Archives of Virology最新文献

Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a major pathogen linked to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and effective therapies and vaccines are lacking. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, may play a role in CVA16 infection and remains underexplored. We analyzed microarray datasets (GSE71673) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) from FerrDb. A Venn diagram revealed 37 ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FR-DEGs), and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were conducted on these genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed seven hub genes, and five hub genes were validated in CVA16-infected U251 cells via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We constructed various interaction networks via the Network Analyst platform, revealing complex relationships between FR-DEGs. This study enhances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking ferroptosis and CVA16 infection, offering insights and therapeutic targets for its prevention and treatment.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) continues to cause major economic losses in poultry globally, especially in resource-limited settings. Although vaccination is the primary control strategy, its effectiveness is often compromised by viral mutations and short-lived immunity. This has prompted growing interest in medicinal plants as alternative or complementary antiviral sources. Several plants, including Pongamia pinnata (karanj), Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Psidium guajava and Azadirachta indica (neem) have shown promising anti-NDV activity. Their bioactive compounds, such as karanjin, quercetin, withanine, eugenol and azadirachtin, can interfere with viral entry, replication, protein synthesis, or enhance host immune responses in in vitro, in ovo, and in silico models. This review consolidates current knowledge on active phytochemicals from various medicinal plants against NDV, highlighting their mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. By bringing together existing evidence, it emphasizes the promise of plant-derived compounds as sustainable, cost-effective antivirals for poultry health management.

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A novel mycovirus, named Diaporthe eres mitovirus Bj (DeMV-Bj) was identified in Diaporthe eres strain DeNY-5, which was isolated from the vascular tissue of tobacco plants exhibiting typical stem rot symptoms in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, China. The complete genome sequence of DeMV-Bj is 2,619 nucleotides (nt) in length with a G + C content of 39.98%, containing a single open reading frame (ORF) with the fungal mitochondrial genetic code which encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 724 amino acids (aa). The 5’-untranslated region (UTR, 261 nt) and 3’-UTR, 184 nt) can form stable stem-loop structures and a potential panhandle structure. The RdRp contains six conserved motifs typical for mitoviruses, including the GDD tripeptide. BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp of this virus shares the highest sequence identity (65.7%) with that of Diaporthe gulyae mitovirus 3. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DeMV-Bj clusters within the genus Duamitovirus of the family Mitoviridae. Based on its genomic organization, protein sequence, and phylogenetic position, this virus is proposed to be a novel species in the genus Duamitovirus. This finding provides new insights into the virome of D. eres and the diversity of Duamitoviruses.

Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children, yet genomic data from Malaysia, particularly Sabah, are limited. This study reports the first whole-genome sequence analysis of two G8P[8] RVA strains (L3 and L14) detected in Sabah. Both strains displayed a DS-1-like genotype constellation and clustered closely with East Asian strains. However, VP6 and VP3 gene segments showed phylogenetic links to strains from Belgium, Cameroon and Brazil, suggesting historical global genetic exchange. These findings highlight the expanding distribution of G8P[8] and the need for continued surveillance to evaluate its epidemiological and vaccine impact.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious zoonotic diseases in humans in Europe and Asia, characterised by central nervous system infections. The risk of TBEV transmission to humans from the milk of infected ruminant animals is the primary source of foodborne TBE infection. Ixodid (Ixodes ricinus) ticks are present in Türkiye. This is the first study investigating foodborne TBEV in raw milk obtained from ruminant animals in Türkiye. Raw milk was collected from 900 ruminant animals in six provinces. It was analysed for viral nucleic acids using real-time reverse transcription PCR (rtRT-PCR). No TBEV RNA was detected.

Influenza is a contagious viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory tract and poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. Clinical presentations vary from mild or asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia. This study investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and seasonal trends of Influenza B virus (IBV) among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Dibrugarh, Assam. From March 2014 to March 2025, a total of 22,670 nasopharyngeal/throat swab specimens were collected at the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh. RNA was extracted and screened for IBV using TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR. Overall, 4.52% (n = 1025) were IBV-positive, with 988 cases of Victoria lineage and 37 cases of Yamagata lineage. Children aged 0–5 years showed the highest prevalence (1.56%), followed by 6–17 years (1.46%), while detection was lowest among individuals > 50 years (0.10%). IBV positivity was slightly higher in males (2.32%) than females (2.19%). Most detection occurred in ILI cases (6.5%) compared with hospitalized SARI cases (1.35%). Common symptoms include fever (n = 773), cough (n = 728) and rhinorrhoea (n = 548). Seasonal peaks were noted during and after the monsoon months (July–October), with surges in 2016, 2019 and 2021, indicating a periodic pattern rather than consistent annual circulation. Importantly, no IBV-related deaths were recorded among SARI cases between 2022 and 2025. These findings highlight age-specific susceptibility, distinct seasonality and characteristic clinical features of IBV in Northeast India, reinforcing the need for continuous surveillance and timely public health measures, especially for young children.

Human Adenovirus F (HAdV-F) is the second leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children below 5 years of age, contributing to about 2–11% of diarrhoea related hospitalization around the world. In post RV vaccine surveillance study in Kolkata, West Bengal revealed 10.8% HAdV-F positivity in children in spite of reduction of rotaviral diarrhoea. Thus, the current study was conducted to unveil the genomic diversity of circulating HAdV-F strains in this region during 2022–2024 in children under 5 years of age. HAdV-F positive samples were further characterized by partial sequencing of hypervariable region (HVR) of hexon and shaft region of long fiber protein. The results were compared to the sequences in NCBI GenBank using BLAST software and further analyzed by sequence alignment and phylogenetic characterization using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Analysis was performed on the aligned nucleotide as well as amino acid sequences for substitutions. The genetic diversity of the circulating type 41 HAdV-F was found to be greater than that of type 40. A mutant variant with a 15 amino acid deletion in the 15th repeat motif region of long fiber tail reported previously from the region was found to be predominant. Children aged 6–12 months were most susceptible to HAdV-F infection. An increase in infection rate was observed with increase in average monthly temperature, humidity and precipitation. The present study highlights enteric adenoviruses as a second most important acute gastroenteritis in children after rotavirus. Genetic characterization of circulating HAdV-F strains fills up the lacunae in data on HAdV-F40/41 from Indian subcontinent.

Viruses are the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth, though only a small portion cause disease. Understanding viral diversity is key to understanding and predicting pathogen emergence and zoonotic spillover. Here, we use meta-transcriptomic sequencing to examine the viral communities in the ileum of 25 Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) from various locations across Texas. We assembled high-quality genomes of 43 viral species (40 species identified to 13 families, one to kingdom, and two to realm), 38 of which were novel. They tentatively represent avian- (n = 3), arthropod- (n = 21), plant- (n = 5) and fungi- (n = 4) associated, or other (n = 10) viruses. The arthropod-associated Dicistroviridae family was the most dominant, comprising known and potentially new species. Of potential epidemiological importance were three novel and avian-associated viruses: members of the families Hepeviridae and Picornaviridae, and a new Matryoshka RNA virus. The Matryoshka RNA virus 8 (MaRNAV-8) is sister to other Matryoshka RNA viruses, and its co-occurrence with haemosporida further supports the nested virus-parasite-vector-vertebrate host relationship of this group of viruses, with potential implications for parasite evolution, fitness and load and vector competence. The Picornaviridae virus is a member of an avian hepatovirus clade, found nested within a clade containing both the mammalian pathogens Hepatovirus A – I and the avian Tremovirus pathogens, suggestive of a newly discovered pathogen of Northern Mockingbird. Although the recovered Hepeviridae virus is of unknown pathology, its family members include the Hepatitis E viruses. With the great diversity and novelty described from ileal viromes, discriminating potential pathogens and commensal microbiota from viruses associated with food items remains challenging. A deeper understanding of virus transmission and the risk of potential zoonosis can be enhanced by tracking viruses through the food web and via inter-specific and predator-prey interactions, particular in areas subject to land-use change, where human-wildlife interactions are increased and the risks from emerging pathogens of veterinary and medical importance are more pronounced.

This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of Tribeč virus (TRBV), a tick-borne orbivirus of zoonotic relevance. The virus was identified in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from a goat using a newly developed RT-PCR assay. Goats grazing in the study area showed seroconversion, with low titre neutralization antibody response. The new isolate, designated 16.C/2016/Dubrava/SVK, was successfully cultured in Vero E6 cells and detected by immunofluorescence. Replication efficiency varied across rodent, human, and bovine cell lines. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that most genome segments shared high sequence identity with other TRBV strains and with Muko virus (MUKV) strains from Japan. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on the VP4 outer capsid protein indicated that the TRBV clade is more closely related to Kemerovo viruses from Russia. Segment 10 showed the highest variability, where strains from Slovakia and Romania formed sister clades with MUKV, and the Ukrainian strains with KEMV. Indication of a reassortment was observed in segment 4, encoding the NS1 tubule-forming protein, which appears to originate from the prototype TRBV isolated in Slovakia during the 1960s. Collectively, these findings highlight the genetic variability of TRBV and support the need for further studies on the ecology, evolution, and diversity of tick-borne orbiviruses.