Illegal dumping is a serious problem that needs to be addressed immediately to preserve human health and the environment as if the pollution that arises from it reaches the groundwater, complications of the remediation processes will increase. To decontaminate the organic and inorganic components, bioremediation seems to be the most environmentally friendly and economically viable technique without further treatment as reported by many studies. In this investigation, samples were taken from the soil of the main dumping area in Koysinjaq in Kurdistan Region of Iraq to determine the most potent bacteria to remediate the existed pollutants. The existence of non-essential minerals and organic compounds in the soil sample was detected using X-ray fluorescence device, and ethane and 1,2-dichloroethane solvents separating technique, respectively. Then, from the same samples, three different naturally occurring bacteria were isolated and cultured under optimized conditions then stimulated for a good result. Finally, spectrophotometer was set at wavelength of 600 nm and used to detect the heaviest growth of bacteria after incubating the cultured bacteria on a mineral salt broth medium with the extracted pollutants at pH 7.0 overnight at 32°C. Based on the highest absorbance, the most effective type of bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae) was chosen among others to remediate the organic components in which approximately 90% of them are plastics, medical waste, municipal waste, electrical items, and hydrocarbons, and some heavy metals, for instance aluminum and lead, which were found in the soil.
{"title":"Bioremediation Ability of the Local Isolate Enterobacter cloacae from Disposal Site","authors":"H. A. Muhammad, H. Subhi, Khalid N. Sediq","doi":"10.14500/aro.10948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10948","url":null,"abstract":"Illegal dumping is a serious problem that needs to be addressed immediately to preserve human health and the environment as if the pollution that arises from it reaches the groundwater, complications of the remediation processes will increase. To decontaminate the organic and inorganic components, bioremediation seems to be the most environmentally friendly and economically viable technique without further treatment as reported by many studies. In this investigation, samples were taken from the soil of the main dumping area in Koysinjaq in Kurdistan Region of Iraq to determine the most potent bacteria to remediate the existed pollutants. The existence of non-essential minerals and organic compounds in the soil sample was detected using X-ray fluorescence device, and ethane and 1,2-dichloroethane solvents separating technique, respectively. Then, from the same samples, three different naturally occurring bacteria were isolated and cultured under optimized conditions then stimulated for a good result. Finally, spectrophotometer was set at wavelength of 600 nm and used to detect the heaviest growth of bacteria after incubating the cultured bacteria on a mineral salt broth medium with the extracted pollutants at pH 7.0 overnight at 32°C. Based on the highest absorbance, the most effective type of bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae) was chosen among others to remediate the organic components in which approximately 90% of them are plastics, medical waste, municipal waste, electrical items, and hydrocarbons, and some heavy metals, for instance aluminum and lead, which were found in the soil.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75357163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bekhme Formation forms almost the bulk of the Shakrook anticline, especially the limbs. The current research deals with studying the exposed beds within the Bekhme Formation at the Shakrook anticline to check the suitability of the exposed rocks at the northeastern limb of the anticline for the cement industry. Twenty rock samples from a section which lies along a deeply cut valley that crosses the northeastern limb of the Shakrook anticline within the Bekhme Formation were collected. The channel sampling method was applied; therefore, each sample represents the concerned sampling interval and to be representative for the thickness of the sampled interval. The total thickness of the sampled section is 110 m with a covered interval of 15 m, totaling to 125 m. The collected 20 samples were prepared at the laboratory of the Koya University and were subjected to XRF test at the Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, to indicate the concentration of the main oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, and SO3), and Cl and L.O.I. The indicated concentrations at each sample, from both universities, were compared and were found to be almost coinciding. The average concentrations at each sample were changed to weighted averages and the results were compared with the Iraqi standards for cement industry. The results revealed that the sampled rocks are excellent for cement production.
{"title":"Suitability of the Carbonate Rocks of the Bekhme Formation Exposed in Shakrook Anticline, Iraqi Kurdistan region, for Cement Industry","authors":"Mohammed J. Hamwandy, R. K. Ibrahim, V. Sissakian","doi":"10.14500/aro.10907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10907","url":null,"abstract":"The Bekhme Formation forms almost the bulk of the Shakrook anticline, especially the limbs. The current research deals with studying the exposed beds within the Bekhme Formation at the Shakrook anticline to check the suitability of the exposed rocks at the northeastern limb of the anticline for the cement industry. Twenty rock samples from a section which lies along a deeply cut valley that crosses the northeastern limb of the Shakrook anticline within the Bekhme Formation were collected. The channel sampling method was applied; therefore, each sample represents the concerned sampling interval and to be representative for the thickness of the sampled interval. The total thickness of the sampled section is 110 m with a covered interval of 15 m, totaling to 125 m. The collected 20 samples were prepared at the laboratory of the Koya University and were subjected to XRF test at the Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, to indicate the concentration of the main oxides (CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, and SO3), and Cl and L.O.I. The indicated concentrations at each sample, from both universities, were compared and were found to be almost coinciding. The average concentrations at each sample were changed to weighted averages and the results were compared with the Iraqi standards for cement industry. The results revealed that the sampled rocks are excellent for cement production.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85782081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of many editing programs based on artificial intelligence techniques has contributed to the emergence of deepfake technology. Deepfakes are committed to fabricating and falsifying facts by making a person do actions or say words that he never did or said. So that developing an algorithm for deepfakes detection is very important to discriminate real from fake media. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are among the most complex classifiers, but choosing the nature of the data fed to these networks is extremely important. For this reason, we capture fine texture details of input data frames using 16 Gabor filters indifferent directions and then feed them to a binary CNN classifier instead of using the red-green-blue color information. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a deeper view of (1) enhancing the efficiency of distinguishing fake facial images from real facial images by developing a novel model based on deep learning and Gabor filters and (2) how deep learning (CNN) if combined with forensic tools (Gabor filters) contributed to the detection of deepfakes. Our experiment shows that the training accuracy reaches about 98.06% and 97.50% validation. Likened to the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model has higher efficiency.
{"title":"Detecting Deepfakes with Deep Learning and Gabor Filters","authors":"Wildan J. Jameel, S. Kadhem, A. Abbas","doi":"10.14500/aro.10917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10917","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of many editing programs based on artificial intelligence techniques has contributed to the emergence of deepfake technology. Deepfakes are committed to fabricating and falsifying facts by making a person do actions or say words that he never did or said. So that developing an algorithm for deepfakes detection is very important to discriminate real from fake media. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are among the most complex classifiers, but choosing the nature of the data fed to these networks is extremely important. For this reason, we capture fine texture details of input data frames using 16 Gabor filters indifferent directions and then feed them to a binary CNN classifier instead of using the red-green-blue color information. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a deeper view of (1) enhancing the efficiency of distinguishing fake facial images from real facial images by developing a novel model based on deep learning and Gabor filters and (2) how deep learning (CNN) if combined with forensic tools (Gabor filters) contributed to the detection of deepfakes. Our experiment shows that the training accuracy reaches about 98.06% and 97.50% validation. Likened to the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model has higher efficiency.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80215957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research presents a new biocomposite adsorbents using response surface methodology (RSM) to find the best conditions for highest adsorption of Brilliant Blue G250 (BBG) from aqueous solution by Amberlite XAD-4/Agaricus campestris. The most effective parameters are determined by Plackett–Burman design (PBD) with specific ranges initial dye concentration (5–150 mg.L-1), temperature (20–50°C), contact time (5–100 min), pH (3–11), shaking speed (150–300 rpm), sample volume (5–75 mL), and adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.6 g). Then, in the second step, the optimum condition of effective factors is predicted using steepest ascent design. Finally, optimal medium conditions of effective parameters with central composite design are located. According to RSM, the best adsorbent amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, and sample volume for maximum removal% of BBG (96.72%) are 0.38 g, 60.78 min, 107.13 mg.L-1, and 28.6 mL, respectively. The adsorption of brilliant blue is approved by scanning electron microscopy. Under optimum conditions, it is concluded that XAD4/A. campestr is biocomposite is a suitable adsorbent for removing BBG from aqueous solution.
{"title":"Application of Experimental Design Methodology for Adsorption of Brilliant Blue onto Amberlite XAD-4/Agaricus campestris as a New Biocomposite Adsorbent","authors":"Ahmed A. Ahmed, V. Yönten","doi":"10.14500/aro.10903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10903","url":null,"abstract":"This research presents a new biocomposite adsorbents using response surface methodology (RSM) to find the best conditions for highest adsorption of Brilliant Blue G250 (BBG) from aqueous solution by Amberlite XAD-4/Agaricus campestris. The most effective parameters are determined by Plackett–Burman design (PBD) with specific ranges initial dye concentration (5–150 mg.L-1), temperature (20–50°C), contact time (5–100 min), pH (3–11), shaking speed (150–300 rpm), sample volume (5–75 mL), and adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.6 g). Then, in the second step, the optimum condition of effective factors is predicted using steepest ascent design. Finally, optimal medium conditions of effective parameters with central composite design are located. According to RSM, the best adsorbent amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, and sample volume for maximum removal% of BBG (96.72%) are 0.38 g, 60.78 min, 107.13 mg.L-1, and 28.6 mL, respectively. The adsorption of brilliant blue is approved by scanning electron microscopy. Under optimum conditions, it is concluded that XAD4/A. campestr is biocomposite is a suitable adsorbent for removing BBG from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84262217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to simulate the behavior of remolded cement treated poorly graded sand in term of shear and interface strength using the direct shear test. Different percentages of cement up to 15% by weight are added to the soil samples. Compacted cement treated soil samples are prepared at the optimum moisture content and left for 28 days in the humidity room then distributed to use them for the remolding samples preparation. The shear strength parameters for both cases soil to soil interface and concrete to soil interface are predicted, where the results show that the interface strength parameters are higher than the shear strength parameters of the remolded soil samples. The increase in cement percent increases the cohesion (C) of the treated soil, whereas the interface cohesion (Cint.) has a maximum value at 10% of added cement, and the maximum percent between cohesion (Cint.) and soil cohesion (C) is of 76.2% at 0% added cement. Moreover, the results show an increase in the interface angle of friction (δ) and a decrease in the angle of friction (φ) as the percent of cement increases. The maximum percent between interface angle (δ) and angle of friction (φ) is 63.5% at 15% of the added cement. The hardened cement in the remolded case adheres to sand grains and works as soil grains with different sizes that lead to changes in the shear properties of the soil.
{"title":"Cement Percent Effect on the Shear and Interface Strength of Remolded Cement Treated Sand","authors":"Zahraa N. Rashied","doi":"10.14500/aro.10805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10805","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to simulate the behavior of remolded cement treated poorly graded sand in term of shear and interface strength using the direct shear test. Different percentages of cement up to 15% by weight are added to the soil samples. Compacted cement treated soil samples are prepared at the optimum moisture content and left for 28 days in the humidity room then distributed to use them for the remolding samples preparation. The shear strength parameters for both cases soil to soil interface and concrete to soil interface are predicted, where the results show that the interface strength parameters are higher than the shear strength parameters of the remolded soil samples. The increase in cement percent increases the cohesion (C) of the treated soil, whereas the interface cohesion (Cint.) has a maximum value at 10% of added cement, and the maximum percent between cohesion (Cint.) and soil cohesion (C) is of 76.2% at 0% added cement. Moreover, the results show an increase in the interface angle of friction (δ) and a decrease in the angle of friction (φ) as the percent of cement increases. The maximum percent between interface angle (δ) and angle of friction (φ) is 63.5% at 15% of the added cement. The hardened cement in the remolded case adheres to sand grains and works as soil grains with different sizes that lead to changes in the shear properties of the soil.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85306181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clays are fine particle materials that harden after drying. The difference in their structure is the key to their efficacy and their subsequent application. The current study aims to evaluate the wound healing property of four countries (C1:Iraq, C2:Turkey, C3:Azerbaijan and C4:Russia) clay samples by excision model using Sprague dawley rats also the chemical analysis of the samples was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods. Results revealed that the best wound healing activities were given by C1, C3, C4 and C2 respectively with healing percentages (76%, 71%, 62%, and 60%), respectively. XRD results revealed the presence of Calcium carbonate and CalciumMagnesium carbonate in C1, Dolomite and Calcium-Magnesium carbonate in C2, Cobalt Tantalum Sulfide in C3, Finally Quartz and Silicon Oxide in C4. On the other hand, XRF analysis showed the appearance of different major and trace elements with different quantities in each clay type. We conclude that different countries clays enclose wound healing property with diverse ranges and this diversity is due to their chemical and mineral structures.
{"title":"Wound Healing Properties and Structural Analysis of Four Geographical Areas’ Natural Clays","authors":"Zahra A. Amin","doi":"10.14500/aro.10889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10889","url":null,"abstract":"Clays are fine particle materials that harden after drying. The difference in their structure is the key to their efficacy and their subsequent application. The current study aims to evaluate the wound healing property of four countries (C1:Iraq, C2:Turkey, C3:Azerbaijan and C4:Russia) clay samples by excision model using Sprague dawley rats also the chemical analysis of the samples was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods. Results revealed that the best wound healing activities were given by C1, C3, C4 and C2 respectively with healing percentages (76%, 71%, 62%, and 60%), respectively. XRD results revealed the presence of Calcium carbonate and CalciumMagnesium carbonate in C1, Dolomite and Calcium-Magnesium carbonate in C2, Cobalt Tantalum Sulfide in C3, Finally Quartz and Silicon Oxide in C4. On the other hand, XRF analysis showed the appearance of different major and trace elements with different quantities in each clay type. We conclude that different countries clays enclose wound healing property with diverse ranges and this diversity is due to their chemical and mineral structures.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90286498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geometrical contacts of a double mesa structure with 16 rows ×15 columns arrays of top emitting GaAs based 980 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are fabricated and characterized. In this paper, 5 strained In0.22Ga0.78As/Ga0.9AsP0.1 quantum wells (QWs) within λ/2 thick cavity have been employed. The top and the bottom epitaxially grown mirrors are based on the linear graded Al0.9Ga0.1As/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with 20.5 and 37 periods, respectively. Static parameters including threshold currents, rollover currents, maximum optical output power and wall-plug efficiency are extracted from light out power-current-voltage (LIV) of VCSELs with fixed oxide aperture diameter of ∅~ 6 μm and various mesa2 diameters. In addition, spectral emission for 980 nm VCSELs of oxide aperture between ∅~ 6 and 19 μm and with fixed ∅~ 6 μm and different bias currents are analyzed. The highest optical output power of around 33 dBm is observed at bias current of 0.8 mA for short−reach optical interconnect applications.
{"title":"Contact Geometrical Study for Top Emitting 980 nm InGaAs/GaAsP Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers","authors":"F. Chaqmaqchee","doi":"10.14500/aro.10845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10845","url":null,"abstract":"Geometrical contacts of a double mesa structure with 16 rows ×15 columns arrays of top emitting GaAs based 980 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are fabricated and characterized. In this paper, 5 strained In0.22Ga0.78As/Ga0.9AsP0.1 quantum wells (QWs) within λ/2 thick cavity have been employed. The top and the bottom epitaxially grown mirrors are based on the linear graded Al0.9Ga0.1As/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with 20.5 and 37 periods, respectively. Static parameters including threshold currents, rollover currents, maximum optical output power and wall-plug efficiency are extracted from light out power-current-voltage (LIV) of VCSELs with fixed oxide aperture diameter of ∅~ 6 μm and various mesa2 diameters. In addition, spectral emission for 980 nm VCSELs of oxide aperture between ∅~ 6 and 19 μm and with fixed ∅~ 6 μm and different bias currents are analyzed. The highest optical output power of around 33 dBm is observed at bias current of 0.8 mA for short−reach optical interconnect applications.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88887560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, The boundaries of the Koya catchment area have been delineated, and valley paths in the region were drawn by using the Water Modeling System (WMS) software, Analysis of the morphometric information indicated that the morphometric characteristics of watersheds contribute to the floods. The average surface runoff depth depends on the curve number values that are determined based on the types of soil cover and soil class according to Harmonized World Soil Database HWSD software that indicates the soil class in the study area are Group B silt loam, The results obtained also show that the potential for surface runoff varies with land use and soil characteristics. Also, the value of the curve number (CN) was determined to be 71. The hydrological modeling was performed by the HEC-HMS program that simulates the process of rainfall to runoff using the SCS curve number model. A flood hydrograph was constructed at the catchment area outlet and the floodplain delineation was verified by the HEC-RAS software. The results indicated that the 100-year return period flood could Reach critical areas such as the urban area, agricultural area, residential areas. the results of this study indicate that there are suitable sites in the catchment areas for constructing small dams and ponds for water harvesting.
{"title":"Flood Modeling on Koya Catchment Area Using Hyfran, Web Map Service, and HEC-RAS Software","authors":"A. Dawood, Dana K. Mawlood, N. Al‐Ansari","doi":"10.14500/aro.10824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10824","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, The boundaries of the Koya catchment area have been delineated, and valley paths in the region were drawn by using the Water Modeling System (WMS) software, Analysis of the morphometric information indicated that the morphometric characteristics of watersheds contribute to the floods. The average surface runoff depth depends on the curve number values that are determined based on the types of soil cover and soil class according to Harmonized World Soil Database HWSD software that indicates the soil class in the study area are Group B silt loam, The results obtained also show that the potential for surface runoff varies with land use and soil characteristics. Also, the value of the curve number (CN) was determined to be 71. The hydrological modeling was performed by the HEC-HMS program that simulates the process of rainfall to runoff using the SCS curve number model. A flood hydrograph was constructed at the catchment area outlet and the floodplain delineation was verified by the HEC-RAS software. The results indicated that the 100-year return period flood could Reach critical areas such as the urban area, agricultural area, residential areas. the results of this study indicate that there are suitable sites in the catchment areas for constructing small dams and ponds for water harvesting. ","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72635105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A double-skin façade (DSF) is a multilayered skin that was initially designed for the cold climate of European countries with noticeable success. Since then, countries in different climates started looking into the possibility of adopting DSF through the use of computer simulations to avoid any unforeseen problems in real life. This study aims to look into the possibility and level of success in using DSF in the Middle East’s hot-arid climate, making it a challenge compared to European countries. The study utilized a quantitative investigative approach in analyzing the results of some studies done in different countries in the Middle East. After looking into the results from different papers, careful considerations have to be made for the building due to its location and microclimate todetermine specific parameters (e.g., combination of transparent and opaque materials, proportion between floor level and screen height, orientation and cavity depth), these would lead to a significant impact on reducing a building’s cooling loads and energy efficiency. It is worth noting that mechanical ventilation (e.g., supplying all return cool air from internal spaces into the DSF cavity or integrating the building’s heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system with the façade) is necessary for DSF in hot climates to cool and maintain its cavity’s temperature to function properly. However, this increases cooling loads, energy consumption, and running costs of the building which architects have to consider to determine the most efficient and economical solution in material and equipment.
{"title":"A Review of the Development and Applicability of Double-Skin Facades in Hot Climates","authors":"Aare N. Abtar","doi":"10.14500/aro.10859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10859","url":null,"abstract":"A double-skin façade (DSF) is a multilayered skin that was initially designed for the cold climate of European countries with noticeable success. Since then, countries in different climates started looking into the possibility of adopting DSF through the use of computer simulations to avoid any unforeseen problems in real life. This study aims to look into the possibility and level of success in using DSF in the Middle East’s hot-arid climate, making it a challenge compared to European countries. The study utilized a quantitative investigative approach in analyzing the results of some studies done in different countries in the Middle East. After looking into the results from different papers, careful considerations have to be made for the building due to its location and microclimate todetermine specific parameters (e.g., combination of transparent and opaque materials, proportion between floor level and screen height, orientation and cavity depth), these would lead to a significant impact on reducing a building’s cooling loads and energy efficiency. It is worth noting that mechanical ventilation (e.g., supplying all return cool air from internal spaces into the DSF cavity or integrating the building’s heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system with the façade) is necessary for DSF in hot climates to cool and maintain its cavity’s temperature to function properly. However, this increases cooling loads, energy consumption, and running costs of the building which architects have to consider to determine the most efficient and economical solution in material and equipment. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78370788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raad A. Kaskoos, Javed Ahamad, Subasini Uthirapathy
Pistacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae) is a major subspecies found in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and has several beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral. P. atlantica growing in the Kurdistan region is not yet studied phytochemically and pharmacologically. Hence, the goal of the present study is to characterize chemical compounds present in ethanolic extract of P. atlantica fruits by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and to evaluate cytotoxic activity using A549 (human lung cancer) cell lines by (3-4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The GC–MS analysis shows the presence of 33 chemical compounds which constitute about 99.95% of total compounds, and isospathulenol (14.63%), spathulenol (13.45%), α-terpineol (13.28%), limonene (10.92%), terpinolene (10.89%), β-myrcene (6.92%), ethyl pentadecanoate (6.15%), β-pinene (4.98%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.01%) were found as major chemical compounds. P. atlantica inhibits cell proliferation in A549 cell lines in a time (24 h) and dose-dependent manner (0.5–500 µg/mL). After 24 h of treatment with P. atlantica, the cell viability of A549 cell lines ranged from 93.01 ± 5.24 to 57.69 ± 4.15% for concentrations of 0.5–500 µg/mL, respectively. This study expands the knowledge of the chemical composition of P. atlantica fruits and provides scientific evidence for its possible use as an anticancer medicine. The substantial anticancer activity of P. atlantica fruits may be due to the presence of isospathulenol, spathulenol, α-terpineol, limonene, terpinolene, β-myrcene, ethyl pentadecanoate, β-pinene, and caryophyllene oxide.
{"title":"Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of Pistacia atlantica var. kurdica Fruits","authors":"Raad A. Kaskoos, Javed Ahamad, Subasini Uthirapathy","doi":"10.14500/aro.10868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.10868","url":null,"abstract":"Pistacia atlantica var. kurdica (Anacardiaceae) is a major subspecies found in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and has several beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral. P. atlantica growing in the Kurdistan region is not yet studied phytochemically and pharmacologically. Hence, the goal of the present study is to characterize chemical compounds present in ethanolic extract of P. atlantica fruits by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and to evaluate cytotoxic activity using A549 (human lung cancer) cell lines by (3-4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The GC–MS analysis shows the presence of 33 chemical compounds which constitute about 99.95% of total compounds, and isospathulenol (14.63%), spathulenol (13.45%), α-terpineol (13.28%), limonene (10.92%), terpinolene (10.89%), β-myrcene (6.92%), ethyl pentadecanoate (6.15%), β-pinene (4.98%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.01%) were found as major chemical compounds. P. atlantica inhibits cell proliferation in A549 cell lines in a time (24 h) and dose-dependent manner (0.5–500 µg/mL). After 24 h of treatment with P. atlantica, the cell viability of A549 cell lines ranged from 93.01 ± 5.24 to 57.69 ± 4.15% for concentrations of 0.5–500 µg/mL, respectively. This study expands the knowledge of the chemical composition of P. atlantica fruits and provides scientific evidence for its possible use as an anticancer medicine. The substantial anticancer activity of P. atlantica fruits may be due to the presence of isospathulenol, spathulenol, α-terpineol, limonene, terpinolene, β-myrcene, ethyl pentadecanoate, β-pinene, and caryophyllene oxide.","PeriodicalId":8398,"journal":{"name":"ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73414595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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