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Zika virus replication is impaired by a selective agonist of the TRPML2 ion channel TRPML2离子通道的选择性激动剂会阻碍寨卡病毒的复制。
IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105940
Kerstin K. Schwickert , Mirco Glitscher , Daniela Bender , Nuka Ivalu Benz , Robin Murra , Kevin Schwickert , Steffen Pfalzgraf , Tanja Schirmeister , Ute A. Hellmich , Eberhard Hildt

The flavivirus genus includes human pathogenic viruses such as Dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) posing a global health threat due to limited treatment options. Host ion channels are crucial for various viral life cycle stages, but their potential as targets for antivirals is often not fully realized due to the lack of selective modulators. Here, we observe that treatment with ML2-SA1, an agonist for the human endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2, impairs ZIKV replication. Upon ML2-SA1 treatment, levels of intracellular genomes and number of released virus particles of two different ZIKV isolates were significantly reduced and cells displayed enlarged vesicular structures and multivesicular bodies with ZIKV envelope protein accumulation. However, no increased ZIKV degradation in lysosomal compartments was observed. Rather, the antiviral effect of ML2-SA1 seemed to manifest by the compound’s negative impact on genome replication. Moreover, ML2-SA1 treatment also led to intracellular cholesterol accumulation. ZIKV and many other viruses including the Orthohepevirus Hepatitis E virus (HEV) rely on the endolysosomal system and are affected by intracellular cholesterol levels to complete their life cycle. Since we observed that ML2-SA1 also negatively impacted HEV infections in vitro, this compound may harbor a broader antiviral potential through perturbing the intracellular cholesterol distribution. Besides indicating that TRPML2 may be a promising target for combatting viral infections, we uncover a tentative connection between this protein and cholesterol distribution within the context of infectious diseases.

黄病毒属包括登革热病毒(DENV)、西尼罗河病毒(WNV)和寨卡病毒(ZIKV)等人类致病病毒,由于治疗方案有限,这些病毒对全球健康构成威胁。离子通道对病毒生命周期的各个阶段都至关重要,但由于缺乏选择性调节剂,它们作为抗病毒药物靶点的潜力往往没有得到充分发挥。在这里,我们观察到人类溶酶体内阳离子通道 TRPML2 的激动剂 ML2-SA1 会影响 ZIKV 的复制。经 ML2-SA1 处理后,两种不同 ZIKV 分离物的细胞内基因组水平和释放的病毒颗粒数量明显降低,细胞显示出增大的囊泡结构和多囊泡体,ZIKV 包膜蛋白聚集。然而,在溶酶体中并没有观察到 ZIKV 降解的增加。相反,ML2-SA1 的抗病毒作用似乎体现在该化合物对基因组复制的负面影响上。此外,ML2-SA1 处理还会导致细胞内胆固醇积累。ZIKV 和许多其他病毒,包括正始疱疹病毒戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),都依赖于内溶酶体系统,并受细胞内胆固醇水平的影响来完成其生命周期。由于我们观察到 ML2-SA1 也会对体外的 HEV 感染产生负面影响,因此该化合物可能通过扰乱细胞内胆固醇的分布而具有更广泛的抗病毒潜力。除了表明 TRPML2 可能是抗病毒感染的一个有前途的靶点之外,我们还发现了该蛋白与胆固醇分布在传染病中的初步联系。
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引用次数: 0
Duration of fever in children infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) or B virus and treated with baloxavir marboxil, oseltamivir, laninamivir, or zanamivir in Japan during the 2012–2013 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons 2012-2013年和2019-2020年流感季节日本儿童感染甲型(H1N1)pdm09、甲型(H3N2)或乙型流感病毒并接受巴洛沙韦、奥司他韦、拉尼他韦或扎那米韦治疗后的发烧持续时间。
IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105938
Yuyang Sun , Keita Wagatsuma , Reiko Saito , Isamu Sato , Takashi Kawashima , Tadashi Saito , Yashushi Shimada , Yasuhiko Ono , Fujio Kakuya , Michiyoshi Minato , Naoki Kodo , Eitaro Suzuki , Akito Kitano , Irina Chon , Wint Wint Phyu , Jiaming Li , Hisami Watanabe

We compared the duration of fever in children infected with A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), or influenza B viruses following treatment with baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) or neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (oseltamivir, zanamivir, or laninamivir). This observational study was conducted at 10 outpatient clinics across 9 prefectures in Japan during the 20122013 and 20192020 influenza seasons. Patients with influenza rapid antigen test positive were treated with one of four anti-influenza drugs. The type/subtype of influenza viruses were identified from MDCK or MDCK SIAT1 cell-grown samples using two-step real-time PCR. Daily self-reported body temperature after treatment were used to evaluate the duration of fever by treatment group and various underlying factors. Among 1742 patients <19 years old analyzed, 452 (26.0%) were A(H1N1)pdm09, 827 (48.0%) A(H3N2), and 463 (26.0%) influenza B virus infections. Among fours treatment groups, baloxavir showed a shorter median duration of fever compared to oseltamivir in univariate analysis for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections (baloxavir, 22.0 h versus oseltamivir, 26.7 h, P < 0.05; laninamivir, 25.5 h, and zanamivir, 25.0 h). However, this difference was not significant in multivariable analyses. For A(H3N2) virus infections, there were no statistically significant differences observed (20.3, 21.0, 22.0, and 19.0 h) uni- and multivariable analyses. For influenza B, baloxavir shortened the fever duration by approximately 15 h than NAIs (20.3, 35.0, 34.3, and 34.1 h), as supported by uni- and multivariable analyses. Baloxavir seems to have comparable clinical effectiveness with NAIs on influenza A but can be more effective for treating pediatric influenza B virus infections than NAIs.

我们比较了感染甲型(H1N1)pdm09、甲型(H3N2)或乙型流感病毒的儿童在接受巴洛沙韦(baloxavir marboxil,巴洛沙韦)或神经氨酸酶抑制剂(neuraminidase inhibitors,NAIs)(奥司他韦、扎那米韦或拉尼那韦)治疗后的发烧持续时间。这项观察性研究于2012-2013年和2019-2020年流感季节在日本9个都道府县的10家门诊诊所进行。流感快速抗原检测呈阳性的患者接受了四种抗流感药物中的一种治疗。使用两步实时 PCR 技术从 MDCK 或 MDCK SIAT1 细胞培养样本中鉴定流感病毒的类型/亚型。采用治疗后每日自我体温报告来评估不同治疗组的发热持续时间和各种潜在因素。在分析的 1742 名年龄小于 19 岁的患者中,452 人(26.0%)感染了甲型 H1N1 pdm09,827 人(48.0%)感染了甲型 H3N2,463 人(26.0%)感染了乙型流感病毒。在四个治疗组中,与奥司他韦相比,巴洛沙韦在甲型 H1N1 pdm09 病毒感染的单变量分析中显示出更短的发热中位持续时间(巴洛沙韦为 22.0 小时,奥司他韦为 26.7 小时,P < 0.05;拉尼那韦为 25.5 小时,扎那米韦为 25.0 小时)。然而,这一差异在多变量分析中并不显著。对于甲型 H3N2 病毒感染,在单变量和多变量分析中观察到的差异(20.3、21.0、22.0 和 19.0 小时)并无统计学意义。就乙型流感而言,巴洛沙韦比非那西丁类药物(20.3、35.0、34.3 和 34.1 小时)缩短了约 15 小时的发热持续时间,单变量和多变量分析也证实了这一点。巴洛沙韦对甲型流感的临床疗效似乎与非那西丁类药物相当,但在治疗小儿乙型流感病毒感染方面比非那西丁类药物更有效。
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引用次数: 0
α7 nicotinic receptor activation mitigates herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in microglia cells 激活α7烟碱受体可减轻小胶质细胞对 1 型单纯疱疹病毒的感染
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105934
Shih-Heng Chen , Joanne C. Damborsky , Belinda C. Wilson , Rick D. Fannin , James M. Ward , Kevin E. Gerrish , Bo He , Negin P. Martin , Jerrel L. Yakel

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic DNA virus, establishes latency in neural tissues, with reactivation causing severe consequences like encephalitis. Emerging evidence links HSV-1 infection to chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the central nervous system's (CNS) immune sentinels, express diverse receptors, including α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs), critical for immune regulation. Recent studies suggest α7 nAChR activation protects against viral infections. Here, we show that α7 nAChR agonists, choline and PNU-282987, significantly inhibit HSV-1 replication in microglial BV2 cells. Notably, this inhibition is independent of the traditional ionotropic nAChR signaling pathway. mRNA profiling revealed that choline stimulates the expression of antiviral factors, IL-1β and Nos2, and down-regulates the apoptosis genes and type A Lamins in BV2 cells. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which microglial α7 nAChRs restrict viral infections by regulating innate immune responses.

单纯疱疹病毒 1 型(HSV-1)是一种神经毒性 DNA 病毒,可在神经组织中潜伏,重新激活后会导致脑炎等严重后果。新的证据表明,HSV-1 感染与慢性神经炎症和神经退行性疾病有关。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统(CNS)的免疫哨兵,它们表达多种受体,包括对免疫调节至关重要的α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(α7 nAChRs)。最近的研究表明,α7 nAChR 的激活可防止病毒感染。在这里,我们发现α7 nAChR 激动剂胆碱和 PNU-282987 能显著抑制 HSV-1 在小胶质细胞 BV2 细胞中的复制。mRNA 分析表明,胆碱能刺激 BV2 细胞中抗病毒因子 IL-1β 和 Nos2 的表达,并下调细胞凋亡基因和 A 型拉明斯。这些发现提示了一种新的机制,即小胶质细胞α7 nAChRs通过调节先天性免疫反应来限制病毒感染。
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引用次数: 0
Phenotypes of cytomegalovirus genetic variants encountered in a letermovir clinical trial illustrate the importance of genotyping validation 利特莫韦临床试验中遇到的巨细胞病毒基因变异的表型说明了基因分型验证的重要性。
IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105935
Sunwen Chou , Justin Watanabe

Emergence of drug resistance is rare after use of letermovir (LMV) as prophylaxis for post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. In a recent study involving renal transplant recipients, no known LMV resistance mutations were detected in those receiving LMV prophylaxis. However, uncharacterized viral amino acid substitutions were detected in LMV recipients by deep sequencing in viral subpopulations of 5%–7%, at codons previously associated with drug resistance: UL56 S229Y (n = 1), UL56 M329I (n = 9) and UL89 D344Y (n = 5). Phenotypic analysis of these mutations in a cloned laboratory CMV strain showed that S229Y conferred a 2-fold increase in LMV EC50, M329I conferred no LMV resistance, and D344Y knocked out viral viability that was restored after the nonviable clone was reverted to wild type D344. As in previous CMV antiviral trials, the detection of nonviable mutations, even in multiple study subjects, raises strong suspicion of genotyping artifacts and encourages the use of replicate testing for authentication of atypical mutation readouts. The non-viability of UL89 D344Y also confirms the biologically important locus of the D344E substitution that confers resistance to benzimidazole CMV terminase complex inhibitors, but does not feature prominently in LMV resistance.

使用来特莫韦(LMV)预防移植后巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染后出现耐药性的情况非常罕见。在最近一项涉及肾移植受者的研究中,在接受 LMV 预防治疗的受者中未发现已知的 LMV 耐药性突变。然而,通过深度测序,在 5%-7%的 LMV 受体病毒亚群中检测到了未定性的病毒氨基酸置换,这些置换位于以前与耐药性相关的密码子上:UL56 S229Y(n=1)、UL56 M329I(n=9)和 UL89 D344Y(n=5)。在克隆的实验室 CMV 株系中对这些突变的表型分析表明,S229Y 使 LMV EC50 增加了 2 倍,M329I 不产生 LMV 抗性,而 D344Y 则削弱了病毒活力,但在将无活力的克隆恢复为野生型 D344 后,病毒活力又得以恢复。与之前的 CMV 抗病毒试验一样,即使在多个研究对象中检测到不能存活的突变,也会引起对基因分型伪影的强烈怀疑,并鼓励使用重复测试来验证非典型突变读数。UL89 D344Y 的不可生存性也证实了 D344E 替代的生物重要位点,这种替代可产生对苯并咪唑 CMV 终止酶复合抑制剂的耐药性,但在 LMV 耐药性中并不突出。
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引用次数: 0
A fusion protein approach to integrate antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities for developing new therapeutics against influenza A virus infection 整合抗病毒和抗炎活性的融合蛋白方法,用于开发抗击甲型流感病毒感染的新疗法
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105924
Guanxing Zhai , Weihui Fu , Songhua Yuan , Peng Sun , Cuisong Zhu , Chen Zhao , Xiaoyan Zhang , Jianqing Xu

Human interferon α2 (IFNα2) is a cytokine with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, and its engineered forms are widely used to treat viral infections. However, IFNα2 may trigger proinflammatory responses and underlying side effects during treatment. Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) is a secreted protein with anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we explored whether coupling IFNα2 to TFF2 in a two-in-one fusion form could combine the beneficial effects of both molecules on viral infections toward a more desirable treatment outcome. We engineered two forms of human IFNα2 and TFF2 fusion proteins, IFNα2-TFF2-Fc (ITF) and TFF2-IFNα2-Fc (TIF), and examined their properties in vitro in comparison to IFNα2 and TFF2 alone. RNA-Seq was further used to explore such comparison on dynamic gene regulation at transriptomic level. These in vitro assessments collectively indicated that TIF largely retained the antiviral activity of IFNα2 while being a weaker inflammation inducer, consistent with the presence of TFF2 activity. We further demonstrated the superiority of TIF over IFNα2 or TFF2 alone in treating influenza infection using a mouse infection model. Together, our study provided evidence supporting that, by possessing antiviral activity conferred by IFNα2 with complementation from TFF2 in suppressing the inflammatory side effects, the fusion proteins, particularly TIF, represent more effective agents against influenza and other respiratory viral infections than IFNα2 or TFF2 alone. It implies that merging two molecules with complementary functions holds potential for developing novel therapeutics against viral infections.

人类干扰素α2(IFNα2)是一种具有广谱抗病毒活性的细胞因子,其工程形式被广泛用于治疗病毒感染。然而,IFNα2 在治疗过程中可能会引发促炎反应和潜在的副作用。三叶草因子 2(TFF2)是一种具有抗炎特性的分泌蛋白。在此,我们探讨了将 IFNα2 和 TFF2 以二合一的融合形式结合在一起是否能将这两种分子对病毒感染的有益作用结合起来,以达到更理想的治疗效果。我们设计了两种形式的人类 IFNα2 和 TFF2 融合蛋白:IFNα2-TFF2-Fc (ITF) 和 TFF2-IFNα2-Fc (TIF),并在体外将它们的特性与 IFNα2 和 TFF2 单独进行了比较。此外,还进一步使用 RNA-Seq 在转录组水平上对基因的动态调控进行了比较。这些体外评估共同表明,TIF在很大程度上保留了IFNα2的抗病毒活性,同时炎症诱导作用较弱,这与TFF2活性的存在是一致的。我们还利用小鼠感染模型进一步证明了 TIF 在治疗流感感染方面优于 IFNα2 或单独使用 TFF2。总之,我们的研究提供的证据表明,融合蛋白(尤其是 TIF)具有 IFNα2 赋予的抗病毒活性,并在抑制炎症副作用方面与 TFF2 互补,因此与 IFNα2 或 TFF2 相比,融合蛋白是更有效的抗流感和其他呼吸道病毒感染的药物。这意味着,将两种具有互补功能的分子融合在一起,有可能开发出针对病毒感染的新型疗法。
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引用次数: 0
Anti-influenza activity of CPAVM1 protease secreted by Bacillus subtilis LjM2 枯草杆菌 LjM2 分泌的 CPAVM1 蛋白酶的抗流感活性。
IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105919
Juan Li , Hong Cui , Yujie Yao , Junling Niu , Jing Zhang , Xu Zheng , Mengmeng Cui , Jia Liu , Tong Cheng , Yuhui Gao , Qiuhong Guo , Shi Yu , Lanfeng Wang , Zhong Huang , Jing Huang , Ke Zhang , Chengyuan Wang , Guangxun Meng

Bacillus spp. has been considered a promising source for identifying new antimicrobial substances, including anti-viral candidates. Here, we successfully isolated a number of bacteria strains from aged dry citrus peel (Chenpi). Of note, the culture supernatant of a new isolate named Bacillus subtilis LjM2 demonstrated strong inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in multiple experimental systems in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the anti-viral effect of LjM2 was attributed to its direct lysis of viral particles. Further analysis showed that a protease which we named CPAVM1 isolated from the culture supernatant of LjM2 was the key component responsible for its anti-viral function. Importantly, the therapeutic effect of CPAVM1 was still significant when applied 12 hours after IAV infection of experimental mice. Moreover, we found that the CPAVM1 protease cleaved multiple IAV proteins via targeting basic amino acid Arg or Lys. Furthermore, this study reveals the molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of CPAVM1 protease. During catalysis, Tyr75, Tyr77, and Tyr102 are important active sites. Therefore, the present work identified a special protease CPAVM1 secreted by a new strain of Bacillus subtilis LjM2 against influenza A virus infection via direct cleavage of critical viral proteins, thus facilitates future biotechnological applications of Bacillus subtilis LjM2 and the protease CPAVM1.

芽孢杆菌被认为是鉴定新的抗菌物质(包括抗病毒候选物质)的一个有前途的来源。在这里,我们成功地从陈年干柑橘皮(陈皮)中分离出了一些菌株。值得注意的是,一种名为枯草芽孢杆菌 LjM2 的新分离菌株的培养上清液在多个实验系统中对甲型流感病毒(IAV)的体外和体内感染有很强的抑制作用。此外,LjM2 的抗病毒作用还归因于它能直接裂解病毒颗粒。进一步的分析表明,从 LjM2 的培养上清液中分离出的一种蛋白酶(我们命名为 CPAVM1)是其抗病毒功能的关键成分。重要的是,在实验小鼠感染 IAV 12 小时后使用 CPAVM1,其治疗效果仍然显著。此外,我们还发现 CPAVM1 蛋白酶通过靶向基本氨基酸 Arg 或 Lys 来裂解多种 IAV 蛋白。此外,本研究还揭示了 CPAVM1 蛋白酶的分子结构和催化机理。在催化过程中,Tyr75、Tyr77 和 Tyr102 是重要的活性位点。因此,本研究发现了一种由枯草芽孢杆菌 LjM2 新菌株分泌的特殊蛋白酶 CPAVM1,可通过直接裂解关键病毒蛋白来对抗甲型流感病毒感染,从而促进了枯草芽孢杆菌 LjM2 和蛋白酶 CPAVM1 在未来生物技术中的应用。
{"title":"Anti-influenza activity of CPAVM1 protease secreted by Bacillus subtilis LjM2","authors":"Juan Li ,&nbsp;Hong Cui ,&nbsp;Yujie Yao ,&nbsp;Junling Niu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Zheng ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Cui ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Tong Cheng ,&nbsp;Yuhui Gao ,&nbsp;Qiuhong Guo ,&nbsp;Shi Yu ,&nbsp;Lanfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhong Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Guangxun Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Bacillus</em> spp. has been considered a promising source for identifying new antimicrobial substances, including anti-viral candidates. Here, we successfully isolated a number of bacteria strains from aged dry citrus peel (Chenpi). Of note, the culture supernatant of a new isolate named <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> LjM2 demonstrated strong inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in multiple experimental systems <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. In addition, the anti-viral effect of LjM2 was attributed to its direct lysis of viral particles. Further analysis showed that a protease which we named CPAVM1 isolated from the culture supernatant of LjM2 was the key component responsible for its anti-viral function. Importantly, the therapeutic effect of CPAVM1 was still significant when applied 12 hours after IAV infection of experimental mice. Moreover, we found that the CPAVM1 protease cleaved multiple IAV proteins via targeting basic amino acid Arg or Lys. Furthermore, this study reveals the molecular structure and catalytic mechanism of CPAVM1 protease. During catalysis, Tyr75, Tyr77, and Tyr102 are important active sites. Therefore, the present work identified a special protease CPAVM1 secreted by a new strain of <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> LjM2 against influenza A virus infection via direct cleavage of critical viral proteins, thus facilitates future biotechnological applications of <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> LjM2 and the protease CPAVM1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8259,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral research","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 105919"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141293032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Targeting glucose metabolism with dichloroacetate (DCA) reduces zika virus replication in brain cortical progenitors at different stages of maturation 用二氯乙酸(DCA)靶向葡萄糖代谢可减少寨卡病毒在处于不同成熟阶段的大脑皮质祖细胞中的复制。
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105933
Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo , Thamil Vaani Komarasamy , Vinod RMT. Balasubramaniam , Lisa C. Heather , William S. James

The underlying threat of new Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks remains, as no vaccines or therapies have yet been developed. In vitro research has shown that glycolysis is a key factor to enable sustained ZIKV replication in neuroprogenitors. However, neither in vivo nor clinical investigation of glycolytic modulators as potential therapeutics for ZIKV-related fetal abnormalities has been conducted. Accordingly, we tested the therapeutic potential of metabolic modulators in relevant in vitro systems comprising two pools of neuroprogenitors (NPCs), which resemble early and late stages of pregnancy. Effective doses of metabolic modulators [3.0 μM] dimethyl fumarate (DMF), [3.2 mM] dichloroacetate (DCA), and [6.3 μM] VER-246608 were determined for these cells by their effect on lactate release, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and cell survival. The drugs were used in a 24h pre-treatment and kept throughout ZIKV infection of NPCs. Drug effects and ZIKV replication were assessed at 24- and 56-h post-infection. In early NPCs treated with DMF, DCA and VER-246608, there was a significant reduction in the extracellular release of ZIKV potentially by PDH-mediated increased mitochondrial oxidation of glucose. Out of the three drugs, only DCA was observed to reduce viral replication in late NPCs treated with DCA. Altogether, our findings suggest that reduction of anaerobic glycolysis could be of therapeutic potential against ZIKV-related fetal abnormalities and that clinical translation should consider the use of specific glycolytic modulators over different trimesters.

由于尚未开发出疫苗或疗法,新的寨卡病毒(ZIKV)爆发的潜在威胁依然存在。体外研究表明,糖酵解是使 ZIKV 在神经原细胞中持续复制的关键因素。然而,对于糖酵解调节剂作为治疗 ZIKV 相关胎儿畸形的潜在疗法,还没有进行过体内或临床研究。因此,我们在相关的体外系统中测试了代谢调节剂的治疗潜力,该系统由两组神经原细胞(NPCs)组成,分别类似于妊娠早期和晚期。代谢调节剂[3.0 μM]富马酸二甲酯(DMF)、[3.2 mM]二氯乙酸(DCA)和[6.3 μM] VER-246608对乳酸释放、丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性和细胞存活的影响决定了它们对这些细胞的有效剂量。这些药物用于 24 小时的预处理,并在 NPC 感染 ZIKV 的整个过程中持续使用。在感染后 24 小时和 56 小时评估药物效果和 ZIKV 复制情况。在使用 DMF、DCA 和 VER-246608 处理的早期鼻咽癌中,细胞外 ZIKV 的释放显著减少,这可能是由于 PDH 介导的线粒体葡萄糖氧化增加所致。在这三种药物中,只有 DCA 能减少晚期鼻咽癌患者的病毒复制。总之,我们的研究结果表明,减少无氧糖酵解对 ZIKV 相关的胎儿畸形具有治疗潜力,临床转化应考虑在不同孕期使用特定的糖酵解调节剂。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of a macrocyclic compound targeting the lassa virus polymerase 鉴定针对拉沙病毒聚合酶的大环化合物
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105923
Virginia Aida-Ficken , Jamie A. Kelly , Payel Chatterjee , M. Harley Jenks , Laura K. McMullan , César G. Albariño , Joel M. Montgomery , Katherine L. Seley-Radtke , Christina F. Spiropoulou , Mike Flint

There are no approved vaccines or therapeutics for Lassa virus (LASV) infections. To identify compounds with anti-LASV activity, we conducted a cell-based screening campaign at biosafety level 4 and tested almost 60,000 compounds for activity against an infectious reporter LASV. Hits from this screen included several structurally related macrocycles. The most potent, Mac128, had a sub-micromolar EC50 against the reporter virus, inhibited wild-type clade IV LASV, and reduced viral titers by 4 orders of magnitude. Mechanistic studies suggested that Mac128 inhibited viral replication at the level of the polymerase.

目前还没有针对拉沙病毒(LASV)感染的获批疫苗或疗法。为了找出具有抗拉沙病毒活性的化合物,我们在生物安全等级 4 级的条件下开展了一项基于细胞的筛选活动,并测试了近 60,000 种化合物对传染性报告基因拉沙病毒的活性。筛选出的新化合物包括几种结构相关的大环化合物。其中最有效的是 Mac128,它对报告病毒的半数致死浓度(EC50)为亚微摩尔,可抑制野生型 IV 族 LASV,并将病毒滴度降低 4 个数量级。机理研究表明,Mac128 可在聚合酶水平上抑制病毒复制。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of sofosbuvir and NITD008 in extrahepatic neuronal cells against HEV 索非布韦和 NITD008 在肝外神经元细胞中抗击 HEV 的效果。
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105922
Michelle Jagst , André Gömer , Daniel Todt , Eike Steinmann

Hepatitis E is an underestimated disease, leading to estimated 20 million infections and up to 70,000 deaths annually. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can reach mortality rates up to 25% in pregnant women or become chronic in immunocompromised patients. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection have been associated with a range of extrahepatic manifestations, including a spectrum of neurological symptoms. Current therapy options are limited to non-specific antivirals like ribavirin, but recently, repurposed viral polymerase inhibitors like sofosbuvir and NITD008 were described to inhibit HEV replication. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of these drugs in various neuronal-derived cell lines to determine their potency outside the liver. Our findings indicate that both drugs, especially sofosbuvir, exhibited reduced efficacy in neuronal cells compared to hepatic cells. These results should be taken into account in the development of direct-acting antivirals for HEV and their potency at extrahepatic replication sites.

戊型肝炎是一种被低估的疾病,估计每年导致 2 千万人感染,多达 7 万人死亡。感染者大多无症状,但孕妇的死亡率可高达 25%,免疫力低下的患者则会转为慢性感染。戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染与一系列肝外表现有关,包括一系列神经系统症状。目前的治疗方法仅限于利巴韦林等非特异性抗病毒药物,但最近出现了索非布韦和 NITD008 等重新设计用途的病毒聚合酶抑制剂来抑制戊型肝炎病毒的复制。在这里,我们评估了这些药物在各种神经元衍生细胞系中的疗效,以确定它们在肝脏外的效力。我们的研究结果表明,与肝细胞相比,这两种药物(尤其是索非布韦)在神经元细胞中的疗效都有所下降。在开发针对 HEV 的直接作用抗病毒药物及其在肝外复制位点的效力时应考虑到这些结果。
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引用次数: 0
The coronavirus nsp15 endoribonuclease: A puzzling protein and pertinent antiviral drug target 冠状病毒 nsp15 内切核酸酶:令人费解的蛋白质和相关的抗病毒药物靶点。
IF 7.6 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105921
Benjamin Van Loy, Annelies Stevaert, Lieve Naesens

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has bolstered unprecedented research efforts to better understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus (CoV) infections and develop effective therapeutics. We here focus on non-structural protein nsp15, a hexameric component of the viral replication-transcription complex (RTC). Nsp15 possesses uridine-specific endoribonuclease (EndoU) activity for which some specific cleavage sites were recently identified in viral RNA. By preventing accumulation of viral dsRNA, EndoU helps the virus to evade RNA sensors of the innate immune response. The immune-evading property of nsp15 was firmly established in several CoV animal models and makes it a pertinent target for antiviral therapy. The search for nsp15 inhibitors typically proceeds via compound screenings and is aided by the rapidly evolving insight in the protein structure of nsp15. In this overview, we broadly cover this fascinating protein, starting with its structure, biochemical properties and functions in CoV immune evasion. Next, we summarize the reported studies in which compound screening or a more rational method was used to identify suitable leads for nsp15 inhibitor development. In this way, we hope to raise awareness on the relevance and druggability of this unique CoV protein.

SARS-CoV-2大流行促进了前所未有的研究工作,以更好地了解冠状病毒(CoV)感染的发病机制并开发有效的治疗方法。我们在此重点研究非结构蛋白 nsp15,它是病毒复制-转录复合体(RTC)的一个六聚体成分。Nsp15 具有尿苷特异性内切核酸酶(EndoU)活性,最近在病毒 RNA 中发现了一些特定的裂解位点。通过阻止病毒 dsRNA 的积累,EndoU 可以帮助病毒躲避先天性免疫反应的 RNA 传感器。nsp15 的免疫排斥特性已在多个 CoV 动物模型中牢固确立,并使其成为抗病毒治疗的相关靶点。寻找 nsp15 抑制剂的工作通常是通过化合物筛选进行的,而对 nsp15 蛋白结构的深入研究也在迅速发展。在本综述中,我们将从 nsp15 的结构、生化特性以及在 CoV 免疫逃避中的功能入手,广泛介绍这一迷人的蛋白质。接下来,我们将总结已报道的研究,在这些研究中,我们采用了化合物筛选或更合理的方法来确定合适的 nsp15 抑制剂开发线索。我们希望通过这种方式提高人们对这种独特的 CoV 蛋白的相关性和可药用性的认识。
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