Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0054
Amanda R. McGettigan, Daniel Kwasniewski, R. Chinni
Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS) was used to detect potential mercury contamination in sixteen natural waterways in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Four samples were collected from each site in mercury-free Nalgene containers. After collection, the samples were brought back to the lab, acidified, and refrigerated until analysis could proceed. For analysis, each sample was prepared by adding various reagents and by digesting each in a 95°C water bath for approximately two hours. The digested samples were analyzed using tin (II) chloride and the maximum absorbance of each sample was recorded. Calibration curves were developed using serial dilutions of the mercury standard; these curves allowed for calculation of detection limits for mercury and were also used to calculate the mercury concentration in the samples if any was present. The results showed that none of the waterways tested had significant amounts of mercury present.
{"title":"DETECTION OF MERCURY IN NATURAL WATERS IN BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, USING COLD VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY","authors":"Amanda R. McGettigan, Daniel Kwasniewski, R. Chinni","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS) was used to detect potential mercury contamination in sixteen natural waterways in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Four samples were collected from each site in mercury-free Nalgene containers. After collection, the samples were brought back to the lab, acidified, and refrigerated until analysis could proceed. For analysis, each sample was prepared by adding various reagents and by digesting each in a 95°C water bath for approximately two hours. The digested samples were analyzed using tin (II) chloride and the maximum absorbance of each sample was recorded. Calibration curves were developed using serial dilutions of the mercury standard; these curves allowed for calculation of detection limits for mercury and were also used to calculate the mercury concentration in the samples if any was present. The results showed that none of the waterways tested had significant amounts of mercury present.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0030
Shamus P. Keeler, B. Fried, J. Huffman
Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) is a digenetic trematode occurring in lentic aquatic systems throughout North and South America and has been identified as a cause of limb malformations in numerous species of amphibians. Several questions still remain related to basic morphology of the various life stages of R. ondotrae. The purpose of this study was to describe the daughter rediae and cercariae of R. ondatrae using light and scanning electron microscopy. Helisoma trivolvis snails infected with R. ondatrae were collected from Delaware Lake, NJ. Daughter rediae and cercariae were collected from the infected snails, and light and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe the life stages with particular focus on the tegumentary surface. The tegument of R. ondatrae rediae and cercariae is aspinose despite reports in the literature describing a spinose tegument in the cercariae. The rediae and cercariae were observed to be much simpler in tegumentary structure than various species of Echinostoma that have been studied recently with scanning electron microscopy.
{"title":"LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CERCARIAE AND REDIAE OF RIBEIROIA ONDATRAE","authors":"Shamus P. Keeler, B. Fried, J. Huffman","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ribeiroia ondatrae (Price, 1931) is a digenetic trematode occurring in lentic aquatic systems throughout North and South America and has been identified as a cause of limb malformations in numerous species of amphibians. Several questions still remain related to basic morphology of the various life stages of R. ondotrae. The purpose of this study was to describe the daughter rediae and cercariae of R. ondatrae using light and scanning electron microscopy. Helisoma trivolvis snails infected with R. ondatrae were collected from Delaware Lake, NJ. Daughter rediae and cercariae were collected from the infected snails, and light and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe the life stages with particular focus on the tegumentary surface. The tegument of R. ondatrae rediae and cercariae is aspinose despite reports in the literature describing a spinose tegument in the cercariae. The rediae and cercariae were observed to be much simpler in tegumentary structure than various species of Echinostoma that have been studied recently with scanning electron microscopy.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0075
Shamus P. Keeler, Kelcey I. Burguess, Lemaster Heather, J. Huffman
On 18 March 2006, during annual den research, personnel from the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Black Bear Project examined a 5-yr-old female and three yearling black bears (Ursus americanus) with severe dermatitis. The female and three yearlings all exhibited weight loss. Deep skin scrapings were taken and examined under a stereomicroscope. The skin of each bear was swabbed with BBL CultureSwabs. No mites were found in the skin scrapings. Staphylococcus intermedius was the only bacterial species isolated from the four bears. To our knowledge this is the first report of non-mange related dermatitis caused by S. intermedius in black bears. New Jersey black bears (Ursus americanus) are found primarily in the northern portion of the state but the population has been steadily moving south. The average New Jersey black bear litter size is 2.7 cubs. They den in rock cavities, brush piles, felled trees, and open nests (Carr and Burguess, 2004).
{"title":"STAPHYLOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS DERMATITIS IN DENNING NEW JERSEY BLACK BEARS (Ursus americanus)","authors":"Shamus P. Keeler, Kelcey I. Burguess, Lemaster Heather, J. Huffman","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On 18 March 2006, during annual den research, personnel from the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife Black Bear Project examined a 5-yr-old female and three yearling black bears (Ursus americanus) with severe dermatitis. The female and three yearlings all exhibited weight loss. Deep skin scrapings were taken and examined under a stereomicroscope. The skin of each bear was swabbed with BBL CultureSwabs. No mites were found in the skin scrapings. Staphylococcus intermedius was the only bacterial species isolated from the four bears. To our knowledge this is the first report of non-mange related dermatitis caused by S. intermedius in black bears.\u0000 New Jersey black bears (Ursus americanus) are found primarily in the northern portion of the state but the population has been steadily moving south. The average New Jersey black bear litter size is 2.7 cubs. They den in rock cavities, brush piles, felled trees, and open nests (Carr and Burguess, 2004).","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bogacz, Collider Scenarios, Lemc Scenario, Rollin B. Johnson, Y. Alexahin
{"title":"PROGRAM SESSIONS","authors":"A. Bogacz, Collider Scenarios, Lemc Scenario, Rollin B. Johnson, Y. Alexahin","doi":"10.1364/josa.35.000797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.35.000797","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.35.000797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66720947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0041
K. Francl, Tessa K. Canniff, Bland R. CRAIG, D. Sparks, V. Brack
While conducting mist net surveys for the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in West Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania, we quantified wing damage on 422 bats of four species: big brown (Eptesicus fuscus, N = 190), eastern red (Lasiurus borealis, N = 82), little brown (M. lucifugus, N = 55), and northern myotis (M. septentrionalis, N = 95) bats. From 15 May – 15 August 2010, we photographed back-lit wings to reveal damage such as scars, holes, and blotching (non-uniform pigmentation). After quantifying the percent cover of these damage types using image-analysis software, we used generalized non-linear mixed models to determine if percent area of damage differed among scores associated with the categorical wing damage index (WDI) developed by Reichard and Kunz (2009). Although quantified damage did generally increase with WDI score across all species, statistical separation by WDI was only documented for the big brown bat (blotching, scars, blotching + scars combined) and northern myotis (blotching, blotching + scars). We suggest that studies like ours can provide quantitative species-specific datasets that can be examined in a more precise manner than a categorical index.
在西弗吉尼亚州、纽约州和宾夕法尼亚州对联邦濒危物种印第安那蝙蝠(Myotis sodalis)进行雾网调查时，对4种422只蝙蝠的翅膀损伤进行了定量分析:大褐蝠(Eptesicus fuscus, N = 190)、东红蝠(Lasiurus borealis, N = 82)、小褐蝠(M. lucifugus, N = 55)和北褐蝠(M. septentrionalis, N = 95)。从2010年5月15日到8月15日，我们拍摄了背光下的翅膀，以揭示损伤，如疤痕、洞和斑点(不均匀的色素沉着)。在使用图像分析软件量化这些损伤类型的百分比覆盖率之后，我们使用广义非线性混合模型来确定与Reichard和Kunz(2009)开发的分类机翼损伤指数(WDI)相关的分数之间的损伤面积百分比是否不同。虽然所有物种的量化损伤都随着WDI评分的增加而增加，但WDI的统计分离仅记录在大棕蝠(斑点、疤痕、斑点+疤痕组合)和北肌炎(斑点、斑点+疤痕)中。我们认为，像我们这样的研究可以提供定量的物种特定数据集，可以以比分类索引更精确的方式进行检查。
{"title":"QUANTIFYING WING DAMAGE OF SUMMER BATS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES","authors":"K. Francl, Tessa K. Canniff, Bland R. CRAIG, D. Sparks, V. Brack","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While conducting mist net surveys for the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) in West Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania, we quantified wing damage on 422 bats of four species: big brown (Eptesicus fuscus, N = 190), eastern red (Lasiurus borealis, N = 82), little brown (M. lucifugus, N = 55), and northern myotis (M. septentrionalis, N = 95) bats. From 15 May – 15 August 2010, we photographed back-lit wings to reveal damage such as scars, holes, and blotching (non-uniform pigmentation). After quantifying the percent cover of these damage types using image-analysis software, we used generalized non-linear mixed models to determine if percent area of damage differed among scores associated with the categorical wing damage index (WDI) developed by Reichard and Kunz (2009). Although quantified damage did generally increase with WDI score across all species, statistical separation by WDI was only documented for the big brown bat (blotching, scars, blotching + scars combined) and northern myotis (blotching, blotching + scars). We suggest that studies like ours can provide quantitative species-specific datasets that can be examined in a more precise manner than a categorical index.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.2.0080
{"title":"SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES AT A GLANCE","authors":"","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.2.0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.2.0080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70853435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.003
Thomas Tauer
{"title":"THE MARINE SCIENCE CONSORTIUM…HANDS-ON, FEET-WET EDUCATION","authors":"Thomas Tauer","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0036
Andie S. Graham, Tolley Roen Keely
We evaluated the impact of wood type, season, and repellent use on North American Porcupine damage to forty installed posts along Rails-to-Trails property in Brockway, Pennsylvania, USA. Treatments were (1) pressure-treated Pine posts with Ro-Pel (a liquid repellent), (2) pressure-treated Pine posts without Ro-Pel, (3) Black Locust posts with Ro-Pel, and (4) Black Locust posts without Ro-Pel. We assessed new damage to posts 1 – 4 times per month from June 2007 – January 2009. All damage was to Pine posts (x− = 12.9 cm2, SE = 3.70 cm2) and no damage was observed to Black Locust posts. Observed damage to untreated posts (x− = 9.93 cm2, SE = 2.10 cm2) was 3.3 times greater than damage to posts treated with Ro-Pel (x− = 2.99 cm2, SE = 2.86 cm2). Total monthly damage to Pine posts was greatest in August (x− = 2.31 cm2, SE = 1.51 cm2) and there was no observed damage in February, October, and November. When examining damage by season, damage to Pine posts was 54 times greater in summer (June – August; x− = 1.62 cm2, SE = 0.567 cm2) than in fall (September – November; x− = 0.030 cm2, SE = 0.030 cm2). We suspect the seasonality observed may be related to salt loss and salt-seeking behavior. We suggest that landowners and managers who anticipate Porcupine damage consider using alternatives to pressure-treated Pine for their wooden structures. In addition, repellent applications could be timed to correspond with the peak of damage to reduce cost.
我们评估了木材类型、季节和驱蚊剂使用对北美豪猪对美国宾夕法尼亚州Brockway铁路到小径沿线40根安装的柱子造成的损害的影响。处理方法为(1)用Ro-Pel(一种液体驱蚊剂)对松木进行压力处理，(2)不使用Ro-Pel对松木进行压力处理，(3)使用Ro-Pel对刺槐进行处理，(4)不使用Ro-Pel对刺槐进行处理。从2007年6月至2009年1月，我们每月评估1 - 4次新损失。所有损伤均发生在松木桩(x−= 12.9 cm2, SE = 3.70 cm2)，刺槐桩未见损伤。观察到未经处理的岗哨损伤(x−= 9.93 cm2, SE = 2.10 cm2)是Ro-Pel处理岗哨损伤(x−= 2.99 cm2, SE = 2.86 cm2)的3.3倍。8月杉木月损最大(x−= 2.31 cm2, SE = 1.51 cm2)， 2月、10月和11月均未见杉木月损。按季节分析，夏季(6 - 8月)对松树桩的损害是夏季的54倍;x−= 1.62 cm2, SE = 0.567 cm2)比秋季(9 - 11月;x−= 0.030 cm2, SE = 0.030 cm2)。我们怀疑观察到的季节性可能与盐损失和寻找盐的行为有关。我们建议预计豪猪损害的土地所有者和管理者考虑使用压力处理松的替代品来建造木结构。此外，驱避剂的施用时间可与危害高峰相对应，以降低成本。
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF WOOD TYPE, SEASON, AND REPELLENT USE ON NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE DAMAGE","authors":"Andie S. Graham, Tolley Roen Keely","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We evaluated the impact of wood type, season, and repellent use on North American Porcupine damage to forty installed posts along Rails-to-Trails property in Brockway, Pennsylvania, USA. Treatments were (1) pressure-treated Pine posts with Ro-Pel (a liquid repellent), (2) pressure-treated Pine posts without Ro-Pel, (3) Black Locust posts with Ro-Pel, and (4) Black Locust posts without Ro-Pel. We assessed new damage to posts 1 – 4 times per month from June 2007 – January 2009. All damage was to Pine posts (x− = 12.9 cm2, SE = 3.70 cm2) and no damage was observed to Black Locust posts. Observed damage to untreated posts (x− = 9.93 cm2, SE = 2.10 cm2) was 3.3 times greater than damage to posts treated with Ro-Pel (x− = 2.99 cm2, SE = 2.86 cm2). Total monthly damage to Pine posts was greatest in August (x− = 2.31 cm2, SE = 1.51 cm2) and there was no observed damage in February, October, and November. When examining damage by season, damage to Pine posts was 54 times greater in summer (June – August; x− = 1.62 cm2, SE = 0.567 cm2) than in fall (September – November; x− = 0.030 cm2, SE = 0.030 cm2). We suspect the seasonality observed may be related to salt loss and salt-seeking behavior. We suggest that landowners and managers who anticipate Porcupine damage consider using alternatives to pressure-treated Pine for their wooden structures. In addition, repellent applications could be timed to correspond with the peak of damage to reduce cost.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0005
P. Nealen
Amphibian ventral epithelia can perform significant Na+ transport, as characterized in the now-classic two-membrane model first demonstrated by Ussing and colleagues. This transport is normally demonstrated by using short-circuit current (Isc) to negate transport-generated potentials across epithelia suspended in Ussing chambers. While this model and method have been supported through decades of experimentation, the exact relationship between the transport current and the epithelial potential generated is often ignored, as potentials typically are treated as a factor to be systematically eliminated. Here, leopard frog (Rana spp.) ventral epithelium were utilized in Ussing chambers for tests of specifically how the relationship between epithelial potentials and transport currents depends upon external medium ionic content. Stable skin potentials were recorded using 300 mOsm NaCl; potentials were then reduced to 0 mV via Isc in order to estimate the magnitude of the ionic transport current. A subset of the epithelia prepared was then tested in one or more alternative ionic solutions (300 mOsm KCl, NaHCO3, and CaCl2). While identifiable skin potentials were detected in all solutions tested, only in NaCl were the magnitudes of the epithelial potential and short-circuit current statistically significantly related. Detectable skin potentials in non-Na+-containing solutions indicates the existence of non-Na+ electrogenic activity in this tissue, whose presence explains the relatively poor ability of transport current magnitudes to explain the magnitudes of observed skin potential. Estimates of molecular transport rates for Na+ exceed 4 x 1014 molec sec-1 cm-1, demonstrating the enormous osmoregulatory challenge faced by fresh water amphibians in maintaining ionic homeostasis.
{"title":"IONIC DEPENDENCY OF SKIN POTENTIAL, TRANSPORT CURRENT, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN LEOPARD FROG (RANA SPP.) VENTRAL EPITHELIA","authors":"P. Nealen","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Amphibian ventral epithelia can perform significant Na+ transport, as characterized in the now-classic two-membrane model first demonstrated by Ussing and colleagues. This transport is normally demonstrated by using short-circuit current (Isc) to negate transport-generated potentials across epithelia suspended in Ussing chambers. While this model and method have been supported through decades of experimentation, the exact relationship between the transport current and the epithelial potential generated is often ignored, as potentials typically are treated as a factor to be systematically eliminated. Here, leopard frog (Rana spp.) ventral epithelium were utilized in Ussing chambers for tests of specifically how the relationship between epithelial potentials and transport currents depends upon external medium ionic content. Stable skin potentials were recorded using 300 mOsm NaCl; potentials were then reduced to 0 mV via Isc in order to estimate the magnitude of the ionic transport current. A subset of the epithelia prepared was then tested in one or more alternative ionic solutions (300 mOsm KCl, NaHCO3, and CaCl2). While identifiable skin potentials were detected in all solutions tested, only in NaCl were the magnitudes of the epithelial potential and short-circuit current statistically significantly related. Detectable skin potentials in non-Na+-containing solutions indicates the existence of non-Na+ electrogenic activity in this tissue, whose presence explains the relatively poor ability of transport current magnitudes to explain the magnitudes of observed skin potential. Estimates of molecular transport rates for Na+ exceed 4 x 1014 molec sec-1 cm-1, demonstrating the enormous osmoregulatory challenge faced by fresh water amphibians in maintaining ionic homeostasis.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"278 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0069
Margaret E. Rushmore, T. J. Underwood, W. Brown
We compared reproductive success of Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests in wooden nestboxes to insulated metal nestboxes to determine if a new insulated metal nestbox design is a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. We also examined the preference of four species of cavity-nesting birds to nest in wooden versus metal nestboxes. No significant differences were found among clutch size, hatching success, and the number of fledglings produced in Tree Swallow and House Wren nests between the two types of nestboxes. Therefore, insulated metal nestboxes appear to be a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. Metal nestboxes were preferred by Tree Swallows to wooden nestboxes (χ2 = 6.5, n = 25, p = 0.01). However, wooden nestboxes were preferred to metal nestboxes as a first choice for nesting 77.1% of the time for all four species. House Wrens, Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) all preferred wooden to metal nestboxes (Fisher's Exact Tests, all p < 0.001). Thus, insulated metal boxes are safe, but may not attract desirable species, such as Eastern Bluebirds, when compared to traditional wooden Peterson-style boxes.
我们比较了木巢箱中的树燕(Tachycineta bicolor)和家鹪鹩(Troglodytes aedon)的繁殖成功率，以确定新的绝缘金属巢箱设计是否是木制巢箱的安全替代品。我们还研究了四种腔巢鸟对木制和金属巢箱的偏好。两种类型的巢箱对小燕和鹪鹩的窝卵数、孵化成功率和雏鸟数量均无显著差异。因此，绝缘金属巢箱似乎是一个安全的替代木制巢箱。家燕偏好金属巢箱而非木制巢箱(χ2 = 6.5, n = 25, p = 0.01)。但77.1%的情况下，木巢箱优于金属巢箱。鹪鹩、东方蓝知更鸟(Sialia sialis)和家麻雀(Passer domesticus)都更喜欢木制的巢箱而不是金属的(Fisher精确检验，p < 0.001)。因此，绝缘的金属盒子是安全的，但与传统的木制彼得森风格的盒子相比，可能不会吸引到理想的物种，比如东方蓝鸟。
{"title":"WOODEN VERSUS INSULATED METAL NESTBOXES: A COMPARISON OF REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND USE BY SONGBIRDS","authors":"Margaret E. Rushmore, T. J. Underwood, W. Brown","doi":"10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.86.1.0069","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We compared reproductive success of Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests in wooden nestboxes to insulated metal nestboxes to determine if a new insulated metal nestbox design is a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. We also examined the preference of four species of cavity-nesting birds to nest in wooden versus metal nestboxes. No significant differences were found among clutch size, hatching success, and the number of fledglings produced in Tree Swallow and House Wren nests between the two types of nestboxes. Therefore, insulated metal nestboxes appear to be a safe alternative to wooden nestboxes. Metal nestboxes were preferred by Tree Swallows to wooden nestboxes (χ2 = 6.5, n = 25, p = 0.01). However, wooden nestboxes were preferred to metal nestboxes as a first choice for nesting 77.1% of the time for all four species. House Wrens, Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) all preferred wooden to metal nestboxes (Fisher's Exact Tests, all p < 0.001). Thus, insulated metal boxes are safe, but may not attract desirable species, such as Eastern Bluebirds, when compared to traditional wooden Peterson-style boxes.","PeriodicalId":85037,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70852636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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