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On a certain class of 1-thin distance-regular graphs 关于一类1-thin距离正则图
Pub Date : 2020-10-18 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2193.0b0
Mark S. MacLean, Štefko Miklavič
Let Γ denote a non-bipartite distance-regular graph with vertex set X , diameter D  ≥ 3 , and valency k  ≥ 3 . Fix x  ∈  X and let T  =  T ( x ) denote the Terwilliger algebra of Γ with respect to x . For any z  ∈  X and for 0 ≤  i  ≤  D , let Γ i ( z ) = { w  ∈  X  : ∂( z ,  w ) =  i }. For y  ∈  Γ 1 ( x ) , abbreviate D j i  =  D j i ( x ,  y ) =  Γ i ( x ) ∩  Γ j ( y ) (0 ≤  i ,  j  ≤  D ) . For 1 ≤  i  ≤  D and for a given y , we define maps H i :  D i i  → ℤ and V i :  D i  − 1 i  ∪  D i i  − 1  → ℤ as follows: H i ( z ) = | Γ 1 ( z ) ∩  D i  − 1 i  − 1 |,   V i ( z ) = | Γ 1 ( z ) ∩  D i  − 1 i  − 1 |. We assume that for every y  ∈  Γ 1 ( x ) and for 2 ≤  i  ≤  D , the corresponding maps H i and V i are constant, and that these constants do not depend on the choice of y . We further assume that the constant value of H i is nonzero for 2 ≤  i  ≤  D . We show that every irreducible T -module of endpoint 1 is thin. Furthermore, we show Γ has exactly three irreducible T -modules of endpoint 1, up to isomorphism, if and only if three certain combinatorial conditions hold. As examples, we show that the Johnson graphs J ( n ,  m ) where n  ≥ 7,  3 ≤  m  <  n /2 satisfy all of these conditions.
设Γ表示顶点集X,直径D≥3,价k≥3的非二部距离正则图。固定x∈x,设T = T (x)表示Γ关于x的Terwilliger代数。对于任何z∈X 0≤我≤D,让Γ我(z) = {w∈X:∂z, w =我}。y∈Γ1 (x),缩写D j D i =我(x, y) =Γ(x)∩Γj (y)(0≤i, j≤D)。1≤≤D和对于一个给定的y,我们定义地图H i: D我→ℤ和V我:我∪−1 D我−1→ℤ如下:H (z) = |Γ1 (z)∩D我−1−1 |,V (z) = |Γ1 (z)∩D我−1−1 |。我们假设对于每一个y∈Γ 1 (x),对于2≤i≤D,对应的映射H i和V i是常数,并且这些常数不依赖于y的选择。进一步假设当2≤i≤D时,H i的常数不为零。我们证明了端点1的每个不可约T模都是薄模。更进一步,我们证明Γ有三个端点1的不可约T模,直到同构,当且仅当三个特定的组合条件成立。作为例子,我们证明了其中n≥7,3≤m < n /2的Johnson图J (n, m)满足所有这些条件。
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引用次数: 5
Hypergeometric degenerate Bernoulli polynomials and numbers 超几何退化伯努利多项式与数
Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.1907.3C2
T. Komatsu
Carlitz defined the degenerate Bernoulli polynomials β n ( λ ,  x ) by means of the generating function t ((1 +  λ t ) 1/ λ  − 1) −1 (1 +  λ t ) x / λ . In 1875, Glaisher gave several interesting determinant expressions of numbers, including Bernoulli, Cauchy and Euler numbers. In this paper, we show some expressions and properties of hypergeometric degenerate Bernoulli polynomials β N ,  n ( λ ,  x ) and numbers, in particular, in terms of determinants. The coefficients of the polynomial β n ( λ , 0) were completely determined by Howard in 1996. We determine the coefficients of the polynomial β N ,  n ( λ , 0) . Hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers and hypergeometric Cauchy numbers appear in the coefficients.
Carlitz用生成函数t ((1 + λ t) 1/ λ−1)- 1 (1 + λ t) x / λ定义了退化伯努利多项式β n (λ, x)。1875年,格莱舍给出了数的几个有趣的行列式,包括伯努利数、柯西数和欧拉数。本文给出了超几何简并伯努利多项式β N, N (λ, x)和数的一些表达式和性质,特别是关于行列式的性质。1996年Howard完全确定了多项式β n (λ, 0)的系数。我们确定了多项式β N, N (λ, 0)的系数。系数中出现了超几何伯努利数和超几何柯西数。
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引用次数: 2
Well-totally-dominated graphs Well-totally-dominated图
Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2465.571
Selim Bahadır, T. Ekim, Didem Gözüpek
A subset of vertices in a graph is called a total dominating set if every vertex of the graph is adjacent to at least one vertex of this set. A total dominating set is called minimal if it does not properly contain another total dominating set. In this paper, we study graphs whose all minimal total dominating sets have the same size, referred to as well-totally-dominated (WTD) graphs. We first show that WTD graphs with bounded total domination number can be recognized in polynomial time. Then we focus on WTD graphs with total domination number two. In this case, we characterize triangle-free WTD graphs and WTD graphs with packing number two, and we show that there are only finitely many planar WTD graphs with minimum degree at least three. Lastly, we show that if the minimum degree is at least three then the girth of a WTD graph is at most 12. We conclude with several open questions.
如果图的每个顶点都与这个集合的至少一个顶点相邻,则图中顶点的子集称为总支配集。如果一个总控制集没有适当地包含另一个总控制集,则称为最小控制集。本文研究所有最小总支配集具有相同大小的图,称为全优图。我们首先证明了总支配数有界的WTD图可以在多项式时间内被识别。然后我们关注WTD图表,总支配率排名第二。在这种情况下,我们描述了无三角形WTD图和具有2个填料的WTD图,并且我们证明了只有有限多个平面WTD图的最小度至少为3。最后,我们证明了如果最小度至少为3,则WTD图的周长最多为12。我们最后提出几个悬而未决的问题。
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引用次数: 2
On the incidence maps of incidence structures 在关联结构的关联图上
Pub Date : 2020-10-03 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.1996.DB7
Tim Penttila, A. Siciliano
By using elementary linear algebra methods we exploit properties of the incidence map of certain incidence structures with finite block sizes. We give new and simple proofs of theorems of Kantor and Lehrer, and their infinitary version. Similar results are obtained also for diagrams geometries. By mean of an extension of Block’s Lemma on the number of orbits of an automorphism group of an incidence structure, we give informations on the number of orbits of: a permutation group (of possible infinite degree) on subsets of finite size; a collineation group of a projective and affine space (of possible infinite dimension) over a finite field on subspaces of finite dimension; a group of isometries of a classical polar space (of possible infinite rank) over a finite field on totally isotropic subspaces (or singular in case of orthogonal spaces) of finite dimension. Furthermore, when the structure is finite and the associated incidence matrix has full rank, we give an alternative proof of a result of Camina and Siemons. We then deduce that certain families of incidence structures have no sharply transitive sets of automorphisms acting on blocks.
利用初等线性代数方法,研究了具有有限块大小的某些关联结构的关联映射的性质。我们给出了新的简单的Kantor和Lehrer定理的证明,以及它们的无穷版本。对于图形几何,也得到了类似的结果。通过对关联结构的自同构群的轨道数的Block引理的推广,给出了有限大小子集上的置换群(可能是无限次)的轨道数的信息;有限维子空间上有限域上的射影空间和仿射空间(可能是无限维)的共视群;在有限维的完全各向同性子空间(在正交空间中是奇异的)上的有限域上经典极空间(可能是无限秩的)的一组等距进一步,当结构是有限的且相关关联矩阵是满秩时,我们给出了Camina和Siemons结果的另一种证明。然后我们推导出某些关联结构族不存在作用于块上的锐传递自同构集。
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引用次数: 0
The distinguishing index of connected graphs without pendant edges 无垂边连通图的判别指标
Pub Date : 2020-09-24 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.1852.4f7
W. Imrich, R. Kalinowski, M. Pilsniak, M. Wozniak
We consider edge colourings, not necessarily proper. The distinguishing index D ′( G ) of a graph G is the least number of colours in an edge colouring that is preserved only by the identity automorphism. It is known that D ′( G ) ≤ Δ for every countable, connected graph G with finite maximum degree Δ except for three small cycles. We prove that D ′( G ) ≤ ⌈√Δ⌉ + 1 if additionally G does not have pendant edges.
我们考虑边缘颜色,不一定是正确的。图G的区分指标D ' (G)是仅靠恒等自同构保持的边着色中颜色的最少个数。已知除三个小环外,对于最大有限次的可数连通图G Δ, D ' (G)≤Δ。我们证明了如果另外的G没有垂边,D ' (G)≤≤≤≤Δ²+ 1。
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引用次数: 7
Notes on exceptional signed graphs 关于特殊符号图的注释
Pub Date : 2020-09-24 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.1933.2DF
Z. Stanić
A connected signed graph is called exceptional if it has a representation in the root system E 8 , but has not in any D k . In this study we obtain some properties of these signed graphs, mostly expressed in terms of those that are maximal with a fixed number of eigenvalues distinct from −2 . As an application, we characterize exceptional signed graphs with exactly 2 eigenvalues. In some particular cases, we prove the (non-)existence of such signed graphs.
如果一个连通的有符号图在根e8中有表示,但在任何dk中没有表示,则称为例外图。在这个研究中,我们得到了这些符号图的一些性质,主要是用那些具有固定数目的特征值不同于- 2的极大值来表示的。作为一个应用,我们刻画了恰好有2个特征值的例外符号图。在某些特殊情况下,我们证明了这种符号图的(不)存在性。
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引用次数: 6
A characterization of exceptional pseudocyclic association schemes by multidimensional intersection numbers 用多维交数表征异常伪环关联格式
Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2405.B43
Gang Chen, Jiawei He, Ilia N. Ponomarenko, A. Vasil’ev
Recent classification of $frac{3}{2}$-transitive permutation groups leaves us with three infinite families of groups which are neither $2$-transitive, nor Frobenius, nor one-dimensional affine. The groups of the first two families correspond to special actions of ${mathrm{PSL}}(2,q)$ and ${mathrm{PGamma L}}(2,q),$ whereas those of the third family are the affine solvable subgroups of ${mathrm{AGL}}(2,q)$ found by D. Passman in 1967. The association schemes of the groups in each of these families are known to be pseudocyclic. It is proved that apart from three particular cases, each of these exceptional pseudocyclic schemes is characterized up to isomorphism by the tensor of its $3$-dimensional intersection numbers.
最近对$frac{3}{2}$ -传递置换群的分类留给我们三个无限族群,它们既不是$2$ -传递的,也不是Frobenius的,也不是一维仿射的。前两族的群对应于${mathrm{PSL}}(2,q)$和${mathrm{PGamma L}}(2,q),$的特殊作用,而第三族的群对应于D. Passman在1967年发现的${mathrm{AGL}}(2,q)$的仿射可解子群。已知这些家族中每个群体的关联方案都是伪环的。证明了除三种特殊情况外,每一种例外的伪环格式都可以用其$3$维交数的张量达到同构。
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引用次数: 1
Generalized dihedral CI-groups 广义二面体ci群
Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2443.02e
Ted Dobson, M. Muzychuk, Pablo Spiga
In this paper, we find a strong new restriction on the structure of CI-groups. We show that, if $R$ is a generalised dihedral group and if $R$ is a CI-group, then for every odd prime $p$ the Sylow $p$-subgroup of $R$ has order $p$, or $9$. Consequently, any CI-group with quotient a generalised dihedral group has the same restriction, that for every odd prime $p$ the Sylow $p$-subgroup of the group has order $p$, or $9$. We also give a counter example to the conjecture that every BCI-group is a CI-group.
在本文中,我们发现了对ci -群结构的一个新的强约束。我们证明了,如果$R$是一个广义二面体群,如果$R$是一个ci -群,那么对于每一个奇素数$p$, $R$的Sylow $p$-子群有$p$阶,或$9$阶。因此,任何具有广义二面体群商的ci -群都有相同的限制,即对于每一个奇素数$p$,群的Sylow $p$-子群有阶$p$,或$9$。我们还给出了一个反例来证明每个bci群都是一个ci群。
{"title":"Generalized dihedral CI-groups","authors":"Ted Dobson, M. Muzychuk, Pablo Spiga","doi":"10.26493/1855-3974.2443.02e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26493/1855-3974.2443.02e","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we find a strong new restriction on the structure of CI-groups. We show that, if $R$ is a generalised dihedral group and if $R$ is a CI-group, then for every odd prime $p$ the Sylow $p$-subgroup of $R$ has order $p$, or $9$. Consequently, any CI-group with quotient a generalised dihedral group has the same restriction, that for every odd prime $p$ the Sylow $p$-subgroup of the group has order $p$, or $9$. We also give a counter example to the conjecture that every BCI-group is a CI-group.","PeriodicalId":8402,"journal":{"name":"Ars Math. Contemp.","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87062870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
On 2-closures of rank 3 groups 关于3阶群的2闭包
Pub Date : 2020-07-29 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2450.1DC
S. Skresanov
A permutation group $G$ on $Omega$ is called a rank 3 group if it has precisely three orbits in its induced action on $Omega times Omega$. The largest permutation group on $Omega$ having the same orbits as $G$ on $Omega times Omega$ is called the 2-closure of $G$. A description of 2-closures of rank 3 groups is given. As a special case, it is proved that 2-closure of a primitive one-dimensional affine rank 3 permutation group of sufficiently large degree is also affine and one-dimensional.
$Omega$上的置换群$G$被称为3阶群,如果它在$Omega$上的诱导作用恰好有三个轨道。$Omega$上与$G$在$Omega 乘以$ $上具有相同轨道的最大排列群称为$G$的2闭包。给出了3阶群的2闭包的一个描述。作为一种特殊情况,证明了一个足够大程度的原始一维仿射秩3置换群的2闭包也是仿射的和一维的。
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引用次数: 2
New results on modular Golomb rulers, optical orthogonal codes and related structures 模Golomb尺、光学正交码及相关结构的新成果
Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.26493/1855-3974.2374.9ff
M. Buratti, Douglas R Stinson
We prove new existence and nonexistence results for modular Golomb rulers in this paper. We completely determine which modular Golomb rulers of order $k$ exist, for all $kleq 11$, and we present a general existence result that holds for all $k geq 3$. We also derive new nonexistence results for infinite classes of modular Golomb rulers and related structures such as difference packings, optical orthogonal codes, cyclic Steiner systems and relative difference families.
本文证明了模Golomb标尺的存在性和不存在性的新结果。我们完全确定了阶为$k$的模Golomb标尺对所有$kleq 11$存在,并给出了对所有$k geq 3$存在的一般结果。我们还得到了无限类模Golomb标尺及其相关结构如差分填充、光学正交码、循环斯坦纳系统和相对差分族的不存在性的新结果。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Ars Math. Contemp.
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