Extensive government intervention in sugar markets significantly affects sugar production, consumption, and trade. Many countries provide support for sugar producers, placing the cost on consumers and/or taxpayers. A trade liberalization scenario is analyzed in which only the industrial market economies are assumed to liberalize their agriculture. The analysis shows that compared with actual 1986-88 levels, liberalized levels of sugar production in 1986-88 would have been lower in the industrial market economies, and higher in the less -developed countries. Liberalization would have led to an increase in the world sugar price of 10-30 percent from its 1975-89 longrun average level, and would have reduced world price variability while increasing domestic price variability in many industrial market economies. Sugar production in the United States would have been lower, and consumption slightly higher. World sugar trade patterns would have shifted dramatically, but overall trade volume would have increased only marginally. Sugar substitutes, primarily high fructose starch syrups, would have increased market share, mainly in a few industrial market economies.
{"title":"The World Sugar Market--Government Intervention and Multilateral Policy Reform","authors":"R. Lord, R. D. Barry","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.278353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.278353","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive government intervention in sugar markets significantly affects sugar production, consumption, and trade. Many countries provide support for sugar producers, placing the cost on consumers and/or taxpayers. A trade liberalization scenario is analyzed in which only the industrial market economies are assumed to liberalize their agriculture. The analysis shows that compared with actual 1986-88 levels, liberalized levels of sugar production in 1986-88 would have been lower in the industrial market economies, and higher in the less -developed countries. Liberalization would have led to an increase in the world sugar price of 10-30 percent from its 1975-89 longrun average level, and would have reduced world price variability while increasing domestic price variability in many industrial market economies. Sugar production in the United States would have been lower, and consumption slightly higher. World sugar trade patterns would have shifted dramatically, but overall trade volume would have increased only marginally. Sugar substitutes, primarily high fructose starch syrups, would have increased market share, mainly in a few industrial market economies.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88093107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The wheat-washing industry in the European Community (EC) increased the separation of wheat flour into vital wheat gluten and wheat starch from 360,000 tons (wheat equivalent) in 1980 to over 1 million tons in 1985. This expansion was facilitated by trends in relative grain prices in the EC, which are insulated from movements in world prices by a variable levy system, and by the use of better fractionation techniques. The expansion of the wheat-washing industry was responsible for most of the 2-million-ton decline in EC hard wheat imports between 1980 and 1985, and reduced EC wheat exports and corn imports by about 3.3 and 0.5 million tons. EC hard wheat imports could be totally eliminated and EC wheat exports could be further reduced by as much as 4.9 million tons annually by the mid-1990's, if EC agricultural policies favor the further expansion of this industry. In the absence of a further expansion of the EC wheat-washing industry, however, these latter trade effects for wheat would not occur and EC corn imports would increase by an additional 2 million tons.
{"title":"The effects of the Common Agricultural Policy on the European Community wheat-washing industry and grain trade.","authors":"D. Leuck","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.278287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.278287","url":null,"abstract":"The wheat-washing industry in the European Community (EC) increased the separation of wheat flour into vital wheat gluten and wheat starch from 360,000 tons (wheat equivalent) in 1980 to over 1 million tons in 1985. This expansion was facilitated by trends in relative grain prices in the EC, which are insulated from movements in world prices by a variable levy system, and by the use of better fractionation techniques. The expansion of the wheat-washing industry was responsible for most of the 2-million-ton decline in EC hard wheat imports between 1980 and 1985, and reduced EC wheat exports and corn imports by about 3.3 and 0.5 million tons. EC hard wheat imports could be totally eliminated and EC wheat exports could be further reduced by as much as 4.9 million tons annually by the mid-1990's, if EC agricultural policies favor the further expansion of this industry. In the absence of a further expansion of the EC wheat-washing industry, however, these latter trade effects for wheat would not occur and EC corn imports would increase by an additional 2 million tons.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77617175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The U.S. proposal to eliminate domestic farm subsidies worldwide, presented to the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade negotiations in 1987, is a significant break with past policies. Trade liberalization has been a U.S. goal since the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, but, until recently, the United States and many other nations have acted to preserve their own farm subsidies. In the 1980's, slower growth in international farm trade, the threat of trade wars, and higher subsidy costs have led to a reassessment of domestic as well as export subsidies and have created a climate favorable to eliminating subsidies.
{"title":"A SHORT HISTORY OF U.S. AGRICULTURAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS","authors":"J. M. Porter, D. Bowers","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.278842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.278842","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. proposal to eliminate domestic farm subsidies worldwide, presented to the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade negotiations in 1987, is a significant break with past policies. Trade liberalization has been a U.S. goal since the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, but, until recently, the United States and many other nations have acted to preserve their own farm subsidies. In the 1980's, slower growth in international farm trade, the threat of trade wars, and higher subsidy costs have led to a reassessment of domestic as well as export subsidies and have created a climate favorable to eliminating subsidies.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90749202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AIDS in Africa: a political overview.","authors":"R A Fredland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":" 8","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22026738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A consideration of joint products is important in the trade modeling currently underway at the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Joint products are especially important in the modeling of the dairy and oilseed sectors. This report explains how recent work in multioutput production theory can be used to model these sectors in the SWOPSIM modeling framework. The advantage of applying theory is improved consistency of model parameter values for evaluating trade liberalization scenarios.
{"title":"JOINT PRODUCTS IN THE SWOPSIM MODELING FRAMEWORK","authors":"S. Haley","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.278136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.278136","url":null,"abstract":"A consideration of joint products is important in the trade modeling currently underway at the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Joint products are especially important in the modeling of the dairy and oilseed sectors. This report explains how recent work in multioutput production theory can be used to model these sectors in the SWOPSIM modeling framework. The advantage of applying theory is improved consistency of model parameter values for evaluating trade liberalization scenarios.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74743107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
/^% ,., new indicator of trade performance, called "revealed competitive advantage" (RCA), is used to examine the changing nature of wheat competitiveness and noncompetitiveness. Time series RCA measures for 5 wheat-exporting countries and 20 wheat-importing countries illustrate the dynamics of the international market to the year 2000. RCA comparisons for different agricultural commodities suggest that the U.S. wheat subsector is more internationally competitive than the U.S. agricultural sector as a whole. However, the U.S. wheat subsector is not performing as well as the oilseed and coarse grain subsectors. Three-fourths of the significant wheat-importing countries display a growing competitive disadvantage for wheat, providing evidence of increased specialization in world production.
{"title":"REVEALED COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR WHEAT","authors":"T. Vollrath","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.277915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.277915","url":null,"abstract":"/^% ,., new indicator of trade performance, called \"revealed competitive advantage\" (RCA), is used to examine the changing nature of wheat competitiveness and noncompetitiveness. Time series RCA measures for 5 wheat-exporting countries and 20 wheat-importing countries illustrate the dynamics of the international market to the year 2000. RCA comparisons for different agricultural commodities suggest that the U.S. wheat subsector is more internationally competitive than the U.S. agricultural sector as a whole. However, the U.S. wheat subsector is not performing as well as the oilseed and coarse grain subsectors. Three-fourths of the significant wheat-importing countries display a growing competitive disadvantage for wheat, providing evidence of increased specialization in world production.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86809261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence is mounting that agricultural pesticide and fertilizer applications are causing groundwater contamination in some parts of the United States. A synthesis of national data has enabled researchers to identify regions potentially affected by contamination from pesticides and fertilizers and to estimate the number of people in these regions who rely on groundwater for their drinking water needs. The study found that pesticides and nitrates from fertilizers do not necessarily occur together in potentially contaminated regions. Monitoring and remedial costs, which would fall most heavily on rural people dependent on private wells, could be substantial.
{"title":"The magnitude and costs of groundwater contamination from agricultural chemicals: a national perspective","authors":"E. Nielsen, Linda K. Lee","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.277938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.277938","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence is mounting that agricultural pesticide and fertilizer applications are causing groundwater contamination in some parts of the United States. A synthesis of national data has enabled researchers to identify regions potentially affected by contamination from pesticides and fertilizers and to estimate the number of people in these regions who rely on groundwater for their drinking water needs. The study found that pesticides and nitrates from fertilizers do not necessarily occur together in potentially contaminated regions. Monitoring and remedial costs, which would fall most heavily on rural people dependent on private wells, could be substantial.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85877002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This dynamic, econometric approach extends a 1986 report that examined the effect of exchange rates, U.S. agricultural policy, and world income growth on U.S. wheat exports. This report confirms earlier results indicating that U.S. wheat exports are strongly influenced by changes in competitors' exchange rates and target prices, and little by changes in world income. An important difference from earlier findings is the longer time period over which exchange rate changes affect wheat exports. Export levels may not be fully affected by exchange rate changes until 4 years after the initial exchange rate change.
{"title":"The Value Of The Dollar And Competitiveness Of U.S. Wheat Exports: Further Evidence","authors":"S. Haley, B. Krissoff","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.277893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.277893","url":null,"abstract":"This dynamic, econometric approach extends a 1986 report that examined the effect of exchange rates, U.S. agricultural policy, and world income growth on U.S. wheat exports. This report confirms earlier results indicating that U.S. wheat exports are strongly influenced by changes in competitors' exchange rates and target prices, and little by changes in world income. An important difference from earlier findings is the longer time period over which exchange rate changes affect wheat exports. Export levels may not be fully affected by exchange rate changes until 4 years after the initial exchange rate change.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82986795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Domestic population growth and greater use of processed eggs over the past three decades offset the decline in per-capita shell egg use and left total egg consumption for domestic food purposes averaging about 5 billion dozen a year. This paper analyzes effects of prices, income, and household characteristics on the demand for eggs. Evidence from a complete demand system indicates that eggs are more price inelastic than either red meat or poultry. The own-price elasticity for eggs was found to be -0.1429. The income elasticity for eggs, derived from an analysis of the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, was estimated to be approximately -0.05. Region of household residence, season, race, age, and household size also influence egg consumption and expenditures.
{"title":"CONSUMER DEMAND FOR EGGS AND MARKET IMPLICATIONS","authors":"J. Blaylock, C. Burbee","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.277809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.277809","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic population growth and greater use of processed eggs over the past three decades offset the decline in per-capita shell egg use and left total egg consumption for domestic food purposes averaging about 5 billion dozen a year. This paper analyzes effects of prices, income, and household characteristics on the demand for eggs. Evidence from a complete demand system indicates that eggs are more price inelastic than either red meat or poultry. The own-price elasticity for eggs was found to be -0.1429. The income elasticity for eggs, derived from an analysis of the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, was estimated to be approximately -0.05. Region of household residence, season, race, age, and household size also influence egg consumption and expenditures.","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83080893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen C. Gabriel, Richard N. Peterson, Vernon B. Starr
Farm lenders will face difficult credit problems into at least the intermediate future. As much as 25 to 40 percent of the outstanding debt held by banks and production credit associations was owed by farmers with debt/asset ratios of 60 percent or more on January 1, 1980, when farmland values were near peak levels. Although the Farmers Home Administration held the highest percent of farm loans owed by high leverage farmers, production credit associations, merchants, and commercial banks had a relatively large percentage of their farm loans directed at high leverage farmers. The Delta and Southeastern States had the highest percentage of farm debt owed by highly leveraged farmers. Given the general deterioration of farmland values in many regions of the country since 1980, the situation today is likely much worse, with the Delta and Southeastern States remaining in the most critical condition
{"title":"A RISK PROFILE OF LENDERS' FARM LOAN PORTFOLIOS","authors":"Stephen C. Gabriel, Richard N. Peterson, Vernon B. Starr","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.277643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.277643","url":null,"abstract":"Farm lenders will face difficult credit problems into at least the intermediate future. As much as 25 to 40 percent of the outstanding debt held by banks and production credit associations was owed by farmers with debt/asset ratios of 60 percent or more on January 1, 1980, when farmland values were near peak levels. Although the Farmers Home Administration held the highest percent of farm loans owed by high leverage farmers, production credit associations, merchants, and commercial banks had a relatively large percentage of their farm loans directed at high leverage farmers. The Delta and Southeastern States had the highest percentage of farm debt owed by highly leveraged farmers. Given the general deterioration of farmland values in many regions of the country since 1980, the situation today is likely much worse, with the Delta and Southeastern States remaining in the most critical condition","PeriodicalId":84751,"journal":{"name":"Field staff reports","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88344011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：