Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_3
A Gómez de la Cámara, I Abaitua Borda, M Posada de la Paz
{"title":"Toxicologists versus toxicological disasters: toxic oil syndrome, clinical aspects.","authors":"A Gómez de la Cámara, I Abaitua Borda, M Posada de la Paz","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_5
H H Schurz, R H Hill, R M Philen, M Posada de la Paz, I Abaitua Borda, E M Kilbourne, T Bernert, L L Needham
{"title":"Analytical measurements of products of aniline and triglycerides in oil samples associated with the toxic oil syndrome.","authors":"H H Schurz, R H Hill, R M Philen, M Posada de la Paz, I Abaitua Borda, E M Kilbourne, T Bernert, L L Needham","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_10
R Mason
{"title":"Options for the regulation and control of the environmental impact and human health consequences of chemicals in the European Union.","authors":"R Mason","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_13
D M Pugh
{"title":"The precautionary principle and science-based limits in regulatory toxicology: the human experience, individual protection.","authors":"D M Pugh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applied toxicology: approaches through basic science. Proceedings of the 1996 EUROTOX Congress Meeting. Alicante, Spain, September 22-25, 1996.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20127888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_12
J V Tarazona
The application of scientific concepts to management decisions is a clear need nowadays. The regulation of environmental pollutants requires the application of cost/benefit analysis. Human health and ecosystem status can be seriously affected and, therefore, are essential parts of the cost assessment. Ecotoxicology must provide the scientific basis for the prediction, control, monitoring and diagnosis of the expected/observed effects of chemical substances on the structure and function of ecosystems. The basic problem is to select which levels of risk/alteration can be accepted, taken into account the degree of uncertainty in the assessment. This paper summarizes some biologically based approaches that try to reduce the level of uncertainty and/or to improve the decisions on the basic thresholds: acceptable/unacceptable and safe/dangerous. The presentation will focus on two specific aspects. Starting with prediction related topics, the first aspect will regard on the evolution of Hazard and Risk Assessments and the biological developments that try to improve these evaluations. The discussion will cover ecotoxicological concepts included in the adopted criteria for different regulatory aspects, i.e. setting Water Quality Objectives, classifying potential hazards using the "inherent" toxicity of a substance, or predicting Non Effect Concentration in risk characterization procedures. The second aspect will cover the use of biologically based systems as complementary and even alternative tools in management decisions related to the control, monitoring and diagnosis of the environmental alterations produced by highly toxic chemicals on biological systems.
{"title":"The identification of thresholds of acceptability and danger: the biological route.","authors":"J V Tarazona","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of scientific concepts to management decisions is a clear need nowadays. The regulation of environmental pollutants requires the application of cost/benefit analysis. Human health and ecosystem status can be seriously affected and, therefore, are essential parts of the cost assessment. Ecotoxicology must provide the scientific basis for the prediction, control, monitoring and diagnosis of the expected/observed effects of chemical substances on the structure and function of ecosystems. The basic problem is to select which levels of risk/alteration can be accepted, taken into account the degree of uncertainty in the assessment. This paper summarizes some biologically based approaches that try to reduce the level of uncertainty and/or to improve the decisions on the basic thresholds: acceptable/unacceptable and safe/dangerous. The presentation will focus on two specific aspects. Starting with prediction related topics, the first aspect will regard on the evolution of Hazard and Risk Assessments and the biological developments that try to improve these evaluations. The discussion will cover ecotoxicological concepts included in the adopted criteria for different regulatory aspects, i.e. setting Water Quality Objectives, classifying potential hazards using the \"inherent\" toxicity of a substance, or predicting Non Effect Concentration in risk characterization procedures. The second aspect will cover the use of biologically based systems as complementary and even alternative tools in management decisions related to the control, monitoring and diagnosis of the environmental alterations produced by highly toxic chemicals on biological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_22
W J Pape
In the recent OECD draft proposal for a new guideline on acute dermal photoirritation testing, in vitro screening tests have been included as part of the sequential test strategy. These screening tests were placed directly prior to animal tests proposed. In Europe some in vitro techniques - cell culture and mechanistic tests - are under validation in a joint project of the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) and the European Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Perfumery Association (COLIPA). Two promising cellular in vitro tests are presented and discussed as tool for the screening of photoirritancy. The first one as a general core test performed in each participating laboratory is the 3T3 mouse fibroblast Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity test determining the cell viability by uptake of Neutral Red as end point, whereas the second performed only by three participating laboratories was the the Red Blood Cell phototoxicity test comprising a combination of two end points, the photohaemolysis and the oxyhaemoglobin oxidation. Besides this, other mechanistic tests can be used as additional support. Identification of photoirritation is generally considered to be one area for the successful research and validation of in vitro techniques.
{"title":"Validation of in vitro methods to single out photoirritants using mechanistically based tests.","authors":"W J Pape","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the recent OECD draft proposal for a new guideline on acute dermal photoirritation testing, in vitro screening tests have been included as part of the sequential test strategy. These screening tests were placed directly prior to animal tests proposed. In Europe some in vitro techniques - cell culture and mechanistic tests - are under validation in a joint project of the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) and the European Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Perfumery Association (COLIPA). Two promising cellular in vitro tests are presented and discussed as tool for the screening of photoirritancy. The first one as a general core test performed in each participating laboratory is the 3T3 mouse fibroblast Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity test determining the cell viability by uptake of Neutral Red as end point, whereas the second performed only by three participating laboratories was the the Red Blood Cell phototoxicity test comprising a combination of two end points, the photohaemolysis and the oxyhaemoglobin oxidation. Besides this, other mechanistic tests can be used as additional support. Identification of photoirritation is generally considered to be one area for the successful research and validation of in vitro techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_23
M A Miranda
{"title":"Assessment of the phototoxicity risk of new drugs.","authors":"M A Miranda","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_31
M Lotti
{"title":"The concept and target of promotion of axonopathies.","authors":"M Lotti","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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