Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0151
M. Opdyke, Bryan E. Dolney, L. L. Frost, Joshua D. Roy
Community analyses of epiphytic lichens were used to study the controlling factors of lichen abundance and diversity in urban and rural environments of Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania. Two urban sites included Schenley and Frick Parks in metropolitan Pittsburgh and two rural sites at Mingo Creek County Park in Washington County and Roaring Runs Natural Area in Westmoreland County. Community composition of lichens was measured at six intensive monitoring plots per site and site-wide species diversity surveys. The lichen diversity value, a statistical estimator of the environmental conditions at a site, was greater at the rural sites (20.8 ± 3.0) compared to the urban sites (11.3 ± 3.5) (± standard error), suggesting a less disturbed lichen community at Mingo and Roaring Runs. In the intensive monitoring plots, species richness was greater at Mingo and Roaring Runs compared to Schenley and Frick, averaging 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.4, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.4, respectively. The dominant lichens across all sites were Lepraria lobificans, an unidentified sterile crustose lichen and Cladonia ochrochlora. The dominance of nitrophilous and sulfur dioxide–tolerant lichens at all sites suggests that the lichen community within the larger geographical region is influenced by nitrogen and sulfur dioxide air pollutants. The differences between sampling sites are most likely driven by lichens responding to changes in urbanization, which include humidity and habitat fragmentation.
{"title":"A Study of Epiphytic Lichen Communities in Urban and Rural Environments in Southwestern Pennsylvania","authors":"M. Opdyke, Bryan E. Dolney, L. L. Frost, Joshua D. Roy","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0151","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Community analyses of epiphytic lichens were used to study the controlling factors of lichen abundance and diversity in urban and rural environments of Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania. Two urban sites included Schenley and Frick Parks in metropolitan Pittsburgh and two rural sites at Mingo Creek County Park in Washington County and Roaring Runs Natural Area in Westmoreland County. Community composition of lichens was measured at six intensive monitoring plots per site and site-wide species diversity surveys. The lichen diversity value, a statistical estimator of the environmental conditions at a site, was greater at the rural sites (20.8 ± 3.0) compared to the urban sites (11.3 ± 3.5) (± standard error), suggesting a less disturbed lichen community at Mingo and Roaring Runs. In the intensive monitoring plots, species richness was greater at Mingo and Roaring Runs compared to Schenley and Frick, averaging 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.4, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.4, respectively. The dominant lichens across all sites were Lepraria lobificans, an unidentified sterile crustose lichen and Cladonia ochrochlora. The dominance of nitrophilous and sulfur dioxide–tolerant lichens at all sites suggests that the lichen community within the larger geographical region is influenced by nitrogen and sulfur dioxide air pollutants. The differences between sampling sites are most likely driven by lichens responding to changes in urbanization, which include humidity and habitat fragmentation.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0188
{"title":"Editorial Policy and Format","authors":"","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0132
H. Miller, M. J. Jordan
Habitat loss is thought to be a cause of woodcock population declines, however little is known about the impact of exotic invasive vegetation on woodcock nest site selection and nesting success. In March and April of 2009 and 2010, we examined nest success and nesting habitat selection in relation to the abundance of exotic invasive vegetation at 13 nests in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to determine the best models for nest success and habitat use. Woodcock avoided exotic invasive vegetation when selecting nest sites. Nest success and habitat use decreased significantly with an increase in percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation. Models containing percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation were highly supported for nest success and habitat selection. We recommend that managers attempt to control and remove exotic invasive vegetation to promote increased woodcock nesting success and habitat use.
栖息地的丧失被认为是导致伍德考克种群数量下降的原因，然而，关于外来入侵植被对伍德考克筑巢地点选择和筑巢成功的影响知之甚少。2009年3月和2010年4月，我们在美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部的13个燕窝中调查了外来入侵植被丰度与筑巢成功率和栖息地选择的关系。利用logistic回归和赤池信息准则(Akaike’s Information Criterion, AIC)确定了巢成功和栖息地利用的最佳模型。伍德考克在选择筑巢地点时避免外来入侵植被。随着外来入侵木本植被比例的增加，筑巢成功率和生境利用显著降低。包含外来入侵木本植被百分比的模型在筑巢成功和生境选择方面得到了高度支持。我们建议管理人员尝试控制和清除外来入侵植被，以提高伍德考克筑巢成功率和栖息地的利用。
{"title":"Relationship between Exotic Invasive Shrubs and American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) Nest Success and Habitat Selection","authors":"H. Miller, M. J. Jordan","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0132","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Habitat loss is thought to be a cause of woodcock population declines, however little is known about the impact of exotic invasive vegetation on woodcock nest site selection and nesting success. In March and April of 2009 and 2010, we examined nest success and nesting habitat selection in relation to the abundance of exotic invasive vegetation at 13 nests in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to determine the best models for nest success and habitat use. Woodcock avoided exotic invasive vegetation when selecting nest sites. Nest success and habitat use decreased significantly with an increase in percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation. Models containing percentage of exotic invasive woody vegetation were highly supported for nest success and habitat selection. We recommend that managers attempt to control and remove exotic invasive vegetation to promote increased woodcock nesting success and habitat use.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70851593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0183
Shamus P. Keeler, Nicole L. Bernarsky, J. Huffman, D. Roscoe
Polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) have been associated with modified susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Studies of naturally infected white-tailed deer have determined that polymorphisms in the cervid Prnp at codons 95, 96, and 116 may provide reduced susceptibility or slowed progression of CWD. A survey was performed to determine the Prnp heterogeneity within New Jersey white-tailed deer. No CWD positive deer have been reported in New Jersey and all animals included in this study were determined to be CWD negative before the start of the project. The Prnp genes of 150 hunter-harvested deer were sequenced. All polymorphisms were identified and allelic frequencies were calculated. Seventy percent of the deer sampled in New Jersey were homozygous at codon 95 (glutamine) and codon 96 (glycine) and 94.7% had at least one copy of this allele. Only 2 % of the deer sampled had a single copy of the allele with histidine at Codon 95 and a glycine at Codon 96, which is under represented in naturally infected deer and may provide resistance to infection. These deer were found only in the southwestern portion of New Jersey. The genetic heterogeneity and distribution of the PrP gene of New Jersey white-tailed deer adds to our current understanding of the Prnp diversity within this species.
{"title":"A Survey of the Prion Protein Gene Heterogeneity in New Jersey White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","authors":"Shamus P. Keeler, Nicole L. Bernarsky, J. Huffman, D. Roscoe","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0183","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) have been associated with modified susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Studies of naturally infected white-tailed deer have determined that polymorphisms in the cervid Prnp at codons 95, 96, and 116 may provide reduced susceptibility or slowed progression of CWD. A survey was performed to determine the Prnp heterogeneity within New Jersey white-tailed deer. No CWD positive deer have been reported in New Jersey and all animals included in this study were determined to be CWD negative before the start of the project. The Prnp genes of 150 hunter-harvested deer were sequenced. All polymorphisms were identified and allelic frequencies were calculated. Seventy percent of the deer sampled in New Jersey were homozygous at codon 95 (glutamine) and codon 96 (glycine) and 94.7% had at least one copy of this allele. Only 2 % of the deer sampled had a single copy of the allele with histidine at Codon 95 and a glycine at Codon 96, which is under represented in naturally infected deer and may provide resistance to infection. These deer were found only in the southwestern portion of New Jersey. The genetic heterogeneity and distribution of the PrP gene of New Jersey white-tailed deer adds to our current understanding of the Prnp diversity within this species.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0123
Bernard Fried
{"title":"Mentors Who Have Influenced the Career of Bernard Fried from 1951–1963","authors":"Bernard Fried","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70851793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0174
Kelly Barrieres, Jennifer L. White, Carmine J. Cerra, John P. Tinsley
As the most common form of breast cancer in women, ductal carcinoma accounts for 70–80% of breast cancer cases. Pathologists often use the Nottingham grading system to assess the abnormality and aggressiveness of invading cancerous cells in ductal carcinoma. A grade of one to three is assigned using a point system based upon variation in nuclear appearance, tubule formation, and mitotic count, but these features are generally not quantified. We collected morphometric data on nuclei and ducts to attempt to quantify nuclear variation and tubule formation. Measurements of over 2000 nuclei and nearly 100 ducts were made using slides of normal breast tissue and the three grades of ductal carcinoma from anonymous patients at Pocono Medical Center. A ratio of luminal area to ductal area in cancerous tissue within each grade was also calculated, and shapes of duct outlines were examined. ANOVA revealed significant differences in nuclear diameter among grades: both diameter and variation in diameter increased with grade. Variability and irregularity of nuclear and duct shape also increased with grade. Lumen/duct area ratios decreased with severity of invasion and approached zero in grade three. Although preliminary, these morphometric data suggest that it may be possible to develop more objective and quantifiable criteria for grade designations.
{"title":"2012 Darbaker Prize: Morphometric Analysis of Nuclei, Lumens, and Shape of Lactiferous Ducts in Cancerous Breast Tissue","authors":"Kelly Barrieres, Jennifer L. White, Carmine J. Cerra, John P. Tinsley","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the most common form of breast cancer in women, ductal carcinoma accounts for 70–80% of breast cancer cases. Pathologists often use the Nottingham grading system to assess the abnormality and aggressiveness of invading cancerous cells in ductal carcinoma. A grade of one to three is assigned using a point system based upon variation in nuclear appearance, tubule formation, and mitotic count, but these features are generally not quantified. We collected morphometric data on nuclei and ducts to attempt to quantify nuclear variation and tubule formation. Measurements of over 2000 nuclei and nearly 100 ducts were made using slides of normal breast tissue and the three grades of ductal carcinoma from anonymous patients at Pocono Medical Center. A ratio of luminal area to ductal area in cancerous tissue within each grade was also calculated, and shapes of duct outlines were examined. ANOVA revealed significant differences in nuclear diameter among grades: both diameter and variation in diameter increased with grade. Variability and irregularity of nuclear and duct shape also increased with grade. Lumen/duct area ratios decreased with severity of invasion and approached zero in grade three. Although preliminary, these morphometric data suggest that it may be possible to develop more objective and quantifiable criteria for grade designations.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0165
K. Andersen, M. Ospina-Giraldo
Phytophthora infestans is a fungal-like organism belonging to the Phylum Oomycota, which is currently classified within the Kingdom Stramenopila. This oomycete is the causal agent of potato late blight, and as such, it is believed to be a major contributor to the Potato Famine, which ravaged Ireland in the 1840's. Current annual losses worldwide due to P. infestans gross over $6.8 billion. Interactions between two different isolates of the US-8 race and three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars, and in particular, the effect of temperature on the disease cycle, were analyzed using a Detached Leaf Assay (DLA), under controlled laboratory conditions. Incubation period was variable between conditions and, in general, incubation period was longest for each isolate at low temperatures. For isolate NC092ba, mean incubation period was longest at 12°C and did not vary significantly between cultivars. At 18°C, incubation period also did not vary between cultivars but it was shorter than at 12°C. For leaves infected at 24°C with isolate NC092ba, there was a significant difference in incubation period between cultivars, with Russet Burbank being longest. For leaves infected with isolate PSUPotb, incubation period was again longest at 12°C and there was no significant difference between cultivars. At 18°C and 24°C, incubation period was longer for Russet Burbank than for Kennebec or Red Norland. Furthermore, disease progress over time was more severe at higher temperatures for each isolate, across cultivars. Confirmation of pathogen presence in infected leaf tissue was successfully obtained using previously developed P. infestans specific primers in a standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay.
{"title":"Assessment of the Effect of Temperature on the Late Blight Disease Cycle Using a Detached Leaf Assay","authors":"K. Andersen, M. Ospina-Giraldo","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Phytophthora infestans is a fungal-like organism belonging to the Phylum Oomycota, which is currently classified within the Kingdom Stramenopila. This oomycete is the causal agent of potato late blight, and as such, it is believed to be a major contributor to the Potato Famine, which ravaged Ireland in the 1840's. Current annual losses worldwide due to P. infestans gross over $6.8 billion. Interactions between two different isolates of the US-8 race and three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars, and in particular, the effect of temperature on the disease cycle, were analyzed using a Detached Leaf Assay (DLA), under controlled laboratory conditions. Incubation period was variable between conditions and, in general, incubation period was longest for each isolate at low temperatures. For isolate NC092ba, mean incubation period was longest at 12°C and did not vary significantly between cultivars. At 18°C, incubation period also did not vary between cultivars but it was shorter than at 12°C. For leaves infected at 24°C with isolate NC092ba, there was a significant difference in incubation period between cultivars, with Russet Burbank being longest. For leaves infected with isolate PSUPotb, incubation period was again longest at 12°C and there was no significant difference between cultivars. At 18°C and 24°C, incubation period was longer for Russet Burbank than for Kennebec or Red Norland. Furthermore, disease progress over time was more severe at higher temperatures for each isolate, across cultivars. Confirmation of pathogen presence in infected leaf tissue was successfully obtained using previously developed P. infestans specific primers in a standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author analyzes patterns of population growth in Pennsylvania by county. "Although Pennsylvania's population increased only slightly from 1980-1990, the pattern of change portrays noteworthy growth in many counties in the eastern half of the Commonwealth and decline throughout much of the west.... Analysis of the components of change--fertility, mortality, and net-migration--reveals significant differences in the role played by reproductive change in the demographic equation among counties which grew in population and, to a lesser extent, among those which declined. Changes in numbers of inhabitants and their components are related to location and selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics of the county populations."
{"title":"Population change and its components in Pennsylvania, 1980-1990.","authors":"G A Schnell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The author analyzes patterns of population growth in Pennsylvania by county. \"Although Pennsylvania's population increased only slightly from 1980-1990, the pattern of change portrays noteworthy growth in many counties in the eastern half of the Commonwealth and decline throughout much of the west.... Analysis of the components of change--fertility, mortality, and net-migration--reveals significant differences in the role played by reproductive change in the demographic equation among counties which grew in population and, to a lesser extent, among those which declined. Changes in numbers of inhabitants and their components are related to location and selected demographic, social, and economic characteristics of the county populations.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"66 2","pages":"83-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22013909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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