse among young blacks is, in a word, alarming. The lack of an empirical research tradition in the area of suicide generally, and suicide by blacks particularly, has resulted in a mosaic of theoretical and conceptual explanations. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a socio-cultural framework for viewing suicide among young blacks, and to show how previous viewpoints frequently are based on "traditional" and sometimes distorted "typical" black psychosocial patterns.
{"title":"Suicide among young blacks: trends and perspectives.","authors":"R. Davis","doi":"10.2307/274785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274785","url":null,"abstract":"A RECENT UPSURGE in suicide by young blacks has prompted growing concern among mental health practitioners and behavioral scientists. As a result, the literature on suicide by blacks has ,grown substantially. Much of this literature concludes that the incidence of suicide, attendant depression, and alcohol and drug abuse among young blacks is, in a word, alarming. The lack of an empirical research tradition in the area of suicide generally, and suicide by blacks particularly, has resulted in a mosaic of theoretical and conceptual explanations. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a socio-cultural framework for viewing suicide among young blacks, and to show how previous viewpoints frequently are based on \"traditional\" and sometimes distorted \"typical\" black psychosocial patterns.","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"41 1","pages":"223-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76998624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FTER A TWENTY YEAR eclipse, the study of policy making has revived as a respectable concern of political science. A manifestation of the new fashion is a spate of American politics textbooks with policy making as their focus.' These texts are not catalogs of the functions and policies of American governments; instead they purport to offer insights and tools for policy analysis. They are sprinkled liberally with generalizations and tentative propositions about the variables which determine how values are allocated by the American political system. These generalizations may be classified in three categories with reference to their purported utility: explanatory propositions, analytical tools useful for the individual in making his policy choices, and criteria appropriate to some policy areas. Analysis of specific policy controversies, the case method, appears to be exceptionally appropriate for teaching about public policy. How much validity and utility does the variegated assortment of policy propositions have? There are abundant reasons for skepticism. How much do undergraduates comprehend these generalizations, usually framed in esoteric terms at a high level of abstraction? Rote memorization of them is worthless. Therefore careful analysis of specific policy controversies may be the best route toward three objectives: elucidation of the propositions, testing their validity and utility, and acquisition of policy analysis skill. The McElrath Park controversy may be viewed as a laboratory case for considering the relevance of propositions from the public policy literature, and for testing the utility of some prominent policy criteria of public finance literature. The prolonged agitation of the residents of the McElrath and Skeels allotments, two urban ghettos adjacent to Ravenna, Ohio, for construction of sewers and water lines is a minature case of the politics of race and poverty. Its isolation and vest-pocket scale makes it exceptionally manageable for the study of the dynamics of policy making. Of course, a case does not prove or disprove the policy propositions, because they are only probabilistic generalizations
{"title":"Public policy analysis: water and sewers for McElrath Park.","authors":"H. D. Hamilton, B. G. Lander","doi":"10.2307/274421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274421","url":null,"abstract":"FTER A TWENTY YEAR eclipse, the study of policy making has revived as a respectable concern of political science. A manifestation of the new fashion is a spate of American politics textbooks with policy making as their focus.' These texts are not catalogs of the functions and policies of American governments; instead they purport to offer insights and tools for policy analysis. They are sprinkled liberally with generalizations and tentative propositions about the variables which determine how values are allocated by the American political system. These generalizations may be classified in three categories with reference to their purported utility: explanatory propositions, analytical tools useful for the individual in making his policy choices, and criteria appropriate to some policy areas. Analysis of specific policy controversies, the case method, appears to be exceptionally appropriate for teaching about public policy. How much validity and utility does the variegated assortment of policy propositions have? There are abundant reasons for skepticism. How much do undergraduates comprehend these generalizations, usually framed in esoteric terms at a high level of abstraction? Rote memorization of them is worthless. Therefore careful analysis of specific policy controversies may be the best route toward three objectives: elucidation of the propositions, testing their validity and utility, and acquisition of policy analysis skill. The McElrath Park controversy may be viewed as a laboratory case for considering the relevance of propositions from the public policy literature, and for testing the utility of some prominent policy criteria of public finance literature. The prolonged agitation of the residents of the McElrath and Skeels allotments, two urban ghettos adjacent to Ravenna, Ohio, for construction of sewers and water lines is a minature case of the politics of race and poverty. Its isolation and vest-pocket scale makes it exceptionally manageable for the study of the dynamics of policy making. Of course, a case does not prove or disprove the policy propositions, because they are only probabilistic generalizations","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"3 1","pages":"1979;40(1)41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91243931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progressive economics, and scientific racism: Walter Willcox and black Americans, 1895-1910.","authors":"M. Aldrich","doi":"10.2307/274418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274418","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85592904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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