Mehdi Nekhili, Ammar Ali Gull, Tawhid Chtioui, Ikram Radhouane
We investigate the effect of board (audit committee) gender diversity on audit fees in the French context. We also examine whether the relationship between the proportion of female directors and audit fees is moderated by the enactment of the gender quota law in 2011. We use the system GMM estimation approach on a matched sample of French firms listed in the SBF 120 index between 2002 and 2017. Consistent with the supply‐side perspective, we contend that female independent directors and female audit committee members, by improving board monitoring effectiveness, affect the auditor's assessment of audit risk, resulting in lower audit fees. Our findings also document that, by breaking the glass ceiling, the effectiveness of the gender quota law lies not in increasing the proportion of female insider directors, but in boosting the appointment of female independent directors and female audit committee members. Using the difference‐in‐difference approach, our results reveal that female independent directors and female audit committee members are more willing to assert their monitoring skills after the quota law, leading to lower audit fees. Moving beyond tokenism, we show that, after the quota law, the negative impact on non‐audit fees is strengthened only for female independent directors.
{"title":"Gender‐Diverse Boards and Audit Fees: What Difference Does Gender Quota Legislation Make?","authors":"Mehdi Nekhili, Ammar Ali Gull, Tawhid Chtioui, Ikram Radhouane","doi":"10.1111/jbfa.12409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12409","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the effect of board (audit committee) gender diversity on audit fees in the French context. We also examine whether the relationship between the proportion of female directors and audit fees is moderated by the enactment of the gender quota law in 2011. We use the system GMM estimation approach on a matched sample of French firms listed in the SBF 120 index between 2002 and 2017. Consistent with the supply‐side perspective, we contend that female independent directors and female audit committee members, by improving board monitoring effectiveness, affect the auditor's assessment of audit risk, resulting in lower audit fees. Our findings also document that, by breaking the glass ceiling, the effectiveness of the gender quota law lies not in increasing the proportion of female insider directors, but in boosting the appointment of female independent directors and female audit committee members. Using the difference‐in‐difference approach, our results reveal that female independent directors and female audit committee members are more willing to assert their monitoring skills after the quota law, leading to lower audit fees. Moving beyond tokenism, we show that, after the quota law, the negative impact on non‐audit fees is strengthened only for female independent directors.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88977562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corporate boards are responsible for ensuring that managers enact policies that are in shareholders’ best interests, and managers are responsible for implementing strategies that are not only profitable, but responsive to changing legal and societal demands and the resource needs of the firm. In this paper, we use the theoretical lenses of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the resource-based view (resource-based view), and agency theory to investigate the relationship between corporate governance structure and the implementation of supportive lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) policies. We analyze 10,233 firm-year observations and 1,594 unique firms, and our results demonstrate that LGBT-supportive policies are positively associated with firm performance. We also offer new insight into why not all firms adopt such policies. We exploit the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as an exogenous shock that increased board independence, and our difference-in-difference estimation shows that firms forced to raise board independence in 2002 were less likely to invest in LGBT-supportive policies. Results suggest that HRM policies can be guided by CSR and resource-based view in pursuit of wealth maximization, but agency conflict may also be a concern for external majority boards. We discuss implications for HRM research practice, and corporate governance regarding LGBT policies in organizations.
{"title":"Corporate Governance and LGBT-Supportive HR Policies from CSR, Resource-based, and Agency Perspectives","authors":"Denise Potosky, P. Jiraporn, Sang Mook Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3303647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3303647","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate boards are responsible for ensuring that managers enact policies that are in shareholders’ best interests, and managers are responsible for implementing strategies that are not only profitable, but responsive to changing legal and societal demands and the resource needs of the firm. In this paper, we use the theoretical lenses of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the resource-based view (resource-based view), and agency theory to investigate the relationship between corporate governance structure and the implementation of supportive lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) policies. We analyze 10,233 firm-year observations and 1,594 unique firms, and our results demonstrate that LGBT-supportive policies are positively associated with firm performance. We also offer new insight into why not all firms adopt such policies. We exploit the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as an exogenous shock that increased board independence, and our difference-in-difference estimation shows that firms forced to raise board independence in 2002 were less likely to invest in LGBT-supportive policies. Results suggest that HRM policies can be guided by CSR and resource-based view in pursuit of wealth maximization, but agency conflict may also be a concern for external majority boards. We discuss implications for HRM research practice, and corporate governance regarding LGBT policies in organizations.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85454278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of Board Diversity on Financial Performance of quoted Natural resources companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the effect or otherwise of Foreign Directory and Board Size on Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Tobin‟s Q of quoted Natural resources companies in Nigeria from 2008 -2017. Ex-post facto research design was used for this study. Secondary data were sourced from the publications of Nigeria Stock Exchange. Inferential statistics of the hypotheses were carried out with the aid of E-view 9.0 statistical software using Co-efficient of correlation and Multivariate Panel Least Square Regression analysis. Findings of this study showed Board Diversity has a significant positive effect on Return on Assets and Tobin‟s Q; a significant negative effect on Returns on Equity at 5% level of significance respectively. It was recommended among others that Natural Resources firms should have a suitable and diverse board size designed so as to guarantee diversity of experience without conceding independence, accountability, compatibility, more knowledge, integrity and enthusiasm of members to attend meetings.
{"title":"Effect of Board Diversity on Financial Performance of Quoted Natural Resources Firms in Nigeria","authors":"N. Amahalu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3704480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3704480","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of Board Diversity on Financial Performance of quoted Natural resources companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the effect or otherwise of Foreign Directory and Board Size on Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Tobin‟s Q of quoted Natural resources companies in Nigeria from 2008 -2017. Ex-post facto research design was used for this study. Secondary data were sourced from the publications of Nigeria Stock Exchange. Inferential statistics of the hypotheses were carried out with the aid of E-view 9.0 statistical software using Co-efficient of correlation and Multivariate Panel Least Square Regression analysis. Findings of this study showed Board Diversity has a significant positive effect on Return on Assets and Tobin‟s Q; a significant negative effect on Returns on Equity at 5% level of significance respectively. It was recommended among others that Natural Resources firms should have a suitable and diverse board size designed so as to guarantee diversity of experience without conceding independence, accountability, compatibility, more knowledge, integrity and enthusiasm of members to attend meetings.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81646656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Would Lehman Sisters have saved the financial industry from the 2008 financial crises? We provide the first empirical test of this hypothesis by investigating how female executives impact bank risk-taking using US bank panel data from 2002 to 2010. Controlling for a wide range of factors including CEO equity compensation, board characteristics, and macroeconomic conditions, we find no supportive evidence to the Lehman Sisters Hypothesis that female executives reduce bankruptcy risk. Neither the presence of bank female executives nor the percentage of females on an executive team has a significant effect on bank risk-taking. Furthermore, female CEOs or CFOs do not have a significant effect on bank risk-taking either. The results are robust under alternative specifications of riskiness and instrument variable approach.
{"title":"Would Lehman Sisters Have Saved the Day?","authors":"Yan Wendy Wu, Chen Liu, Cindy Truong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3101538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3101538","url":null,"abstract":"Would Lehman Sisters have saved the financial industry from the 2008 financial crises? We provide the first empirical test of this hypothesis by investigating how female executives impact bank risk-taking using US bank panel data from 2002 to 2010. Controlling for a wide range of factors including CEO equity compensation, board characteristics, and macroeconomic conditions, we find no supportive evidence to the Lehman Sisters Hypothesis that female executives reduce bankruptcy risk. Neither the presence of bank female executives nor the percentage of females on an executive team has a significant effect on bank risk-taking. Furthermore, female CEOs or CFOs do not have a significant effect on bank risk-taking either. The results are robust under alternative specifications of riskiness and instrument variable approach.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72894200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is growing interest among auditing researchers for the idea that certain auditor judgments, decisions, and behaviors (and, thus, audit quality) might differ depending on the auditor being a man or a woman. Although we think this is a genuine line of research, we warn in this article against four methodological pitfalls. First, gender should not be equated to sex. Second, the existence of psychological sex differences is highly questionable. Third, auditors are not a random sample of the general population but a well selected subpopulation. Fourth, the presence of gender differences is context-dependent. Based upon these methodological issues, we make three propositions for future gender research in auditing and related domains. First, we advise careful use of terminology. Second, we urge that sex differences within specific subpopulations are examined instead of assumed. Third, we suggest researchers to look for gender-based (instead of sex-based) explanations. Although the focus in this article is on auditor gender, our propositions offer valuable insights to all accounting, tax, and finance ‘gender’ research.
{"title":"Gender is Not 'A Dummy Variable': A Discussion of Current Gender Research in Accounting","authors":"Kris Hardies, Rihab Khalifa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1433361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1433361","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest among auditing researchers for the idea that certain auditor judgments, decisions, and behaviors (and, thus, audit quality) might differ depending on the auditor being a man or a woman. Although we think this is a genuine line of research, we warn in this article against four methodological pitfalls. First, gender should not be equated to sex. Second, the existence of psychological sex differences is highly questionable. Third, auditors are not a random sample of the general population but a well selected subpopulation. Fourth, the presence of gender differences is context-dependent. Based upon these methodological issues, we make three propositions for future gender research in auditing and related domains. First, we advise careful use of terminology. Second, we urge that sex differences within specific subpopulations are examined instead of assumed. Third, we suggest researchers to look for gender-based (instead of sex-based) explanations. Although the focus in this article is on auditor gender, our propositions offer valuable insights to all accounting, tax, and finance ‘gender’ research.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80181682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of studying the accounting management and efficiency of SMEs in the province of Nakorn Nayok, is to study the levels of accounting management and efficiency in managing the business, and to find the correlation between the accounting management and the efficiency of SMEs in Nakorn Nayok province. The model group consisted of 175 managers of the industrial plants SMEs in Nakorn Nayok. Tools used in this study are questionnaires. Statistic is by mean, t-Test, Pearson’s simple correlation moment. It is found that the level of accounting management and the efficiency of managing SMEs in Nakorn Nayok province, is at a medium level. It is also found that the correlation between the accounting management and the efficiency in managing the business is at a low level with statistic significant at .01 and correlation coefficient at .496.
{"title":"Accounting Management and Efficiency of SMEs in the Province of Nakorn Nayok","authors":"Wanwisa Nonpanya, Tanawadee Kangnoi, Jutarat Kosiri, Thitima Permsangsuwan, Kawita Tipajatuporn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2895897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2895897","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of studying the accounting management and efficiency of SMEs in the province of Nakorn Nayok, is to study the levels of accounting management and efficiency in managing the business, and to find the correlation between the accounting management and the efficiency of SMEs in Nakorn Nayok province. The model group consisted of 175 managers of the industrial plants SMEs in Nakorn Nayok. Tools used in this study are questionnaires. Statistic is by mean, t-Test, Pearson’s simple correlation moment. It is found that the level of accounting management and the efficiency of managing SMEs in Nakorn Nayok province, is at a medium level. It is also found that the correlation between the accounting management and the efficiency in managing the business is at a low level with statistic significant at .01 and correlation coefficient at .496.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77166530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pucheta‐Martínez, Inmaculada Bel‐Oms, Gustau Olcina‐Sempere
The aim of this study is to examine whether gender diversity on audit committees (hereinafter, ACs) influences financial reporting quality by using panel data of Spanish listed firms. The financial reporting quality of firms is measured by the type of opinion received in the audit report. We estimate various panel data models of audit opinions and control for factors that are traditionally found to impact audit opinions. This study provides evidence to support the hypotheses that the percentage of females on ACs reduces the probability of qualifications due to errors, non‐compliance or the omission of information. Furthermore, the results also find that the percentage of female directors on ACs, the percentage of independent female directors on ACs and ACs chaired by females increase the likelihood of further transparency by disclosing audit reports with uncertainties and scope limitation qualifications.
{"title":"Corporate Governance, Female Directors and Quality of Financial Information","authors":"M. Pucheta‐Martínez, Inmaculada Bel‐Oms, Gustau Olcina‐Sempere","doi":"10.1111/beer.12123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12123","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine whether gender diversity on audit committees (hereinafter, ACs) influences financial reporting quality by using panel data of Spanish listed firms. The financial reporting quality of firms is measured by the type of opinion received in the audit report. We estimate various panel data models of audit opinions and control for factors that are traditionally found to impact audit opinions. This study provides evidence to support the hypotheses that the percentage of females on ACs reduces the probability of qualifications due to errors, non‐compliance or the omission of information. Furthermore, the results also find that the percentage of female directors on ACs, the percentage of independent female directors on ACs and ACs chaired by females increase the likelihood of further transparency by disclosing audit reports with uncertainties and scope limitation qualifications.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80406875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We extend research on the effects of local audit office characteristics on audit quality by investigating whether audit offices in highly religious U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) exhibit going concern decisions that reflect heightened professional skepticism relative to audit offices in less religious MSAs. Prior research links religiosity to risk aversion and ethical development and suggests audit practice offices in more religious MSAs are more likely to issue going concern opinions because they will assess the effects of mitigating factors in a more skeptical manner. Our results indicate that audit practice offices located in highly religious MSAs are more likely to issue going concern audit opinions, consistent with a more skeptical assessment of mitigating factors. Additional tests provide direct evidence consistent with the argument that these audit offices are more risk averse in issuing going concern opinions. Our findings are relevant to auditors, audit clients, researchers, and regulators.
{"title":"The Impact of Religion on the Going Concern Reporting Decisions of Local Audit Practice Offices","authors":"Thomas C. Omer, Nathan Y. Sharp, Dechun Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1664727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1664727","url":null,"abstract":"We extend research on the effects of local audit office characteristics on audit quality by investigating whether audit offices in highly religious U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) exhibit going concern decisions that reflect heightened professional skepticism relative to audit offices in less religious MSAs. Prior research links religiosity to risk aversion and ethical development and suggests audit practice offices in more religious MSAs are more likely to issue going concern opinions because they will assess the effects of mitigating factors in a more skeptical manner. Our results indicate that audit practice offices located in highly religious MSAs are more likely to issue going concern audit opinions, consistent with a more skeptical assessment of mitigating factors. Additional tests provide direct evidence consistent with the argument that these audit offices are more risk averse in issuing going concern opinions. Our findings are relevant to auditors, audit clients, researchers, and regulators.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"17 Suppl 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80233682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The formation of trust between managers and the management accountants who work for them is examined on the basis of the integrative model of trust devised by Mayer/Davis/Schoorman (1995). Particular consideration is given to the question of whether there are differences between male and female managers in the formation of trust. The study evaluates the answers provided by 446 managers predominantly from the first and second levels of management of German companies. The most important factors in the formation of trust are the perceived abilities and integrity of the management accountants. A group test allows differences in the formation of trust that depend on the manager's gender to be explored. In the female managers trust formation, for example, their propensity to trust, their educational background, the level they are at in the hierarchy and the size of the company have a stronger influence them than is the case among male colleagues. By contrast, the management accountant's gender has virtually no influence on the formation of trust in the interaction between a manager and a management accountant.
{"title":"Trust Formation in Management Accountants by Managers – A Comparison of Men and Women","authors":"Christian Nitzl, Bernhard Hirsch, Ulrike Marx","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2676367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676367","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of trust between managers and the management accountants who work for them is examined on the basis of the integrative model of trust devised by Mayer/Davis/Schoorman (1995). Particular consideration is given to the question of whether there are differences between male and female managers in the formation of trust. The study evaluates the answers provided by 446 managers predominantly from the first and second levels of management of German companies. The most important factors in the formation of trust are the perceived abilities and integrity of the management accountants. A group test allows differences in the formation of trust that depend on the manager's gender to be explored. In the female managers trust formation, for example, their propensity to trust, their educational background, the level they are at in the hierarchy and the size of the company have a stronger influence them than is the case among male colleagues. By contrast, the management accountant's gender has virtually no influence on the formation of trust in the interaction between a manager and a management accountant.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78705704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper puts forward an argument that cultural factors interact with the institutional structures of organizations; and thus influence their CSR reporting system. Observations on 403 annual reports, corporate websites and CSR stand-alone reports of 203 companies in China, Malaysia, India and the UK support the argument. The results show that in China, both the quality and quantity of CSR disclosure increase significantly with the existence of CSR board committees, where the culture is one of collectivism, rather than of individualism. The paper also demonstrated that government-owned companies in Malaysia provide CSR disclosure of a quality higher than non-government owned companies. A similar relationship does not apply to companies in other countries. The results testify to institutional theory — that CSR reporting is influenced by the organizational settings of a country and the culture of a country. For policy makers, it is suggested that CSR reporting policy should be drafted in a way that suits the local culture.
{"title":"The Legitimacy of Institutional Theory: The Case of CSR Reporting in Cross-Cultural Settings","authors":"Shayuti Mohamed Adnan, C. V. van Staden, D. Hay","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2498257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2498257","url":null,"abstract":"This paper puts forward an argument that cultural factors interact with the institutional structures of organizations; and thus influence their CSR reporting system. Observations on 403 annual reports, corporate websites and CSR stand-alone reports of 203 companies in China, Malaysia, India and the UK support the argument. The results show that in China, both the quality and quantity of CSR disclosure increase significantly with the existence of CSR board committees, where the culture is one of collectivism, rather than of individualism. The paper also demonstrated that government-owned companies in Malaysia provide CSR disclosure of a quality higher than non-government owned companies. A similar relationship does not apply to companies in other countries. The results testify to institutional theory — that CSR reporting is influenced by the organizational settings of a country and the culture of a country. For policy makers, it is suggested that CSR reporting policy should be drafted in a way that suits the local culture.","PeriodicalId":84919,"journal":{"name":"International demographics","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79329354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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