Pub Date : 2014-09-30DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.949200
T. Carretta, M. S. Teachout, M. Ree, Erica Barto, R. King, Charles F. Michaels
The predictive validity of cognitive ability and personality traits was examined in large samples of U.S. Air Force pilot trainees. Criterion data were collected between 1995 and 2008 from 4 training bases across 3 training tracks. Analyses also examined consistency in pilot aptitude and training outcomes. Results were consistent with previous research indicating cognitive ability is the best predictor of pilot training performance. There were few differences across training tracks, bases, and years, and none was large. Overall, results illustrated the consistency of the quality of pilot trainees as assessed by cognitive ability and personality trait measures, and the consistency of these measures in predicting training performance over time. This consistency results in a more stable training system, enabling greater efficiency and effectiveness.
{"title":"Consistency of the Relations of Cognitive Ability and Personality Traits to Pilot Training Performance","authors":"T. Carretta, M. S. Teachout, M. Ree, Erica Barto, R. King, Charles F. Michaels","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.949200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.949200","url":null,"abstract":"The predictive validity of cognitive ability and personality traits was examined in large samples of U.S. Air Force pilot trainees. Criterion data were collected between 1995 and 2008 from 4 training bases across 3 training tracks. Analyses also examined consistency in pilot aptitude and training outcomes. Results were consistent with previous research indicating cognitive ability is the best predictor of pilot training performance. There were few differences across training tracks, bases, and years, and none was large. Overall, results illustrated the consistency of the quality of pilot trainees as assessed by cognitive ability and personality trait measures, and the consistency of these measures in predicting training performance over time. This consistency results in a more stable training system, enabling greater efficiency and effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"247 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.949200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.918441
Prevendren Naidoo, P. Schaap, L. Vermeulen
Training attitudes and airline pilots’ specific learning experiences are antecedents, which affect human behavior on the flight deck in various ways. This article reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of a scale to assess aviators’ perceptions of the training environment associated with technologically complex advanced aircraft. A sample of 229 airline pilots provided data to explore the latent structure of the hypothesized research construct. Principal axis factor analysis produced a 3-factor model consisting of organizational professionalism, intrinsic motivation, and individual control of training outcomes, with highly acceptable Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients.
{"title":"The Development of a Measure to Assess Perceptions of the Advanced Aircraft Training Climate","authors":"Prevendren Naidoo, P. Schaap, L. Vermeulen","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.918441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.918441","url":null,"abstract":"Training attitudes and airline pilots’ specific learning experiences are antecedents, which affect human behavior on the flight deck in various ways. This article reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of a scale to assess aviators’ perceptions of the training environment associated with technologically complex advanced aircraft. A sample of 229 airline pilots provided data to explore the latent structure of the hypothesized research construct. Principal axis factor analysis produced a 3-factor model consisting of organizational professionalism, intrinsic motivation, and individual control of training outcomes, with highly acceptable Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"228 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.918441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.918409
B. Christopher, Shawn A Pruchnicki, B. Burian, S. Cotton
As part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) initiative, a redevelopment of the high-altitude airspace is underway to realize the benefits of area navigation (RNAV) capabilities. Three nomenclatures were evaluated as possible alternatives to the current waypoint nomenclature used in the Navigation Reference System (NRS). A part-task study was conducted to assess if speed of NRS waypoint location on an en route chart, speed of flight management system (FMS) entry, number of FMS entry errors, and NRS waypoint reroute use were different among the nomenclatures tested. Overall preference was also assessed.
{"title":"Enhancing NextGen RNAV Capabilities: Human Performance Evaluation of NRS Waypoint Nomenclatures","authors":"B. Christopher, Shawn A Pruchnicki, B. Burian, S. Cotton","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.918409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.918409","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) initiative, a redevelopment of the high-altitude airspace is underway to realize the benefits of area navigation (RNAV) capabilities. Three nomenclatures were evaluated as possible alternatives to the current waypoint nomenclature used in the Navigation Reference System (NRS). A part-task study was conducted to assess if speed of NRS waypoint location on an en route chart, speed of flight management system (FMS) entry, number of FMS entry errors, and NRS waypoint reroute use were different among the nomenclatures tested. Overall preference was also assessed.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"155 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.918409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.918434
Timothy J. Mavin, Wolff‐Michael Roth
What pilots do on the job frequently is analyzed in terms of individual skills and human factors. Performances often do not consist of separable skills but of a holistic event, which can be analyzed into irreducible, mutually constitutive moments. A discursive psychology approach was used to analyze the discourse of flight examiners, based on 7 extended interviews about performance aspects. This study shows that in the discourse of flight examiners, cockpit performance is presented holistically, even though it manifests itself in different ways. Six main discourse repertoires are identified in examiners’ discourse about flight deck performance, each of which has between 3 and 5 identifiable subdimensions. Case studies show the connectedness and interdetermination of the 6 main repertoires for talking about what pilots do and how they do it.
{"title":"A Holistic View of Cockpit Performance: An Analysis of the Assessment Discourse of Flight Examiners","authors":"Timothy J. Mavin, Wolff‐Michael Roth","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.918434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.918434","url":null,"abstract":"What pilots do on the job frequently is analyzed in terms of individual skills and human factors. Performances often do not consist of separable skills but of a holistic event, which can be analyzed into irreducible, mutually constitutive moments. A discursive psychology approach was used to analyze the discourse of flight examiners, based on 7 extended interviews about performance aspects. This study shows that in the discourse of flight examiners, cockpit performance is presented holistically, even though it manifests itself in different ways. Six main discourse repertoires are identified in examiners’ discourse about flight deck performance, each of which has between 3 and 5 identifiable subdimensions. Case studies show the connectedness and interdetermination of the 6 main repertoires for talking about what pilots do and how they do it.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"210 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.918434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.918444
Herimanana Zafiharimalala, David Robin, A. Tricot
The aim of this article is to present an exploratory study aiming to understand the use of maintenance documentation by the technicians in the aircraft maintenance context and why they do not systematically use it. We seek to establish a global model based on the results. Previous studies can provide us with an understanding of why aircraft maintenance technicians sometimes do not follow the requisite procedure. Here we use these empirical data and psychological models as a framework, and consider the use by an aircraft maintenance technician of a document specifically as an information-seeking task and as a secondary task. A qualitative survey involving 13 maintenance technicians was conducted, with observations and semidirected interviews. The survey gives preliminary results about why, when, and how technicians use their maintenance documents, and why they sometimes do not use them although they are required to do so. Thus, the decision by an aircraft technician to use or not use a prescribed document in a maintenance operation should be viewed in terms of a conflict among 3 priorities: safety, legality, and efficiency. However, the explorative nature of the study involves the need to deal with the issue in depth. It could allow to validate or not the conflict of the three priorities. The results presented here could be the basis for further study to this purpose.
{"title":"Why Aircraft Maintenance Technicians Sometimes Do Not Use Their Maintenance Documents: Towards a New Qualitative Perspective","authors":"Herimanana Zafiharimalala, David Robin, A. Tricot","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.918444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.918444","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to present an exploratory study aiming to understand the use of maintenance documentation by the technicians in the aircraft maintenance context and why they do not systematically use it. We seek to establish a global model based on the results. Previous studies can provide us with an understanding of why aircraft maintenance technicians sometimes do not follow the requisite procedure. Here we use these empirical data and psychological models as a framework, and consider the use by an aircraft maintenance technician of a document specifically as an information-seeking task and as a secondary task. A qualitative survey involving 13 maintenance technicians was conducted, with observations and semidirected interviews. The survey gives preliminary results about why, when, and how technicians use their maintenance documents, and why they sometimes do not use them although they are required to do so. Thus, the decision by an aircraft technician to use or not use a prescribed document in a maintenance operation should be viewed in terms of a conflict among 3 priorities: safety, legality, and efficiency. However, the explorative nature of the study involves the need to deal with the issue in depth. It could allow to validate or not the conflict of the three priorities. The results presented here could be the basis for further study to this purpose.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"190 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.918444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.918430
Steffen Greiser, J. Wolfram, Anna Schieben
Currently, the German Aerospace Center performs research on assistance systems for helicopters that help pilots to perform their missions even in bad weather conditions. One part of the assistance system is the navigation system with automatic flight path planning. The objective of this article is to clarify if pilots perform the planning of flight paths in the same way. An interview with 68 participants was conducted to evaluate essential differences between the pilots’ cognitive processes and build a basis for the user-centered design of the navigation system. The interview assessed user-specific requirements that can be used as input for the path planning algorithms. The results recommend the usage of individual pilot requirements for path planning applications. With individually adjusted navigation systems, the potential mismatch between pilots’ expectations and the actually computed flight paths is expected to be minimized.
{"title":"The Role of the Helicopter Pilot in Terms of Relevant Requirements for Helicopter Takeoff","authors":"Steffen Greiser, J. Wolfram, Anna Schieben","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.918430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.918430","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the German Aerospace Center performs research on assistance systems for helicopters that help pilots to perform their missions even in bad weather conditions. One part of the assistance system is the navigation system with automatic flight path planning. The objective of this article is to clarify if pilots perform the planning of flight paths in the same way. An interview with 68 participants was conducted to evaluate essential differences between the pilots’ cognitive processes and build a basis for the user-centered design of the navigation system. The interview assessed user-specific requirements that can be used as input for the path planning algorithms. The results recommend the usage of individual pilot requirements for path planning applications. With individually adjusted navigation systems, the potential mismatch between pilots’ expectations and the actually computed flight paths is expected to be minimized.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"172 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.918430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.892766
M. Wiggins, Barbara Griffin
Turner recounts a process of self-reflection and organizational review in which a flight training organization with a contract to educate pilots from the People’s Republic of China adapted and revised both its selection and its training and development strategies to account for differences in culture and practice. Quite rightly, the role of culture is central to this discussion, as it impacts both the selection of candidates for training and the response to training once candidates are selected. The difficulty for the flight training organization involved educating prospective pilots who might not necessarily possess the aptitude, but whose family has invested significant resources in acquiring a position in the training program. Inevitably, this imposed significant demands on both the flight training organization and the candidates to perform at the requisite standard necessary for success. Once selected into the training program, it became difficult to identify and then exclude candidates from training, to the point where significant resources were being invested before poorly performing candidates were identified and finally excluded from further training. The identification of poorly performing trainees was exacerbated by self-imposed protective measures among the candidates that included the support of colleagues, which, in some cases, might have masked poor performance. The development of a strong in-group identity was possibly accentuated by the highly collectivist nature of the Chinese culture, together with the location of the training program outside China and schooled by non-Chinese educators. As part of a review process, members of the flight training organization noted the importance of managing the initial selection process, because the cultural characteristics that would emerge postselection would be very difficult to manage. Culture, in and of itself, is a ubiquitous construct, but one that is all too often overlooked in the development and assessment of training initiatives. Capitalizing on the characteristics of underlying culture can improve performance in some contexts, and degrade performance in others (Helmreich & Merritt, 2001). Importantly, however, culture, whether it is at the organizational or national level, has a pervasive effect and this is recognized and accepted by Turner. To obviate the requirement to potentially exclude trainees following their arrival in Canada, the flight training organization developed an in-country process where prospective applicants would complete part of the knowledge-based syllabus in-country (China) and, on the basis of
{"title":"Commentary on the Article by Turner: Cultural Complexity in Pilot Selection","authors":"M. Wiggins, Barbara Griffin","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.892766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.892766","url":null,"abstract":"Turner recounts a process of self-reflection and organizational review in which a flight training organization with a contract to educate pilots from the People’s Republic of China adapted and revised both its selection and its training and development strategies to account for differences in culture and practice. Quite rightly, the role of culture is central to this discussion, as it impacts both the selection of candidates for training and the response to training once candidates are selected. The difficulty for the flight training organization involved educating prospective pilots who might not necessarily possess the aptitude, but whose family has invested significant resources in acquiring a position in the training program. Inevitably, this imposed significant demands on both the flight training organization and the candidates to perform at the requisite standard necessary for success. Once selected into the training program, it became difficult to identify and then exclude candidates from training, to the point where significant resources were being invested before poorly performing candidates were identified and finally excluded from further training. The identification of poorly performing trainees was exacerbated by self-imposed protective measures among the candidates that included the support of colleagues, which, in some cases, might have masked poor performance. The development of a strong in-group identity was possibly accentuated by the highly collectivist nature of the Chinese culture, together with the location of the training program outside China and schooled by non-Chinese educators. As part of a review process, members of the flight training organization noted the importance of managing the initial selection process, because the cultural characteristics that would emerge postselection would be very difficult to manage. Culture, in and of itself, is a ubiquitous construct, but one that is all too often overlooked in the development and assessment of training initiatives. Capitalizing on the characteristics of underlying culture can improve performance in some contexts, and degrade performance in others (Helmreich & Merritt, 2001). Importantly, however, culture, whether it is at the organizational or national level, has a pervasive effect and this is recognized and accepted by Turner. To obviate the requirement to potentially exclude trainees following their arrival in Canada, the flight training organization developed an in-country process where prospective applicants would complete part of the knowledge-based syllabus in-country (China) and, on the basis of","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"96 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.892766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.896625
M. Martinussen, B. Handegård
The article by Weissmuller and Damos provides an overview of how validation studies are normally conducted within the field of pilot selection, and it presents statistical approaches to predict pilot performance and a new way to develop selection system processes. A major focus of the article is to suggest new approaches when there is a shortage of pilot applicants. Validation studies are an important part of developing a selection system, and they also form the basis for evidencebased practice. A typical validation study is conducted on a military sample using pass–fail in basic training as a criterion. The validation studies are sometimes also based on a relatively small sample with no correction for statistical artifacts such as range restriction and criterion reliability (Martinussen, 1996). Weissmuller and Damos address several important aspects when conducting a validation study, including the problem with using multiple linear regression (MLR) when the statistical assumptions are violated, such as using a dichotomous criterion instead of a continuous one. This will undoubtedly lead to less precise estimated regression coefficients. We completely agree with Weissmuller and Damos that MLR is not appropriate when the dependent variable is dichotomous. In their review of statistical methods they state that “both MLR and LDA [linear discriminant analysis] assume multivariate normality for the independent variables.” This is a bit imprecise, as MLR assumes no particular distribution for the predictors. The normality assumption in MLR is that for a particular combination of values for the predictors, the dependent variable should follow a normal distribution. So the effect of this assumption is that residuals (or errors) should be normally distributed. The normal distribution assumption is automatically violated if MLR is used as a dichotomous dependent variable, as the errors for a given combination of predictor values only can take on one of two different values. Also, the homoscedasticity and linearity assumption is violated when using MLR on a dichotomous dependent variable. Therefore, violating the assumption of a continuous dependent variable in MLR gives, in reality, a violation of three of the basic MLR assumptions (see, e.g., Cortina, 2002). A critical point in any validation study is the choice of criterion. Ideally, it should be reliable, valid, and relevant to the organization. The use of pass–fail in training has been criticized for being a poor indicator of actual pilot performance, whether this is performance as a fighter pilot or as an airline captain. Sometimes, as indicated in the Weissmuller and Damos review, the pass–fail rate is very skewed, which leads to even bigger problems with documenting the predictive validity of the predictors. The pass–fail criterion could also be contaminated by irrelevant
{"title":"Commentary on the Article by Weissmuller and Damos","authors":"M. Martinussen, B. Handegård","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.896625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.896625","url":null,"abstract":"The article by Weissmuller and Damos provides an overview of how validation studies are normally conducted within the field of pilot selection, and it presents statistical approaches to predict pilot performance and a new way to develop selection system processes. A major focus of the article is to suggest new approaches when there is a shortage of pilot applicants. Validation studies are an important part of developing a selection system, and they also form the basis for evidencebased practice. A typical validation study is conducted on a military sample using pass–fail in basic training as a criterion. The validation studies are sometimes also based on a relatively small sample with no correction for statistical artifacts such as range restriction and criterion reliability (Martinussen, 1996). Weissmuller and Damos address several important aspects when conducting a validation study, including the problem with using multiple linear regression (MLR) when the statistical assumptions are violated, such as using a dichotomous criterion instead of a continuous one. This will undoubtedly lead to less precise estimated regression coefficients. We completely agree with Weissmuller and Damos that MLR is not appropriate when the dependent variable is dichotomous. In their review of statistical methods they state that “both MLR and LDA [linear discriminant analysis] assume multivariate normality for the independent variables.” This is a bit imprecise, as MLR assumes no particular distribution for the predictors. The normality assumption in MLR is that for a particular combination of values for the predictors, the dependent variable should follow a normal distribution. So the effect of this assumption is that residuals (or errors) should be normally distributed. The normal distribution assumption is automatically violated if MLR is used as a dichotomous dependent variable, as the errors for a given combination of predictor values only can take on one of two different values. Also, the homoscedasticity and linearity assumption is violated when using MLR on a dichotomous dependent variable. Therefore, violating the assumption of a continuous dependent variable in MLR gives, in reality, a violation of three of the basic MLR assumptions (see, e.g., Cortina, 2002). A critical point in any validation study is the choice of criterion. Ideally, it should be reliable, valid, and relevant to the organization. The use of pass–fail in training has been criticized for being a poor indicator of actual pilot performance, whether this is performance as a fighter pilot or as an airline captain. Sometimes, as indicated in the Weissmuller and Damos review, the pass–fail rate is very skewed, which leads to even bigger problems with documenting the predictive validity of the predictors. The pass–fail criterion could also be contaminated by irrelevant","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"123 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.896625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.892751
S. Legg, S. Hill, A. Gilbey, A. Raman, Z. Schlader, T. Mündel
Mild hypoxia, typically equivalent to a pressurized aircraft cabin altitude of 2,438 m (8,000 ft), does not generally affect well-learned cognitive, vigilance, and perceptual-motor performance. Learning and novel and complex cognitive tasks involving multiple demands, however, might be impaired. This study evaluated whether complex cognition—as assessed by complex reasoning, multiple memory, and risk judgment—was impaired during mild hypoxia. Using a normobaric single-blind crossover design, 25 healthy nonsmoking male participants breathed normoxic (FiO2 = 0.206) or hypoxic air (FiO2 = 0.143) equivalent to 2,438 m for 2 hr and performed the following tasks at baseline, 30 min, and 90 min: (a) a complex logical reasoning task that assessed accuracy, response time, and a reasoning quality index for easy (nonconflict valid), difficult (nonconflict invalid), fairly difficult (conflict valid), and very difficult (conflict invalid) syllogisms; (b) a multiple memory test that assessed sentence judgment error, working memory span, and prospective memory; and (c) a simple vigilance psychomotor task that assessed the frequency and mean time that a disc was outside a target area and braking reaction time. They also completed a self-perceived risk judgement questionnaire near the end of each exposure. After 90 min, the mean change in working memory span for mild hypoxia (M = 0.9, SD = 4.6) was significantly less than for normoxia (M = 4.4, SD = 7.2). The reasoning quality index for conflict invalid syllogisms for mild hypoxia (M = 0.22, SD = 0.29) was marginally significantly less than for normoxia (M = 0.39, SD = 0.35). The chances of these findings occurring by chance cannot be discounted, but are small. Although this study suggests that mild hypoxia might impair working memory and complex logical reasoning involving difficult conflicts, further studies using more discerning tests of cognition are warranted.
{"title":"Effect of Mild Hypoxia on Working Memory, Complex Logical Reasoning, and Risk Judgment","authors":"S. Legg, S. Hill, A. Gilbey, A. Raman, Z. Schlader, T. Mündel","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.892751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.892751","url":null,"abstract":"Mild hypoxia, typically equivalent to a pressurized aircraft cabin altitude of 2,438 m (8,000 ft), does not generally affect well-learned cognitive, vigilance, and perceptual-motor performance. Learning and novel and complex cognitive tasks involving multiple demands, however, might be impaired. This study evaluated whether complex cognition—as assessed by complex reasoning, multiple memory, and risk judgment—was impaired during mild hypoxia. Using a normobaric single-blind crossover design, 25 healthy nonsmoking male participants breathed normoxic (FiO2 = 0.206) or hypoxic air (FiO2 = 0.143) equivalent to 2,438 m for 2 hr and performed the following tasks at baseline, 30 min, and 90 min: (a) a complex logical reasoning task that assessed accuracy, response time, and a reasoning quality index for easy (nonconflict valid), difficult (nonconflict invalid), fairly difficult (conflict valid), and very difficult (conflict invalid) syllogisms; (b) a multiple memory test that assessed sentence judgment error, working memory span, and prospective memory; and (c) a simple vigilance psychomotor task that assessed the frequency and mean time that a disc was outside a target area and braking reaction time. They also completed a self-perceived risk judgement questionnaire near the end of each exposure. After 90 min, the mean change in working memory span for mild hypoxia (M = 0.9, SD = 4.6) was significantly less than for normoxia (M = 4.4, SD = 7.2). The reasoning quality index for conflict invalid syllogisms for mild hypoxia (M = 0.22, SD = 0.29) was marginally significantly less than for normoxia (M = 0.39, SD = 0.35). The chances of these findings occurring by chance cannot be discounted, but are small. Although this study suggests that mild hypoxia might impair working memory and complex logical reasoning involving difficult conflicts, further studies using more discerning tests of cognition are warranted.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"126 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.892751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59697135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2014.892746
D. Broach
Pilot selection has long been a keystone topic in aviation psychology. Weissmuller and Damos provide a succinct overview of two key issues in designing pilot selection systems: the statistical model on which a given selection system is predicated and the structure of the selection system operationalizing the statistical model. The class or type of statistical model to use in a pilot selection system is often subject to intense debate, at least among the consulting psychologists. The structure of the selection system is equally debatable, especially when economic and pragmatic management concerns are considered. In this commentary, I consider briefly the statistical models and the selection system structure as discussed by Weissmuller and Damos—and venture some questions for future research on pilot selection.
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