Pub Date : 2023-02-08DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2023.2169846
O. H. Sayed, Y. Masrahi
Abstract Saudi Arabia diverse landforms include saltmarshes, sand dunes, desert plains, desert pavements, ancient lava fields, and mountains. Climate is influenced by winter Polar and summer Tropical Continental air masses. Tropical Maritime air affects southwestern regions during summer. Climate depends also on location and altitude with hot humid coastal areas, hot dry deserts, hyper-arid desert pavements and lava fields, and temperate mountainous regions. Climate exhibits spatiotemporal patterns reflecting north-south gradients of temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and aridity. Vast latitudinal range and steep altitudinal gradient create temperature variations, affect rainfall seasonality and distribution, and influence dry season duration. Distribution of plant communities and species reflects multitudinous interactions between climate and plant traits, physiology, and chorology. Species exhibiting C3 photosynthesis inhabit cool northern regions and temperate southwestern mountains, species with C4 photosynthesis inhabit hot low-lying regions, and arido-active succulents with crassulacean acid metabolism dominate hyper-arid desert pavements and lava fields. Plant distribution also relates to species chorology with Euro-Siberian, Irano-Turanian, and Mediterranean chorotypes dominating cool northern regions and temperate southwestern mountains, while Saharo-Sindian, Sudano-Zambezian, and Tropical chorotypes dominating hot southern regions. Plant communities and species occurring in different habitats are described in relation to their traits, physiology, and chorology. Nature reserves and phytodiversity hotspots are considered with special reference to endemic, rare, endangered, and invasive species. An environmental perspective is also given in relation to anthropogenic pressures and positive directives of Saudi Vision 2030.
{"title":"Climatology and phytogeography of Saudi Arabia. A review","authors":"O. H. Sayed, Y. Masrahi","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2023.2169846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2023.2169846","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Saudi Arabia diverse landforms include saltmarshes, sand dunes, desert plains, desert pavements, ancient lava fields, and mountains. Climate is influenced by winter Polar and summer Tropical Continental air masses. Tropical Maritime air affects southwestern regions during summer. Climate depends also on location and altitude with hot humid coastal areas, hot dry deserts, hyper-arid desert pavements and lava fields, and temperate mountainous regions. Climate exhibits spatiotemporal patterns reflecting north-south gradients of temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and aridity. Vast latitudinal range and steep altitudinal gradient create temperature variations, affect rainfall seasonality and distribution, and influence dry season duration. Distribution of plant communities and species reflects multitudinous interactions between climate and plant traits, physiology, and chorology. Species exhibiting C3 photosynthesis inhabit cool northern regions and temperate southwestern mountains, species with C4 photosynthesis inhabit hot low-lying regions, and arido-active succulents with crassulacean acid metabolism dominate hyper-arid desert pavements and lava fields. Plant distribution also relates to species chorology with Euro-Siberian, Irano-Turanian, and Mediterranean chorotypes dominating cool northern regions and temperate southwestern mountains, while Saharo-Sindian, Sudano-Zambezian, and Tropical chorotypes dominating hot southern regions. Plant communities and species occurring in different habitats are described in relation to their traits, physiology, and chorology. Nature reserves and phytodiversity hotspots are considered with special reference to endemic, rare, endangered, and invasive species. An environmental perspective is also given in relation to anthropogenic pressures and positive directives of Saudi Vision 2030.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"788 1","pages":"311 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84188050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2023.2165461
Tingna Liu, Yong-zhong Su, Ziru Niu, Fang An
Abstract We determined the effects of attapulgite clay additions to sandy soils on maize yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency to evaluate a new method for enhancing productivity in newly-reclaimed farmlands in the oasis. The 2-year field trial included six treatments: no fertilizer, single fertilizer application (N–P2O5–K2O at 320–240–200 kg·ha−1), and combined applications of different amounts of attapulgite clay and fertilizer (attapulgite powder at 1500, 3000, 6000 kg·ha−1), 20% fertilizer reduction (256–192–160 kg·ha−1) and attapulgite powder at 6000 kg·ha−1. The results showed that maize yield increased by 4.9–14.9% and above-ground biomass increased by 6.1–32.3% with the application of 1500, 3000, and 6000 kg·ha−1 of attapulgite powder compared with the single application of fertilizer. With a combined application of a 20% reduction in fertilizer and 6000 kg·ha−1 attapulgite powder, maize yield increased by another 6.6%. Maize irrigation-water productivity (MIWP) increased by 0.03–0.13 kg·m−3, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), agronomic efficiency (AEN) and partial productivity factor of nitrogen (PFPN) increased by 10.8–54.0, 15.5–49.5, and 4.6–14.8%, respectively, compared with no attapulgite application. The contribution rate of fertilizer to maize yield increment improved by 10.0–30.1% with attapulgite application. The attapulgite clay application increased the field water capacity of sandy soils, nutrient retention in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and reduced nutrient leaching losses to deeper soils, thus improving water-fertilizer use efficiency. In Linze County, the abundant reserves of attapulgite clay may be used as a regular application in sandy farmlands in newly-reclaimed oases for a new promising way to rapidly improve sandy soil structure, enhance water-fertilizer use efficiency, and increase crop yields.
{"title":"Attapulgite application improves maize yield, water, and fertilizer utilization efficiency in newly cultivated sandy farmland in northwestern China","authors":"Tingna Liu, Yong-zhong Su, Ziru Niu, Fang An","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2023.2165461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2023.2165461","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We determined the effects of attapulgite clay additions to sandy soils on maize yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency to evaluate a new method for enhancing productivity in newly-reclaimed farmlands in the oasis. The 2-year field trial included six treatments: no fertilizer, single fertilizer application (N–P2O5–K2O at 320–240–200 kg·ha−1), and combined applications of different amounts of attapulgite clay and fertilizer (attapulgite powder at 1500, 3000, 6000 kg·ha−1), 20% fertilizer reduction (256–192–160 kg·ha−1) and attapulgite powder at 6000 kg·ha−1. The results showed that maize yield increased by 4.9–14.9% and above-ground biomass increased by 6.1–32.3% with the application of 1500, 3000, and 6000 kg·ha−1 of attapulgite powder compared with the single application of fertilizer. With a combined application of a 20% reduction in fertilizer and 6000 kg·ha−1 attapulgite powder, maize yield increased by another 6.6%. Maize irrigation-water productivity (MIWP) increased by 0.03–0.13 kg·m−3, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), agronomic efficiency (AEN) and partial productivity factor of nitrogen (PFPN) increased by 10.8–54.0, 15.5–49.5, and 4.6–14.8%, respectively, compared with no attapulgite application. The contribution rate of fertilizer to maize yield increment improved by 10.0–30.1% with attapulgite application. The attapulgite clay application increased the field water capacity of sandy soils, nutrient retention in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and reduced nutrient leaching losses to deeper soils, thus improving water-fertilizer use efficiency. In Linze County, the abundant reserves of attapulgite clay may be used as a regular application in sandy farmlands in newly-reclaimed oases for a new promising way to rapidly improve sandy soil structure, enhance water-fertilizer use efficiency, and increase crop yields.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"75 1","pages":"408 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76529717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2023.2170837
Mansour Chatrenour, A. Landi, H. Bahrami, Saham Mirzaei
Abstract The spectral behavior of soil will change through degradation, which makes it difficult to retrieve soil properties using previously developed models. This study aims to use linear [including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and ratio soil index (RSI)] and nonlinear [including partial least squares-backpropagation neural network (PLS-BPNN) and partial least squares-random forest (PLS-RF)] models to estimate soil electrical conductivity (EC) and clay content in dust sources. For this purpose, 142 soil samples were collected in Khuzestan province. After laboratory spectroscopic analysis, the area and depth of diagnostic absorption features (AFs) of continuum removed (CR) spectra were calculated. The results revealed that with increasing clay content, the depth of AFs at 1400, 1900, and 2200 nm will increase. Meanwhile, an increase in the soil salinity will increase the depth and area of AFs in 1450 and 1915 nm and decrease the depth and area of AF in 2200 nm. Spectral ranges of 2100–2300 and 1400–1600 nm were identified as the most important portions of the visible and near-infrared spectrum for analyzing clay content and EC, respectively. The RSI method performed poorly in soil salinity and clay content estimation. PLSR and PLS-RF methods overestimated clay content and salinity in low values. The PLS-BPNN model had the best performance for estimating clay content (RPIQ = 4.51) and EC (RPIQ = 4.76). Considering the expected non-linear relationship between soil properties and corresponding spectral reflectance, the results of this study were acceptable.
{"title":"Dust source clay content and salinity estimation using VNIR spectrometry","authors":"Mansour Chatrenour, A. Landi, H. Bahrami, Saham Mirzaei","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2023.2170837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2023.2170837","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The spectral behavior of soil will change through degradation, which makes it difficult to retrieve soil properties using previously developed models. This study aims to use linear [including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and ratio soil index (RSI)] and nonlinear [including partial least squares-backpropagation neural network (PLS-BPNN) and partial least squares-random forest (PLS-RF)] models to estimate soil electrical conductivity (EC) and clay content in dust sources. For this purpose, 142 soil samples were collected in Khuzestan province. After laboratory spectroscopic analysis, the area and depth of diagnostic absorption features (AFs) of continuum removed (CR) spectra were calculated. The results revealed that with increasing clay content, the depth of AFs at 1400, 1900, and 2200 nm will increase. Meanwhile, an increase in the soil salinity will increase the depth and area of AFs in 1450 and 1915 nm and decrease the depth and area of AF in 2200 nm. Spectral ranges of 2100–2300 and 1400–1600 nm were identified as the most important portions of the visible and near-infrared spectrum for analyzing clay content and EC, respectively. The RSI method performed poorly in soil salinity and clay content estimation. PLSR and PLS-RF methods overestimated clay content and salinity in low values. The PLS-BPNN model had the best performance for estimating clay content (RPIQ = 4.51) and EC (RPIQ = 4.76). Considering the expected non-linear relationship between soil properties and corresponding spectral reflectance, the results of this study were acceptable.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"12 1","pages":"369 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82430172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-06DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2161970
Zsuzsanna Ladányi, K. Balog, T. Tóth, G. Barna
Abstract The diminishing number, extent and degradation of soda lakes were reported from the lowland area of the Carpathian Basin in the past two decades due to anthropogenic impact and climate change. This study provides a detailed spatio-temporal assessment of a degrading alkaline sodic lake ecosystem (13.5 ha) in Southeast Hungary. It discusses the results of spatially detailed topsoil and vegetation surveys from 2009 and 2018 to understand the changes among the current natural and anthropogenic conditions to support a future possible ecological water management. Habitat mapping and laboratory measurement of EC2.5, soda and calcium carbonate content from 199 topsoil samples provided the basis for the assessment. In 2009 the degradation of the naturalness was observed according to the vegetation survey, and the topsoil parameters reflected steppification, leaching and desalinization. Between 2009 and 2018 the loss in extent of Puccinellia swards and the spread of salt meadow species along the channel continued due to the changing salt content. According to the 2018 snapshot of the topsoil, higher salt (from 0.7 to 1.3 mS/cm) and soda content (from 0.08 to 0.12%), furthermore decreasing CaCO3 content (from 25.89 to 20.08%) were characteristic, meaning that there was a changing water and salt regime in the lakebed. The past decade was partly favourable in the point that humid years could rehabilitate the natural conditions in certain parts of the lakebed, but they did not prove to be enough to sustain this alkaline sodic lake.
{"title":"Longer-term monitoring of a degrading sodic lake: landscape level impacts of hydrological regime changes and restoration interventions (SE Hungary)","authors":"Zsuzsanna Ladányi, K. Balog, T. Tóth, G. Barna","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2161970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2161970","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The diminishing number, extent and degradation of soda lakes were reported from the lowland area of the Carpathian Basin in the past two decades due to anthropogenic impact and climate change. This study provides a detailed spatio-temporal assessment of a degrading alkaline sodic lake ecosystem (13.5 ha) in Southeast Hungary. It discusses the results of spatially detailed topsoil and vegetation surveys from 2009 and 2018 to understand the changes among the current natural and anthropogenic conditions to support a future possible ecological water management. Habitat mapping and laboratory measurement of EC2.5, soda and calcium carbonate content from 199 topsoil samples provided the basis for the assessment. In 2009 the degradation of the naturalness was observed according to the vegetation survey, and the topsoil parameters reflected steppification, leaching and desalinization. Between 2009 and 2018 the loss in extent of Puccinellia swards and the spread of salt meadow species along the channel continued due to the changing salt content. According to the 2018 snapshot of the topsoil, higher salt (from 0.7 to 1.3 mS/cm) and soda content (from 0.08 to 0.12%), furthermore decreasing CaCO3 content (from 25.89 to 20.08%) were characteristic, meaning that there was a changing water and salt regime in the lakebed. The past decade was partly favourable in the point that humid years could rehabilitate the natural conditions in certain parts of the lakebed, but they did not prove to be enough to sustain this alkaline sodic lake.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"52 1","pages":"389 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79299819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2158960
M. Najafi-Ghiri, E. Bijanzadeh, M. Ghaedi
Abstract Safflower cultivation has been developed in arid regions of Iran in the recent decade. Potassium (K) is an important plant nutrient and its content has been decreased in arid soils due to the intensive agriculture and no K fertilizer application. We tried to monitor K pools distribution and K release in a calcareous soil cultivated with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under normal irrigation and water stress when treated with wheat biochar (WB), cotton biochar (CB), nitrogen + phosphorus (N + P), N + P + WB and N + P + CB. All fertilizer treatments except N + P increased the contents of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and HNO3-extractable K by 81-124, 64-98, 14-28 and 31-50%, respectively. The N + P treatment decreased soluble and non-exchangeable K by 10 and 6%, respectively and increased exchangeable K by 12%. Ten times extraction of control soil with 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.01 M oxalic acid and 1% wood vinegar released 270, 250 and 256 mg K kg−1, respectively and cumulative K release increased with all fertilizer treatments except N + P. The CaCl2 solution extracted more K from soil samples, as compared to the oxalic acid and wood vinegar, and this difference was considerable in the first stages of K extraction. Analysis of Al and Ca release proves that exchange reaction is the main mechanism of K extraction with all solutions. Water stress increased soluble K content by 17%. Cumulative K released from soil samples under normal irrigation and water stress were 404 and 417 mg kg−1, respectively. It is concluded that irrigated agriculture in arid regions may decrease soil available K and use of different biochars improves soil K availability and its K release potential.
近十年来，红花栽培在伊朗干旱地区得到了发展。钾是一种重要的植物养分，由于集约化农业和不施钾肥，干旱土壤中钾的含量下降。在正常灌溉和水分胁迫条件下，采用小麦生物炭(WB)、棉花生物炭(CB)、氮+磷(N + P)、N + P + WB和N + P + CB处理红花钙质土壤，对土壤钾库分布和钾释放进行了监测。除N + P外，其余施肥处理可使可溶性、交换性、非交换性和hno3可萃取性钾含量分别提高81-124、64-98、14-28和31-50%。N + P处理使可溶性钾和非交换性钾分别降低了10%和6%，使交换性钾增加了12%。对照土以0.01 M CaCl2、0.01 M草酸和1%木醋分别抽提10次，释钾量分别为270、250和256 mg K kg - 1，除N + P外，其余施肥处理的累积释钾量均有所增加。与草酸和木醋相比，CaCl2溶液从土壤样品中提取更多的钾，这种差异在提取钾的第一阶段是相当大的。对Al和Ca的释放分析表明，交换反应是各溶液萃取K的主要机理。水分胁迫使可溶性钾含量增加17%。正常灌溉和水分胁迫下土壤样品的累积钾释放量分别为404和417 mg kg−1。综上所述，干旱地区灌溉农业可降低土壤速效钾，不同生物炭的使用可提高土壤速效钾的释放潜力。
{"title":"Soil potassium relations in an arid soil treated with biochar and chemical fertilizers after cultivation with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water stress","authors":"M. Najafi-Ghiri, E. Bijanzadeh, M. Ghaedi","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2158960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2158960","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Safflower cultivation has been developed in arid regions of Iran in the recent decade. Potassium (K) is an important plant nutrient and its content has been decreased in arid soils due to the intensive agriculture and no K fertilizer application. We tried to monitor K pools distribution and K release in a calcareous soil cultivated with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under normal irrigation and water stress when treated with wheat biochar (WB), cotton biochar (CB), nitrogen + phosphorus (N + P), N + P + WB and N + P + CB. All fertilizer treatments except N + P increased the contents of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and HNO3-extractable K by 81-124, 64-98, 14-28 and 31-50%, respectively. The N + P treatment decreased soluble and non-exchangeable K by 10 and 6%, respectively and increased exchangeable K by 12%. Ten times extraction of control soil with 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.01 M oxalic acid and 1% wood vinegar released 270, 250 and 256 mg K kg−1, respectively and cumulative K release increased with all fertilizer treatments except N + P. The CaCl2 solution extracted more K from soil samples, as compared to the oxalic acid and wood vinegar, and this difference was considerable in the first stages of K extraction. Analysis of Al and Ca release proves that exchange reaction is the main mechanism of K extraction with all solutions. Water stress increased soluble K content by 17%. Cumulative K released from soil samples under normal irrigation and water stress were 404 and 417 mg kg−1, respectively. It is concluded that irrigated agriculture in arid regions may decrease soil available K and use of different biochars improves soil K availability and its K release potential.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"3 1","pages":"427 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84679787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2145249
Cheng-lin Zhu, Xiao-ying Zhao, C. Baskin, Peng Cheng
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of appendages on the maintenance of viability and germination of the diaspores of the three shrubs Calligonum junceum (Fisch. et Mey.) Litv., Atraphaxis pungens (Bieb.) Jaub. et Spach. and Reaumuria soongarica (Pall.) Maxim. that have high potential for restoration of degraded temperate arid regions. It has been hypothesized that appendages on diaspores of A. pungens, C. junceum, and R. soongarica help maintain seed viability during dry storage at room temperatures and during moist storage in soil outdoors, but they inhibit seed germination. Fresh diaspores of each species were tested for germination; and diaspores with and without appendages were stored in moist soil outdoors in Xinjiang Province of northwest China; and dry diaspores at room condition for 4 months. Viability and percentage of diaspores with and without appendages that germinated during burial were determined. After burial or dry storage, diaspores with and without appendages were tested for germination. Regardless of storage condition, appendages had no effect on diaspore viability of C. junceum and A. pungens but significantly reduced mortality of R. soongarica diaspores by 50%. During burial outdoors, appendages inhibited germination of C. junceum diaspores but not of A. pungens; no diaspores of R. soongarica germinated. After burial, appendages inhibited germination of A. pungens diaspores but had no effect on C. junceum. Appendages had no effect on germination of R. soongarica diaspores after storage in both locations. To use these three species for revegetation, it is recommended that appendages should be removed from diaspores of C. junceum and A. pungens before storage and sowing, but appendages should be retained on seeds of R. soongarica.
{"title":"Effect of appendages on maintenance of viability and germination of diaspores of the shrubs Calligonum junceum, Atraphaxis pungens, and Reaumuria soongarica","authors":"Cheng-lin Zhu, Xiao-ying Zhao, C. Baskin, Peng Cheng","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2145249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2145249","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of appendages on the maintenance of viability and germination of the diaspores of the three shrubs Calligonum junceum (Fisch. et Mey.) Litv., Atraphaxis pungens (Bieb.) Jaub. et Spach. and Reaumuria soongarica (Pall.) Maxim. that have high potential for restoration of degraded temperate arid regions. It has been hypothesized that appendages on diaspores of A. pungens, C. junceum, and R. soongarica help maintain seed viability during dry storage at room temperatures and during moist storage in soil outdoors, but they inhibit seed germination. Fresh diaspores of each species were tested for germination; and diaspores with and without appendages were stored in moist soil outdoors in Xinjiang Province of northwest China; and dry diaspores at room condition for 4 months. Viability and percentage of diaspores with and without appendages that germinated during burial were determined. After burial or dry storage, diaspores with and without appendages were tested for germination. Regardless of storage condition, appendages had no effect on diaspore viability of C. junceum and A. pungens but significantly reduced mortality of R. soongarica diaspores by 50%. During burial outdoors, appendages inhibited germination of C. junceum diaspores but not of A. pungens; no diaspores of R. soongarica germinated. After burial, appendages inhibited germination of A. pungens diaspores but had no effect on C. junceum. Appendages had no effect on germination of R. soongarica diaspores after storage in both locations. To use these three species for revegetation, it is recommended that appendages should be removed from diaspores of C. junceum and A. pungens before storage and sowing, but appendages should be retained on seeds of R. soongarica.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"112 1","pages":"447 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87646692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2138632
Iqra Parvez, Iftikhar Ahmad, M. Hameed, M. S. Ahmad
Abstract Cyperus niveus Retz., also known as snow white sedge grows in dry mountainous regions of Himalayas. Eight populations of C. niveus were collected from different locations in the Salt Range (Punjab) and Kaghan Valley (Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa) to evaluate role of plasticity in adaptability potential through modification in anatomical traits. This species developed xeric anatomical modifications in roots at higher elevations. These were thick endodermis, formation of sclerenchymatous cells outside endodermis, numerous metaxylem vessels, and increased area of central vessel in roots. Roots were more developed in the Kaghan (K) population, showing the largest root radius (774.7 µm), sclerenchymatous cell area (1429.1 µm2), cortical thickness (147.1 µm), and endodermal cell area (7701.4 µm). Stomatal density (21.7 per mm2) was also the highest in the K population. Formation of aerenchymatous cavities, numerous large vascular bundles with wide metaxylem vessels, and large phloem tissue in stems were the prominent features in the K population at the highest elevation (2078 m a.s.l.). All C. niveus populations showed sclerification around and outside of the vascular bundles, larger adaxial epidermal cell area as compared to abaxial epidermal cells, hypostomatal leaves, and increased storage parenchyma in leaves.
{"title":"Plasticity in anatomical traits of Cyperus niveus Retz. along elevational gradient of dry sub-Himalayan mountains","authors":"Iqra Parvez, Iftikhar Ahmad, M. Hameed, M. S. Ahmad","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2138632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2138632","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cyperus niveus Retz., also known as snow white sedge grows in dry mountainous regions of Himalayas. Eight populations of C. niveus were collected from different locations in the Salt Range (Punjab) and Kaghan Valley (Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa) to evaluate role of plasticity in adaptability potential through modification in anatomical traits. This species developed xeric anatomical modifications in roots at higher elevations. These were thick endodermis, formation of sclerenchymatous cells outside endodermis, numerous metaxylem vessels, and increased area of central vessel in roots. Roots were more developed in the Kaghan (K) population, showing the largest root radius (774.7 µm), sclerenchymatous cell area (1429.1 µm2), cortical thickness (147.1 µm), and endodermal cell area (7701.4 µm). Stomatal density (21.7 per mm2) was also the highest in the K population. Formation of aerenchymatous cavities, numerous large vascular bundles with wide metaxylem vessels, and large phloem tissue in stems were the prominent features in the K population at the highest elevation (2078 m a.s.l.). All C. niveus populations showed sclerification around and outside of the vascular bundles, larger adaxial epidermal cell area as compared to abaxial epidermal cells, hypostomatal leaves, and increased storage parenchyma in leaves.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"s3-45 1","pages":"197 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90837367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2138633
Jihed Gharred, O. Talbi, Derbali Imed, M. Badri, Hanana Mohsen, Debez Ahmed, A. Chedly, Koyro Hans-Werner, I. Slama
Abstract This study assessed to which extent seed priming with ascorbic acid (0.2 mM) may improve Medicago polymorpha L. performance under water shortage induced by irrigation with either 50 mM NaCl or 100 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG). Parameters related to plant morphology, CO2/H2O leaf gas exchanges, osmotic adjustment, pigment content, and proline accumulation were specifically determined. Both NaCl and PEG solutions induced osmotic stress and reduced plant biomass (−30% and −40%, respectively), number of leaves and ramifications, stem length, net CO2 assimilation (−31% and 63%, respectively), and leaf water content. However, both treatments and especially PEG led to increased root/shoot ratios and leaf proline content. Interestingly, seed priming using ascorbic acid improved CO2/H2O gas exchange and plant biomass production (+66%, +100%, and +92% in control, NaCl-, and PEG-treated plants, respectively). It also improved the water relations as reflected by the decrease of leaf osmotic potential and higher leaf proline accumulation (+67% and +120% in PEG- and NaCl-treated plants, respectively) and water content (especially under PEG treatment). Besides, seed priming with ascorbic acid increased leaf carotenoid and chlorophyll contents (+65 and +45%, respectively, for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b), thereby contributing to the better photosynthetic activity, and hence plant performance under salinity. We conclude that seed priming with ascorbic acid is an easy, cost-effective and promising approach to mitigate the impact of osmotic stresses like drought and salinity, by especially improving plant water relations and photosynthetic activity.
{"title":"Seed priming with ascorbic acid improves response of Medicago polymorpha L. seedlings to osmotic stress induced by NaCl and PEG solutions","authors":"Jihed Gharred, O. Talbi, Derbali Imed, M. Badri, Hanana Mohsen, Debez Ahmed, A. Chedly, Koyro Hans-Werner, I. Slama","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2138633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2138633","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study assessed to which extent seed priming with ascorbic acid (0.2 mM) may improve Medicago polymorpha L. performance under water shortage induced by irrigation with either 50 mM NaCl or 100 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG). Parameters related to plant morphology, CO2/H2O leaf gas exchanges, osmotic adjustment, pigment content, and proline accumulation were specifically determined. Both NaCl and PEG solutions induced osmotic stress and reduced plant biomass (−30% and −40%, respectively), number of leaves and ramifications, stem length, net CO2 assimilation (−31% and 63%, respectively), and leaf water content. However, both treatments and especially PEG led to increased root/shoot ratios and leaf proline content. Interestingly, seed priming using ascorbic acid improved CO2/H2O gas exchange and plant biomass production (+66%, +100%, and +92% in control, NaCl-, and PEG-treated plants, respectively). It also improved the water relations as reflected by the decrease of leaf osmotic potential and higher leaf proline accumulation (+67% and +120% in PEG- and NaCl-treated plants, respectively) and water content (especially under PEG treatment). Besides, seed priming with ascorbic acid increased leaf carotenoid and chlorophyll contents (+65 and +45%, respectively, for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b), thereby contributing to the better photosynthetic activity, and hence plant performance under salinity. We conclude that seed priming with ascorbic acid is an easy, cost-effective and promising approach to mitigate the impact of osmotic stresses like drought and salinity, by especially improving plant water relations and photosynthetic activity.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"303 1","pages":"247 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83675502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2132547
Muhammad Waqas Mazhar, M. Ishtiaq, M. Maqbool, Raheel Akram
Abstract The mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in arid lands experiences yield losses due to the non-availability of water at pod filling and flowering stages which may be moderated by seed priming use of nanomaterials. The present study was based on the hypothesis that seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO_NPs) can moderate the adverse effects of aridity on mung bean plants by improving crop performance in terms of growth, antioxidant defence, and yield. The hypothesis was tested in field trials in a split plot factorial design. The seed priming with 75 ppm ZnO_NPs improved the growth of water-stressed mung bean plants in terms of shoot length, root length, number of leaves, number of vegetative branches per plant, and number of reproductive branches per plant by 32%, 24%, 43%, 39%, and 30% respectively compared to control. Furthermore, the seed priming with 75 ppm ZnO_NPs caused the accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, total soluble sugars, and total soluble protein by 18%, 14%, and 81% respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were depressed significantly and antioxidant defence functioning was improved by seed priming treatments with ZnO_NPs. The yield profile of water-stressed plants improved significantly in terms of pod length, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 37%, 50%, 39%, 16%, 9%, and 6% respectively. The yield and production of mung bean plants can be improved through seed priming with ZnO_NPs when grown in arid lands.
{"title":"Seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles improves growth, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant defence and yield quality of water-stressed mung bean plants","authors":"Muhammad Waqas Mazhar, M. Ishtiaq, M. Maqbool, Raheel Akram","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2132547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2132547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in arid lands experiences yield losses due to the non-availability of water at pod filling and flowering stages which may be moderated by seed priming use of nanomaterials. The present study was based on the hypothesis that seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO_NPs) can moderate the adverse effects of aridity on mung bean plants by improving crop performance in terms of growth, antioxidant defence, and yield. The hypothesis was tested in field trials in a split plot factorial design. The seed priming with 75 ppm ZnO_NPs improved the growth of water-stressed mung bean plants in terms of shoot length, root length, number of leaves, number of vegetative branches per plant, and number of reproductive branches per plant by 32%, 24%, 43%, 39%, and 30% respectively compared to control. Furthermore, the seed priming with 75 ppm ZnO_NPs caused the accumulation of osmolytes such as proline, total soluble sugars, and total soluble protein by 18%, 14%, and 81% respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were depressed significantly and antioxidant defence functioning was improved by seed priming treatments with ZnO_NPs. The yield profile of water-stressed plants improved significantly in terms of pod length, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 37%, 50%, 39%, 16%, 9%, and 6% respectively. The yield and production of mung bean plants can be improved through seed priming with ZnO_NPs when grown in arid lands.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"59 1","pages":"222 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76148442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/15324982.2022.2130114
Xuejun Dong, Gong-neng Feng, S. Sieckenius, D. Leskovar
Abstract Mustard cover crops can provide multiple soil health benefits but may adversely affect cash crops by depleting soil water. This was tested in a center-pivot irrigated corn cropping system in southwest Texas from 2018 to 2020. Changes in biomass growth of both the cover crops and corn, and soil water content in the root zone were monitored multiple times during the main growth periods of the crops. Upon termination, biomass production of cover crops averaged 4271 kg/ha, with equivalent nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the soil of 92 kg/ha and 12 kg/ha, respectively. Over 2 years, water use during the main growth period of the mustard cover crops and the fallow area averaged at 1.4 mm/day and 1.1 mm/day, respectively, and water use of corn following the mustard and fallow averaged at 4.0 mm/day and 3.7 mm/day, respectively, although the differences were only marginally significant. Our data suggest that water use of cover crops was affected by their growth patterns. The mustard cover crops depleted soil water in a dry year (2019–2020), but to a less extent in a wet year (2018–2019). In either year, however, corn yield was not reduced in association with cover crop use, although the improved shoot biomass growth in corn associated with mustard cover crops was observed in the wet year but not in the dry year. Mustard cover crops tended to reduce deep drainage during the corn seasons, which has implications in preventing the leaching loss of nitrogen in the crop root zone.
{"title":"Effect of mustard cover crops on corn growth, yield and soil water storage in southwest Texas","authors":"Xuejun Dong, Gong-neng Feng, S. Sieckenius, D. Leskovar","doi":"10.1080/15324982.2022.2130114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2022.2130114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mustard cover crops can provide multiple soil health benefits but may adversely affect cash crops by depleting soil water. This was tested in a center-pivot irrigated corn cropping system in southwest Texas from 2018 to 2020. Changes in biomass growth of both the cover crops and corn, and soil water content in the root zone were monitored multiple times during the main growth periods of the crops. Upon termination, biomass production of cover crops averaged 4271 kg/ha, with equivalent nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the soil of 92 kg/ha and 12 kg/ha, respectively. Over 2 years, water use during the main growth period of the mustard cover crops and the fallow area averaged at 1.4 mm/day and 1.1 mm/day, respectively, and water use of corn following the mustard and fallow averaged at 4.0 mm/day and 3.7 mm/day, respectively, although the differences were only marginally significant. Our data suggest that water use of cover crops was affected by their growth patterns. The mustard cover crops depleted soil water in a dry year (2019–2020), but to a less extent in a wet year (2018–2019). In either year, however, corn yield was not reduced in association with cover crop use, although the improved shoot biomass growth in corn associated with mustard cover crops was observed in the wet year but not in the dry year. Mustard cover crops tended to reduce deep drainage during the corn seasons, which has implications in preventing the leaching loss of nitrogen in the crop root zone.","PeriodicalId":8380,"journal":{"name":"Arid Land Research and Management","volume":"59 1","pages":"265 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84339376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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