Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2017.1295246
Shannon O'Malley, Amentha Rajagobal, J. Grundy, Martin v. Mohrenshildt, J. Shedden
ABSTRACT Objective: This article examines whether strategies and performance differed depending on whether naive participants were exposed to motion disturbance during practice of a tracking task. Background: Despite several decades of research, there is still debate regarding whether physical motion during flight simulation training improves later performance. Evidence suggests that presence of disturbance affects the utility of motion on transfer of training studies. Therefore, an important question is whether performance with disturbance motion (e.g., wind gusts) at test depends on whether participants practice with disturbance motion. Method: Naïve participants flew through a series of suspended rings in a motion-based simulator. Practice was with or without correlated (joystick control) and random motion (disturbance). The task was an analog of a flight task, modified to accommodate nonpilots. A quasi-transfer design included two practice blocks followed by two test blocks that incorporated both correlated and random motion. Results: No differences were detected in accuracy, but groups who practiced without disturbance made smaller joystick movements during both practice and test phases compared to those who practiced with disturbance. Conclusion: Practice without disturbance resulted in adoption of a different (possibly more efficient) joystick control strategy compared to practice with disturbance. The results suggest that during training, some control elements should be learned under relatively easy conditions, subsequently increasing in difficulty (e.g., add disturbance) at an optimal point in training.
{"title":"Exposure to Disturbance Motion During Practice in an Analog of a Flight Task Influences Flight Control of Naive Participants","authors":"Shannon O'Malley, Amentha Rajagobal, J. Grundy, Martin v. Mohrenshildt, J. Shedden","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2017.1295246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2017.1295246","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: This article examines whether strategies and performance differed depending on whether naive participants were exposed to motion disturbance during practice of a tracking task. Background: Despite several decades of research, there is still debate regarding whether physical motion during flight simulation training improves later performance. Evidence suggests that presence of disturbance affects the utility of motion on transfer of training studies. Therefore, an important question is whether performance with disturbance motion (e.g., wind gusts) at test depends on whether participants practice with disturbance motion. Method: Naïve participants flew through a series of suspended rings in a motion-based simulator. Practice was with or without correlated (joystick control) and random motion (disturbance). The task was an analog of a flight task, modified to accommodate nonpilots. A quasi-transfer design included two practice blocks followed by two test blocks that incorporated both correlated and random motion. Results: No differences were detected in accuracy, but groups who practiced without disturbance made smaller joystick movements during both practice and test phases compared to those who practiced with disturbance. Conclusion: Practice without disturbance resulted in adoption of a different (possibly more efficient) joystick control strategy compared to practice with disturbance. The results suggest that during training, some control elements should be learned under relatively easy conditions, subsequently increasing in difficulty (e.g., add disturbance) at an optimal point in training.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"63 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2017.1295246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2016.1349439
{"title":"The International Journal of Aviation Psychology Reviewers 2016","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2016.1349439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2016.1349439","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"132 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2016.1349439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2017.1313096
G. Ziv
ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this article was to review a series of studies (n = 50) regarding gaze behavior and performance when piloting an aircraft. Background: Optimal gaze behavior can lead to improved flying performance under both normal and stressful conditions. Method: A computerized as well as a manual search of the literature was conducted. Articles were grouped according to prevalent themes, such as basic cockpit visual scanning, visual scanning in the automated cockpit, effects of new technology on visual scanning, nonnormal flight circumstances, differences between experts and novices, and mathematical models of visual scanning. A summary and key findings for each theme were reported. Results: The review revealed specific gaze behaviors that might be important when performing various flight tasks and when monitoring automated processes, and that can differentiate between expert and novice pilots. However, several concerns arose from the review. Among these concerns are the unexamined role of peripheral vision, the scarcity of studies on in-flight emergencies, and the lack of interventional studies. Conclusion: Specific gaze patterns appear to be related to improved flight performance. Future studies should address the methodological concerns mentioned to better clarify the relationship between gaze behavior and flying performance.
{"title":"Gaze Behavior and Visual Attention: A Review of Eye Tracking Studies in Aviation","authors":"G. Ziv","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2017.1313096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2017.1313096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this article was to review a series of studies (n = 50) regarding gaze behavior and performance when piloting an aircraft. Background: Optimal gaze behavior can lead to improved flying performance under both normal and stressful conditions. Method: A computerized as well as a manual search of the literature was conducted. Articles were grouped according to prevalent themes, such as basic cockpit visual scanning, visual scanning in the automated cockpit, effects of new technology on visual scanning, nonnormal flight circumstances, differences between experts and novices, and mathematical models of visual scanning. A summary and key findings for each theme were reported. Results: The review revealed specific gaze behaviors that might be important when performing various flight tasks and when monitoring automated processes, and that can differentiate between expert and novice pilots. However, several concerns arose from the review. Among these concerns are the unexamined role of peripheral vision, the scarcity of studies on in-flight emergencies, and the lack of interventional studies. Conclusion: Specific gaze patterns appear to be related to improved flight performance. Future studies should address the methodological concerns mentioned to better clarify the relationship between gaze behavior and flying performance.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"104 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2017.1313096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2017.1319734
A. Irwin, S. Taylor, Erika Laugerud, Dave Roberts
ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the non-technical skills used by aircraft maintenance crews. Background: Aircraft maintenance is a vital aspect of aviation, with failures in aircraft maintenance linked to one third of aircraft malfunctions. Research within other high-risk industries indicates the importance of non-technical skills in ensuring effective performance and reducing the risk of error. Method: A mixed-methods approach was used: Aircraft maintenance workers from 2 locations (Scotland and England, n = 24) were interviewed using the critical incident technique. A short survey was then distributed (n = 31) to further explore worker perceptions of non-technical skill usage across different organizational locations. Results: The interviews identified team-based non-technical skills as Situation awareness, decision making, leadership, teamwork and communication, and task management. Lone worker non-technical skills were identified as Situation awareness, decision making, and task management. The questionnaire study indicated that perception of task management was significantly more negative than for situation awareness, leadership, teamwork, and communication. Moreover, participants from Scottish units were significantly more positive about situation awareness and teamwork than their English counterparts. Conclusion: The results indicate that non-technical skills are an important aspect of aircraft maintenance workers’ work performance and safety, mirroring the findings reported within other high-risk industries. Variance across organizational units suggests future training programs must be tailored to fit each team.
{"title":"Investigating Non-Technical Skills in Scottish and English Aircraft Maintenance Teams Using a Mixed Methodology of Interviews and a Questionnaire","authors":"A. Irwin, S. Taylor, Erika Laugerud, Dave Roberts","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2017.1319734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2017.1319734","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the non-technical skills used by aircraft maintenance crews. Background: Aircraft maintenance is a vital aspect of aviation, with failures in aircraft maintenance linked to one third of aircraft malfunctions. Research within other high-risk industries indicates the importance of non-technical skills in ensuring effective performance and reducing the risk of error. Method: A mixed-methods approach was used: Aircraft maintenance workers from 2 locations (Scotland and England, n = 24) were interviewed using the critical incident technique. A short survey was then distributed (n = 31) to further explore worker perceptions of non-technical skill usage across different organizational locations. Results: The interviews identified team-based non-technical skills as Situation awareness, decision making, leadership, teamwork and communication, and task management. Lone worker non-technical skills were identified as Situation awareness, decision making, and task management. The questionnaire study indicated that perception of task management was significantly more negative than for situation awareness, leadership, teamwork, and communication. Moreover, participants from Scottish units were significantly more positive about situation awareness and teamwork than their English counterparts. Conclusion: The results indicate that non-technical skills are an important aspect of aircraft maintenance workers’ work performance and safety, mirroring the findings reported within other high-risk industries. Variance across organizational units suggests future training programs must be tailored to fit each team.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"105 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2017.1319734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627
V. Gawron
ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a quick summary of existing measures with reliability and validity data to help researchers select a subjective measure appropriate for their application. Background: Currently, fatigue is measured through self-rating (asking individuals if they are experiencing fatigue, tiredness, or sleepiness), and calculation of fatigue from self-reported sleep and work patterns. Method: Self-rated measures of fatigue are summarized. Results: Extant fatigue scales include the Brief Fatigue Inventory, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Checklist Individual Strength, Chronic Fatigue Scale, Crew Status Survey (also known as the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Scale), Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue, Anergy, Consciousness, Energized and Sleepiness, Fatigue Assessment Inventory, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory Emotional Exhaustion Subscale, Modified Brief Fatigue Inventory, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form Fatigue Questionnaire, Piper Fatigue Scale, Sleep Wake Activity Inventory, Samm–Perelli Seven-Point Fatigue Scale (SPS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale, and World Health Organization Quality Of Life Assessment Energy and Fatigue subscale. In addition to the self-rating of fatigue scales, several measures are calculated and predicted from self-reported amount and quality of sleep as well as work schedule. These biomathematical models include the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST), Fatigue Audit InterDyne, Fatigue Index Tool (FIT), and the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) Model. Note that the FAST uses the SAFTE model and the combination is sometimes referred to as SAFTE/FAST (Hursh, 2003). These models are also summarized in this article.
{"title":"Overview of Self-Reported Measures of Fatigue","authors":"V. Gawron","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a quick summary of existing measures with reliability and validity data to help researchers select a subjective measure appropriate for their application. Background: Currently, fatigue is measured through self-rating (asking individuals if they are experiencing fatigue, tiredness, or sleepiness), and calculation of fatigue from self-reported sleep and work patterns. Method: Self-rated measures of fatigue are summarized. Results: Extant fatigue scales include the Brief Fatigue Inventory, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Checklist Individual Strength, Chronic Fatigue Scale, Crew Status Survey (also known as the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Scale), Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue, Anergy, Consciousness, Energized and Sleepiness, Fatigue Assessment Inventory, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory Emotional Exhaustion Subscale, Modified Brief Fatigue Inventory, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Form Fatigue Questionnaire, Piper Fatigue Scale, Sleep Wake Activity Inventory, Samm–Perelli Seven-Point Fatigue Scale (SPS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Visual Analog Fatigue Scale, and World Health Organization Quality Of Life Assessment Energy and Fatigue subscale. In addition to the self-rating of fatigue scales, several measures are calculated and predicted from self-reported amount and quality of sleep as well as work schedule. These biomathematical models include the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST), Fatigue Audit InterDyne, Fatigue Index Tool (FIT), and the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) Model. Note that the FAST uses the SAFTE model and the combination is sometimes referred to as SAFTE/FAST (Hursh, 2003). These models are also summarized in this article.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"120 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59699049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2016.1235364
Gregor M. T. McLean, Sandra Lambeth, Timothy J. Mavin
ABSTRACT Objective: This article examines the practical impacts of integrating simulation-based training into an ab initio pilot-training course. Background: As flight simulation technology has become more advanced, and the associated costs have been reduced, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of flight simulation during ab initio phases of pilot training. Subsequently, important questions have arisen regarding the utility of simulation-based training to develop students’ rudimentary piloting skills. Method: The progression of 29 students completing a course consisting of 25% simulation is compared to a baseline sample of 62 students (sourced from historical data) completing the same course prior to the integration of additional simulation-based training. Results: The integration of simulation was found to have 2 primary impacts. Although a small decrease in aircraft training hours was evident, there was also a significant increase in the overall training time once simulation-based training was incorporated. Conclusion: Simulation will always provide significant safety and risk-reduction benefits to flight training; however, when considering the practical implications of integrating simulation-based training, the current data provide a cautionary tale that positive outcomes for training efficiency and cost-effectiveness are not always guaranteed. More targeted inquiry is still needed to assist flight schools to properly operationalize the findings from the research literature to effectively integrate simulation into their flight-training curriculums.
{"title":"The Use of Simulation in Ab Initio Pilot Training","authors":"Gregor M. T. McLean, Sandra Lambeth, Timothy J. Mavin","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2016.1235364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2016.1235364","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: This article examines the practical impacts of integrating simulation-based training into an ab initio pilot-training course. Background: As flight simulation technology has become more advanced, and the associated costs have been reduced, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of flight simulation during ab initio phases of pilot training. Subsequently, important questions have arisen regarding the utility of simulation-based training to develop students’ rudimentary piloting skills. Method: The progression of 29 students completing a course consisting of 25% simulation is compared to a baseline sample of 62 students (sourced from historical data) completing the same course prior to the integration of additional simulation-based training. Results: The integration of simulation was found to have 2 primary impacts. Although a small decrease in aircraft training hours was evident, there was also a significant increase in the overall training time once simulation-based training was incorporated. Conclusion: Simulation will always provide significant safety and risk-reduction benefits to flight training; however, when considering the practical implications of integrating simulation-based training, the current data provide a cautionary tale that positive outcomes for training efficiency and cost-effectiveness are not always guaranteed. More targeted inquiry is still needed to assist flight schools to properly operationalize the findings from the research literature to effectively integrate simulation into their flight-training curriculums.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"36 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2016.1235364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2016.1234936
W. Knecht
ABSTRACT Objective: We wished to assess whether current-generation in-cockpit looping Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) can reliably enable safe flight around severe (“heavy”) convective weather. Background: Numerous studies suggest that estimating the closest point of approach (CPA) to heavy weather is difficult, and that current in-cockpit NEXRAD may be intrinsically inadequate for the task. Method: To investigate theoretically, we first examined the visual information present in looping NEXRAD. This predicted inherent task difficulty. Next, to investigate empirically, we developed a mathematical model of an “ideal storm,” generated a looping NEXRAD-type part-task simulation, and tested 21 general aviation (GA) pilots to measure effects of weather system depth (19 vs. 40 nm), and the opening and closing of gaps at various closure rates between cells (14, 7, 0, 7, 14 kt). Results: For the values tested, weather system depth had no significant effect on clearance from heavy weather (>40 dBZ reflectivity). However, weather movement greatly degraded safety. Moreover, it did not seem to matter if movement was as slow as 7 kt, nor whether gaps were opening or closing. Any weather movement made an already difficult task more so. Conclusion: Analysis suggests the necessity of adding future-predicted weather plus a range ring. Without these two key elements, judgment of CPA will clearly remain difficult. Training is also necessary to improve performance, but is unlikely to be sufficient.
{"title":"Current NEXRAD Cannot Reliably Enable Safe Flight Around Heavy Weather","authors":"W. Knecht","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2016.1234936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2016.1234936","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: We wished to assess whether current-generation in-cockpit looping Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) can reliably enable safe flight around severe (“heavy”) convective weather. Background: Numerous studies suggest that estimating the closest point of approach (CPA) to heavy weather is difficult, and that current in-cockpit NEXRAD may be intrinsically inadequate for the task. Method: To investigate theoretically, we first examined the visual information present in looping NEXRAD. This predicted inherent task difficulty. Next, to investigate empirically, we developed a mathematical model of an “ideal storm,” generated a looping NEXRAD-type part-task simulation, and tested 21 general aviation (GA) pilots to measure effects of weather system depth (19 vs. 40 nm), and the opening and closing of gaps at various closure rates between cells (14, 7, 0, 7, 14 kt). Results: For the values tested, weather system depth had no significant effect on clearance from heavy weather (>40 dBZ reflectivity). However, weather movement greatly degraded safety. Moreover, it did not seem to matter if movement was as slow as 7 kt, nor whether gaps were opening or closing. Any weather movement made an already difficult task more so. Conclusion: Analysis suggests the necessity of adding future-predicted weather plus a range ring. Without these two key elements, judgment of CPA will clearly remain difficult. Training is also necessary to improve performance, but is unlikely to be sufficient.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"46 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2016.1234936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2016.1226834
M. Dorneich, W. Rogers, S. Whitlow, R. DeMers
ABSTRACT Objective: Human performance risks and benefits of adaptive systems were identified through a systematic analysis and pilot evaluation of adaptive system component types and characteristics. Background: As flight-deck automation is able to process ever more types of information in sophisticated ways to identify situations, it is becoming more realistic for adaptive systems to adapt behavior based on their own authority. Method: A framework was developed to describe the types and characteristics of adaptive system components and was used to perform a risk–benefit analysis to identify potential issues. Subsequently, eight representative adaptive system storyboards were developed for an evaluation with pilots to augment the analysis results and to explore more detailed issues and potential risk mitigations. Results: Analysis identified the principal drivers of adaptive “triggering conditions” risk as complexity and transparency. It also identified the drivers of adaptations risks and benefits as the task level and the level of control versus information adaptation. Conclusion: Pilots did not seem to distinguish between adaptive automation and normal automation if the rules were simple and obvious; however, their perception of risk increased when the level of complexity and opacity of triggering conditions reached a point where its behavior was perceived as nondeterministic.
{"title":"Human Performance Risks and Benefits of Adaptive Systems on the Flight Deck","authors":"M. Dorneich, W. Rogers, S. Whitlow, R. DeMers","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2016.1226834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2016.1226834","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Human performance risks and benefits of adaptive systems were identified through a systematic analysis and pilot evaluation of adaptive system component types and characteristics. Background: As flight-deck automation is able to process ever more types of information in sophisticated ways to identify situations, it is becoming more realistic for adaptive systems to adapt behavior based on their own authority. Method: A framework was developed to describe the types and characteristics of adaptive system components and was used to perform a risk–benefit analysis to identify potential issues. Subsequently, eight representative adaptive system storyboards were developed for an evaluation with pilots to augment the analysis results and to explore more detailed issues and potential risk mitigations. Results: Analysis identified the principal drivers of adaptive “triggering conditions” risk as complexity and transparency. It also identified the drivers of adaptations risks and benefits as the task level and the level of control versus information adaptation. Conclusion: Pilots did not seem to distinguish between adaptive automation and normal automation if the rules were simple and obvious; however, their perception of risk increased when the level of complexity and opacity of triggering conditions reached a point where its behavior was perceived as nondeterministic.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"15 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2016.1226834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2016.1235363
T. Strybel, K. Vu, D. Chiappe, C. Morgan, G. Morales, V. Battiste
ABSTRACT Objective: Determine how combinations of NextGen-automation concepts for separation assurance and spacing affect air traffic controller (ATCo) situation awareness, workload, and performance. Background: In previous research, situation awareness was not measured with valid and reliable instruments. Previous work also evaluated separation assurance and spacing concepts individually, and did not examine weather. Method: Retired ATCos worked en route and transitional sectors. Four operating concepts for separation assurance and spacing were tested based on whether automation or ATCo was responsible for each function. Standard methods for assessing workload and situation awareness were used; performance measures included safety and efficiency. Results: Workload was lowest when both functions were automated; however, situation awareness depended on operating concept and sector. In the en route sector, the highest levels of situation awareness were found for ATCo-managed separation assurance and automation-managed spacing. In the transitional sector, the highest situation awareness occurred when ATCos performed both functions. The numbers of loss of separation were highest for ATCo-managed separation assurance; sector complexity depended on weather, but only for automation-managed separation assurance. Spacing efficiency was highest for ATCo-managed separation assurance, but more communications were required. Conclusion: In air traffic management, separation assurance and spacing functions interact with each other in determining ATCo workload, situation awareness, and performance, depending on sector characteristics and weather. Therefore, evaluations of NextGen-automation solutions must include multiple concepts of operation, and involve different sectors and environmental conditions.
{"title":"Effects of NextGen Concepts of Operation for Separation Assurance and Interval Management on Air Traffic Controller Situation Awareness, Workload, and Performance","authors":"T. Strybel, K. Vu, D. Chiappe, C. Morgan, G. Morales, V. Battiste","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2016.1235363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2016.1235363","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Determine how combinations of NextGen-automation concepts for separation assurance and spacing affect air traffic controller (ATCo) situation awareness, workload, and performance. Background: In previous research, situation awareness was not measured with valid and reliable instruments. Previous work also evaluated separation assurance and spacing concepts individually, and did not examine weather. Method: Retired ATCos worked en route and transitional sectors. Four operating concepts for separation assurance and spacing were tested based on whether automation or ATCo was responsible for each function. Standard methods for assessing workload and situation awareness were used; performance measures included safety and efficiency. Results: Workload was lowest when both functions were automated; however, situation awareness depended on operating concept and sector. In the en route sector, the highest levels of situation awareness were found for ATCo-managed separation assurance and automation-managed spacing. In the transitional sector, the highest situation awareness occurred when ATCos performed both functions. The numbers of loss of separation were highest for ATCo-managed separation assurance; sector complexity depended on weather, but only for automation-managed separation assurance. Spacing efficiency was highest for ATCo-managed separation assurance, but more communications were required. Conclusion: In air traffic management, separation assurance and spacing functions interact with each other in determining ATCo workload, situation awareness, and performance, depending on sector characteristics and weather. Therefore, evaluations of NextGen-automation solutions must include multiple concepts of operation, and involve different sectors and environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2016.1235363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59698468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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