Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-LVC-2060
E. I. Kazachinskaya, V. S. Aripov, A. V. Zaikovskaya, A. Shestopalov
Lassa virus (LASV) is classified into genus Mammarenavirus of Arenaviridae family. This virus is etiological agent of Lassa fever (LF) which is widespread in Africa. On average, in four out of five infected people, LF occurs without symptoms. The annual incidence ranges from 100,000 to 500,000 registered clinical cases, at a mortality rate of 1-2%. Among hospitalized patients with severe symptoms of hemorrhagic fever, this figure may be from 14 to 89.5%. Signs of an adverse outcome in LF are open bleeding and disorders of CNS (convulsions, tremor, disorientation and coma). Death occurs from multiple organ failure. Severely ill people recover slowly and may have relapses and complications such as pneumonia, myocarditis, psychosis, and hearing loss.Transmission of the virus in endemic territories occurs by alimentary way, air-dust and airborne droplets from a zoonotic source – rodents of the species African multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), by accidental contacts of people with their secretions (urine, feces, saliva) as well as when butchering carcasses and eating rodents. These animals are characterized by asymptomatic carrier and life-long persistence of the virus. Cases of transmission of the virus from person to person through the blood or other body fluids of patients are described. A sick person is contagious for two months, because the virus circulates in the blood despite high levels of antibodies. Infection of medical staff occurs during emergency surgical operations, or when the rules of contact precautions are not observed. Currently, with the ongoing LF outbreak in Nigeria, since 2016, hospitals have registered mortality rates of 22 and 8% for patients and health workers, respectively. During 1969-2016, 33 imported cases of this disease were described from West Africa to non-endemic territories (in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel and Japan). The mortality rate among these patients was 39%.The lack of prophylactic vaccines and specific therapeutic drugs is the major challenge for the prevention of LF. Thus, this review considers biological models (cell cultures and animals) that are suitable for studying the pathogenesis of this disease, preclinical studies of the specific activity and harmlessness of candidate vaccines, as well as options for these developments based on the platforms such as inactivated LASV and its DNA, the reassortant of Mopeia arenavirus, and measles virus attenuated strains, recombinant and replication-defective viruses (smallpox vaccine, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, bovine vesicular stomatitis, adenovirus of chimpanzee) and virus-like particles.
{"title":"Lassa virus: characterization of infectious agent, biological models for pathogenesis studies and variants of vaccine","authors":"E. I. Kazachinskaya, V. S. Aripov, A. V. Zaikovskaya, A. Shestopalov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-LVC-2060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-LVC-2060","url":null,"abstract":"Lassa virus (LASV) is classified into genus Mammarenavirus of Arenaviridae family. This virus is etiological agent of Lassa fever (LF) which is widespread in Africa. On average, in four out of five infected people, LF occurs without symptoms. The annual incidence ranges from 100,000 to 500,000 registered clinical cases, at a mortality rate of 1-2%. Among hospitalized patients with severe symptoms of hemorrhagic fever, this figure may be from 14 to 89.5%. Signs of an adverse outcome in LF are open bleeding and disorders of CNS (convulsions, tremor, disorientation and coma). Death occurs from multiple organ failure. Severely ill people recover slowly and may have relapses and complications such as pneumonia, myocarditis, psychosis, and hearing loss.Transmission of the virus in endemic territories occurs by alimentary way, air-dust and airborne droplets from a zoonotic source – rodents of the species African multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), by accidental contacts of people with their secretions (urine, feces, saliva) as well as when butchering carcasses and eating rodents. These animals are characterized by asymptomatic carrier and life-long persistence of the virus. Cases of transmission of the virus from person to person through the blood or other body fluids of patients are described. A sick person is contagious for two months, because the virus circulates in the blood despite high levels of antibodies. Infection of medical staff occurs during emergency surgical operations, or when the rules of contact precautions are not observed. Currently, with the ongoing LF outbreak in Nigeria, since 2016, hospitals have registered mortality rates of 22 and 8% for patients and health workers, respectively. During 1969-2016, 33 imported cases of this disease were described from West Africa to non-endemic territories (in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, Israel and Japan). The mortality rate among these patients was 39%.The lack of prophylactic vaccines and specific therapeutic drugs is the major challenge for the prevention of LF. Thus, this review considers biological models (cell cultures and animals) that are suitable for studying the pathogenesis of this disease, preclinical studies of the specific activity and harmlessness of candidate vaccines, as well as options for these developments based on the platforms such as inactivated LASV and its DNA, the reassortant of Mopeia arenavirus, and measles virus attenuated strains, recombinant and replication-defective viruses (smallpox vaccine, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, bovine vesicular stomatitis, adenovirus of chimpanzee) and virus-like particles.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67110050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-PCO-2009
А И Турянская, Н. Г. Плехова, В А Сабыныч, Е. В. Просекова
The changing states of T cell populations responsible for the chronic course of allergic inflammation and diseases, including allergic bronchial asthma, are not yet sufficiently characterized. The aim of this study was to detect phenotypic changes in the CD45RA/CD45RO positive T lymphocytes and the level of regulatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17А, IL-17F) in allergic respiratory diseases (ARD) in children. In blood of 90 children aged 3-11 (60 children with ARD and 30 healthy peers) were studied of the immune cellular populations and cytokine indices. The levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A and IL-17F in blood serum of children with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis differed from appropriate indices in control group (p = 0.001). The quantity of CD3 + CD8 + CD45RACD45RO + cells, T helpers (p < 0.05) and Th effectors simultaneously expressing both isoforms of the CD45RA + and CD45RO receptor in peripheral blood of children with ARD significantly exceeded those in control group (p < 0.001). In healthy children, Th17 population (CD3 + CD4 + CD196 lymphocytes) comprised 9.49±1.6% of CD3 + CD4 + of cells, the number of such lymphocytes was significantly increased to 14.5±0.77 in children with allergic diseases (p < 0.001). Absolute numbers of Th17+ cells were 93.0±9.30 and 127,0±72.0 cells/µl respectively (p = 0.002). Indicators of CD4CD45RO positive memory cells in children with ARD was determined as significantly lower (p < 0.001), whereas quantity of CD3 + CD19 + proved to be higher (p < 0.05) than in healthy peers. Absolute counts of these cells did not differ between the groups. The number of CD8 + CD45RO + T lymphocytes was significantly higher in children with allergic diseases (p < 0.025). This research shows that the quantitative ratio of CD3 + CD8 + CD45RA + and CD3 + CD8 + CD45RO + populations of T cells, and increased levels of cytokines, synthesizable via Th2 and Th17, in peripheral blood may be helpful for understanding genesis of allergic respiratory diseases, and extends our knowledge on immune mechanisms of allergic disorders for individualization of therapeutic programs.
{"title":"Популяционный состав CD4 + 5RA/ CD4 + 5RO позитивных T-лимфоцитов и цитокиновый профиль у детей с аллергическими респираторными заболеваниями","authors":"А И Турянская, Н. Г. Плехова, В А Сабыныч, Е. В. Просекова","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-PCO-2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-PCO-2009","url":null,"abstract":"The changing states of T cell populations responsible for the chronic course of allergic inflammation and diseases, including allergic bronchial asthma, are not yet sufficiently characterized. The aim of this study was to detect phenotypic changes in the CD45RA/CD45RO positive T lymphocytes and the level of regulatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17А, IL-17F) in allergic respiratory diseases (ARD) in children. In blood of 90 children aged 3-11 (60 children with ARD and 30 healthy peers) were studied of the immune cellular populations and cytokine indices. The levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A and IL-17F in blood serum of children with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis differed from appropriate indices in control group (p = 0.001). The quantity of CD3 + CD8 + CD45RACD45RO + cells, T helpers (p < 0.05) and Th effectors simultaneously expressing both isoforms of the CD45RA + and CD45RO receptor in peripheral blood of children with ARD significantly exceeded those in control group (p < 0.001). In healthy children, Th17 population (CD3 + CD4 + CD196 lymphocytes) comprised 9.49±1.6% of CD3 + CD4 + of cells, the number of such lymphocytes was significantly increased to 14.5±0.77 in children with allergic diseases (p < 0.001). Absolute numbers of Th17+ cells were 93.0±9.30 and 127,0±72.0 cells/µl respectively (p = 0.002). Indicators of CD4CD45RO positive memory cells in children with ARD was determined as significantly lower (p < 0.001), whereas quantity of CD3 + CD19 + proved to be higher (p < 0.05) than in healthy peers. Absolute counts of these cells did not differ between the groups. The number of CD8 + CD45RO + T lymphocytes was significantly higher in children with allergic diseases (p < 0.025). This research shows that the quantitative ratio of CD3 + CD8 + CD45RA + and CD3 + CD8 + CD45RO + populations of T cells, and increased levels of cytokines, synthesizable via Th2 and Th17, in peripheral blood may be helpful for understanding genesis of allergic respiratory diseases, and extends our knowledge on immune mechanisms of allergic disorders for individualization of therapeutic programs.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"23 1","pages":"149-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67111049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-IVP-2136
I. Nesterova, G. Chudilova, M. Mitropanova, V. Pavlenko, L. Lomtatidze, S. Kovaleva, V. Tarakanov, N. Barova
Numerous studies over last decade have shown that functional capacity of neutrophil granulocytes (NG) determines the course and outcome of many diseases. Identification of phenotypic variants of functionally significant NG subpopulations is a new approach allows us to assess the adequacy or deficiency of NG involvement into infectious inflammation processes at molecular level. An opportunity of reorienting a deficient NG subpopulational phenotype in purulent inflammatory diseases due to the rearrangement of the receptor set induced by various immunotropic substances may serve as a key to recovery of normal NG functioning. Our aim was to study the effect of glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP) under in vitro conditions upon the phenotypic profile of four functionally significant subpopulations, i.e., CD62L + CD63 - NG, CD62L + CD63 + NG and CD64 - CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG, CD64 + CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG, along with assessment of expression density of appropriate membrane molecules and NG microbicidal activity in the children with purulent inflammatory diseases. 90 samples of peripheral blood (PC) were taken from children 2 to 4 years old, including 12 children with minor purulent infection (MPI), and 7 children were studied as conditionally healthy controls. Their peripheral blood was incubated for 60 minutes at 37 °C with GMP (10 -6 g/l). Using flow cytometry technique, the relative numbers of some NG subpopulations, i.e., CD64 - CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + NG, CD64 + CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + NG, CD62L + CD63 - NG, CD62L + CD63 + NG were evaluated, and the phenotype features of each subpopulation were investigated according to the density of appropriate membrane molecule expression (MFI). In parallel, phagocytic and microbicidal activity of NG was tested in these study groups. The obtained data indicate for presence of for distinct NG subpopulations, both in healthy children and in children with MPI. We have revealed phenotypic transformation of the four studied NG subpopulations from MPI patients including disturbed phagocytic and microbicidal functions of the cells. Using of this in vitro system, we have shown that the transformed phenotype of the four functionally significant NG subpopulations of MPI patients was re-arranged under GMDP treatment. At the same time, the number of CD62L + CD63 + NG and CD64 - CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG subpopulations was increased, along with decreased amounts of CD64 + CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG and CD62L + CD63 - NG subpopulations, being accompanied by restoration of microbicidal activity of NGs. The obtained data allow us to accomplish current understanding of immunotropic effects of GMDP, and to extend the potential scope of its experimental and clinical application. The new data on GMDP effects revealed by in vitro system, i.e. phenotype rearrangement of functionally significant NG subpopulations CD64 - CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + , CD64 + CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + , CD62L + CD63 - , CD62L + CD63 + in atypical purulent inf
{"title":"In vitro phenotypic re-orientation of functionally important neutrophil subpopulations and their microbicidal activity in the children with purulent inflammatory diseases influenced by glucosaminil muramildipeptide","authors":"I. Nesterova, G. Chudilova, M. Mitropanova, V. Pavlenko, L. Lomtatidze, S. Kovaleva, V. Tarakanov, N. Barova","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-IVP-2136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-IVP-2136","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies over last decade have shown that functional capacity of neutrophil granulocytes (NG) determines the course and outcome of many diseases. Identification of phenotypic variants of functionally significant NG subpopulations is a new approach allows us to assess the adequacy or deficiency of NG involvement into infectious inflammation processes at molecular level. An opportunity of reorienting a deficient NG subpopulational phenotype in purulent inflammatory diseases due to the rearrangement of the receptor set induced by various immunotropic substances may serve as a key to recovery of normal NG functioning. Our aim was to study the effect of glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP) under in vitro conditions upon the phenotypic profile of four functionally significant subpopulations, i.e., CD62L + CD63 - NG, CD62L + CD63 + NG and CD64 - CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG, CD64 + CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG, along with assessment of expression density of appropriate membrane molecules and NG microbicidal activity in the children with purulent inflammatory diseases. 90 samples of peripheral blood (PC) were taken from children 2 to 4 years old, including 12 children with minor purulent infection (MPI), and 7 children were studied as conditionally healthy controls. Their peripheral blood was incubated for 60 minutes at 37 °C with GMP (10 -6 g/l). Using flow cytometry technique, the relative numbers of some NG subpopulations, i.e., CD64 - CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + NG, CD64 + CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + NG, CD62L + CD63 - NG, CD62L + CD63 + NG were evaluated, and the phenotype features of each subpopulation were investigated according to the density of appropriate membrane molecule expression (MFI). In parallel, phagocytic and microbicidal activity of NG was tested in these study groups. The obtained data indicate for presence of for distinct NG subpopulations, both in healthy children and in children with MPI. We have revealed phenotypic transformation of the four studied NG subpopulations from MPI patients including disturbed phagocytic and microbicidal functions of the cells. Using of this in vitro system, we have shown that the transformed phenotype of the four functionally significant NG subpopulations of MPI patients was re-arranged under GMDP treatment. At the same time, the number of CD62L + CD63 + NG and CD64 - CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG subpopulations was increased, along with decreased amounts of CD64 + CD32 + CD16 + CD11b + NG and CD62L + CD63 - NG subpopulations, being accompanied by restoration of microbicidal activity of NGs. The obtained data allow us to accomplish current understanding of immunotropic effects of GMDP, and to extend the potential scope of its experimental and clinical application. The new data on GMDP effects revealed by in vitro system, i.e. phenotype rearrangement of functionally significant NG subpopulations CD64 - CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + , CD64 + CD16 + CD32 + CD11b + , CD62L + CD63 - , CD62L + CD63 + in atypical purulent inf","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"23 1","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67110243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-POC-2097
V. V. Rakhmanov, A. Yuryeva, T. S. Varganova, D. Sokolov, S. Chepanov, K. Markova, Y. Astakhov, S. Astakhov, S. Selkov
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, being an age-related disease. Its pathogenesis still is not fully understood. A particular interest is attracted to evaluation of the cytokine concentrations in the trabecular meshwork cell culture, and in the aqueous humor (AH) taken from the same patient, since such data may allow to describe more completely the glaucomatous trabecular changes and to clarify the mechanisms of intercellular interactions in pseudoexfoliative (PEX) glaucoma. The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of cytokine contents in AH and in trabecular tissue (TT) supernatants in the patients with PEX glaucoma. The study included 23 eyes of patients with PEX glaucoma. The material studied was AH and supernatant of TT cell culture. The cytokine concentration was measured using a flow cytofluorimeter FacsCantoII (BD, USA) using the CBA method. SPSS version 19 software (IBM, USA) was used for the statistical data processing. Concentrations of cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10, VEGF, GM-CSF) were determined in AH and in the TT supernatant for each of the patients with PEX glaucoma. Only IL-6 and VEGF concentrations in AH were higher than those in the TT supernatant in patients with PEX glaucoma. The IL-6 concentration positively correlated with the VEGF and IL-8 concentrations in the TT supernatant. Correlations between other cytokines in the TT supernatant and AH were also identified and analyzed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the duration of glaucoma and the IFNγ and TNFα concentrations in AH may have a significant influence on the corneal endothelial cells, being associated with density reduction in patients with PEX glaucoma. The correlation analysis did not reveal any links between other clinical data (corneal thickness in the optical center, IOP level, age) and the cytokine concentrations in the studied tissues. The obtained results suggest that only simultaneous analysis of the cytokine concentrations in the TT supernatant and AH taken from the same patient may provide a more complete description of the cytokine imbalance and pathological processes occurring in the trabecular meshwork in PEX glaucoma patients. It has been shown that the changing cytokine ratios observed in PEX glaucoma may be associated with development of uniform structural and functional changes in all tissues of the anterior eye segment.
青光眼是一种与年龄有关的疾病，是世界范围内导致不可逆失明的主要原因之一。其发病机制尚不完全清楚。对小梁网状细胞培养和同一患者房水(AH)中细胞因子浓度的评估引起了特别的兴趣，因为这些数据可以更完整地描述青光眼小梁的变化，并阐明假脱落性青光眼(PEX)细胞间相互作用的机制。本研究的目的是比较分析PEX型青光眼患者AH和小梁组织(TT)上清中细胞因子的含量。该研究包括23只PEX型青光眼患者的眼睛。所研究的材料为AH和TT细胞培养的上清。使用流式细胞荧光仪FacsCantoII (BD, USA)采用CBA法测定细胞因子浓度。采用SPSS version 19软件(IBM, USA)进行统计数据处理。测定每例PEX型青光眼患者AH和TT上清液中细胞因子(TNFα、IFNγ、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL- 10、VEGF、GM-CSF)的浓度。PEX型青光眼患者AH中仅有IL-6和VEGF浓度高于TT上清。TT上清中IL-6浓度与VEGF、IL-8浓度呈正相关。TT上清液中其他细胞因子与AH的相关性也被鉴定和分析。多元回归分析显示，青光眼持续时间和AH中IFNγ和TNFα浓度可能对PEX型青光眼患者角膜内皮细胞有显著影响，与角膜内皮细胞密度降低有关。相关性分析没有显示其他临床数据(视中心角膜厚度、IOP水平、年龄)与研究组织中细胞因子浓度之间的任何联系。上述结果提示，只有同时分析同一患者TT上清和AH中的细胞因子浓度，才能更完整地描述PEX青光眼患者小梁网中细胞因子失衡和病理过程。研究表明，在PEX型青光眼中观察到的细胞因子比率的变化可能与前眼段所有组织的均匀结构和功能变化的发展有关。
{"title":"Profile of cytokines in aqueous humor and trabecular meshwork cell culture in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","authors":"V. V. Rakhmanov, A. Yuryeva, T. S. Varganova, D. Sokolov, S. Chepanov, K. Markova, Y. Astakhov, S. Astakhov, S. Selkov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-POC-2097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-POC-2097","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, being an age-related disease. Its pathogenesis still is not fully understood. A particular interest is attracted to evaluation of the cytokine concentrations in the trabecular meshwork cell culture, and in the aqueous humor (AH) taken from the same patient, since such data may allow to describe more completely the glaucomatous trabecular changes and to clarify the mechanisms of intercellular interactions in pseudoexfoliative (PEX) glaucoma. The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of cytokine contents in AH and in trabecular tissue (TT) supernatants in the patients with PEX glaucoma. The study included 23 eyes of patients with PEX glaucoma. The material studied was AH and supernatant of TT cell culture. The cytokine concentration was measured using a flow cytofluorimeter FacsCantoII (BD, USA) using the CBA method. SPSS version 19 software (IBM, USA) was used for the statistical data processing. Concentrations of cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10, VEGF, GM-CSF) were determined in AH and in the TT supernatant for each of the patients with PEX glaucoma. Only IL-6 and VEGF concentrations in AH were higher than those in the TT supernatant in patients with PEX glaucoma. The IL-6 concentration positively correlated with the VEGF and IL-8 concentrations in the TT supernatant. Correlations between other cytokines in the TT supernatant and AH were also identified and analyzed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the duration of glaucoma and the IFNγ and TNFα concentrations in AH may have a significant influence on the corneal endothelial cells, being associated with density reduction in patients with PEX glaucoma. The correlation analysis did not reveal any links between other clinical data (corneal thickness in the optical center, IOP level, age) and the cytokine concentrations in the studied tissues. The obtained results suggest that only simultaneous analysis of the cytokine concentrations in the TT supernatant and AH taken from the same patient may provide a more complete description of the cytokine imbalance and pathological processes occurring in the trabecular meshwork in PEX glaucoma patients. It has been shown that the changing cytokine ratios observed in PEX glaucoma may be associated with development of uniform structural and functional changes in all tissues of the anterior eye segment.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"23 1","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-ICO-2011
N. Plekhova, I. Radkov, S. Zinoviev, V. B. Shumatov
The parameters of several populations of immune cells (T cell populations, macrophage subpopulations) in peripheral blood and brain were studied in a clinically significant model of mild traumatic brain injury among rats. The population of resident cells of innate immunity of microglia and brain astrocytes with local tissue damage is involved in the implementation of the inflammatory response, it is also shown that in case of trauma, blood leukocytes can overcome the blood-brain barrier and penetrate the brain parenchyma. The methods of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used. An increase in the number of monocytes and neutrophils up to 1 day, after a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a subsequent decrease to the end of the observation period was noticed. It was determined, that the number of CD45+ cells, CD3+T cells decreased at 1 days post-injury (dpi), and rose slightly by 14 dpi, the percentage of CD4+T cells continuously declined from 7 to 14 dpi, while the percentage of CD8+T cells increased from 7 to 14 dpi. With mild traumatic brain injury in animals, a significant (3-10 times) decrease in the number of microvessels with a positive reaction to the presence of SMI 71 on the 8th and 14th day after head injury was observed. Intensive staining of SMI 71 microvessels was sometimes observed with an increase in the area of a positive reaction. Thin positive deposits of the reaction product are observed in the brain of healthy animals around the wall of the microvessel. In the damaged brain, CD45high/CD11b+ positive macrophages of the M1 subpopulation appeared in the brain tissue on the 2nd day after TBI and a significant amount was observed on the 8-14th day. In the corpus callosum and ipsilateral region of the striatum, the content of cells expressing CD16/11b+ reached a maximum 8 days after TBI, which correlated with a decrease in the positive response to the presence of endothelial antigen SMI 71. Thus, in the acute period of mild TBI, the presence of neuroimmunopathological processes is determined in the brain, which can subsequently result to the dysregulation of neuroimmune connections.
{"title":"Immunological context of brain injury","authors":"N. Plekhova, I. Radkov, S. Zinoviev, V. B. Shumatov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-ICO-2011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ICO-2011","url":null,"abstract":"The parameters of several populations of immune cells (T cell populations, macrophage subpopulations) in peripheral blood and brain were studied in a clinically significant model of mild traumatic brain injury among rats. The population of resident cells of innate immunity of microglia and brain astrocytes with local tissue damage is involved in the implementation of the inflammatory response, it is also shown that in case of trauma, blood leukocytes can overcome the blood-brain barrier and penetrate the brain parenchyma. The methods of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used. An increase in the number of monocytes and neutrophils up to 1 day, after a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a subsequent decrease to the end of the observation period was noticed. It was determined, that the number of CD45+ cells, CD3+T cells decreased at 1 days post-injury (dpi), and rose slightly by 14 dpi, the percentage of CD4+T cells continuously declined from 7 to 14 dpi, while the percentage of CD8+T cells increased from 7 to 14 dpi. With mild traumatic brain injury in animals, a significant (3-10 times) decrease in the number of microvessels with a positive reaction to the presence of SMI 71 on the 8th and 14th day after head injury was observed. Intensive staining of SMI 71 microvessels was sometimes observed with an increase in the area of a positive reaction. Thin positive deposits of the reaction product are observed in the brain of healthy animals around the wall of the microvessel. In the damaged brain, CD45high/CD11b+ positive macrophages of the M1 subpopulation appeared in the brain tissue on the 2nd day after TBI and a significant amount was observed on the 8-14th day. In the corpus callosum and ipsilateral region of the striatum, the content of cells expressing CD16/11b+ reached a maximum 8 days after TBI, which correlated with a decrease in the positive response to the presence of endothelial antigen SMI 71. Thus, in the acute period of mild TBI, the presence of neuroimmunopathological processes is determined in the brain, which can subsequently result to the dysregulation of neuroimmune connections.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-ofi-2055
S. Petlenko, E. Golovacheva, O. Afanasieva
Previous studies have shown that prolonged professional contact with chemical xenobiotics contributes to sensitization of immune system and development of typical immunopathological processes, i.e., allergies and autoimmune diseases. Origin and severity of immune system disorders depends on the spectrum and duration of exposure to adverse factors and patterns of professional activity at the chemically hazardous facilities. The study of structural and functional changes in cellular, humoral and some factors of innate immunity in people working and living in areas with unfavorable environmental conditions revealed a number of immunological disorders that can be characterized as secondary immunodeficiency conditions, which may manifest with increased frequency of acute respiratory infections and other chronic diseases. Much attention is given to prevention and treatment of secondary immunodeficiency conditions, which are associated with decreased numbers of lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, CD8. The purpose of the study was determined by recent positive experience of using highly effective drugs based on thymic regulatory peptides affecting various steps of homeostasis, in order to correct immune disorders caused by exposure to radiation and other toxic substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in immunity and effectiveness of immune correction by means of immunotropic drugs, i.e., Thymogen nasal spray, and Cytovir-3 capsules, in the cohorts living and working under the conditions of heavy chemical exposure. We observed 249 persons aged 18 years to 63 years recruited from the employees of the “Polygon “Krasny Bor” State Enterprise. The people had longterm professional contacts with the components of industrial toxic waste were under examination. Group 1 consisted of the administration staff, group 2 included drivers of special cargo transport. The control group consisted of 137 employees at the car enterprises in Saint Petersburg. The duration of follow-up observation was 1 year. The patients with a detected decrease in cellular immunity received immunotropic drugs based on alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan (Thymogen nasal spray dosed (Thymogen, 62 persons), or combined encapsuleted Cytovir-3 drug (Cytovir, 31 cases). 14 days after finishing the course, a second immunological study was conducted. Following the immunotropic therapies, the subjects showed an increase in relative content of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+subpopulations, normalization of functional oxygen-dependent metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte system in the NBT test, as well as harmonization of the content of serum immunoglobulin contents. The one-year follow-up showed high effectiveness of these drugs, as shown by decreased incidence of acute infectious and lower exacerbation rates of chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. For the group 1 with working experience of 1 to 5 years, the persons who received Thymogen exhibited lower incidence of acute respi
{"title":"Opportunities for immunocorrection aiming for reduction of morbidity in the areas with adverse occupational and environmental conditions","authors":"S. Petlenko, E. Golovacheva, O. Afanasieva","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-ofi-2055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ofi-2055","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have shown that prolonged professional contact with chemical xenobiotics contributes to sensitization of immune system and development of typical immunopathological processes, i.e., allergies and autoimmune diseases. Origin and severity of immune system disorders depends on the spectrum and duration of exposure to adverse factors and patterns of professional activity at the chemically hazardous facilities. The study of structural and functional changes in cellular, humoral and some factors of innate immunity in people working and living in areas with unfavorable environmental conditions revealed a number of immunological disorders that can be characterized as secondary immunodeficiency conditions, which may manifest with increased frequency of acute respiratory infections and other chronic diseases. Much attention is given to prevention and treatment of secondary immunodeficiency conditions, which are associated with decreased numbers of lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, CD8. The purpose of the study was determined by recent positive experience of using highly effective drugs based on thymic regulatory peptides affecting various steps of homeostasis, in order to correct immune disorders caused by exposure to radiation and other toxic substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in immunity and effectiveness of immune correction by means of immunotropic drugs, i.e., Thymogen nasal spray, and Cytovir-3 capsules, in the cohorts living and working under the conditions of heavy chemical exposure. We observed 249 persons aged 18 years to 63 years recruited from the employees of the “Polygon “Krasny Bor” State Enterprise. The people had longterm professional contacts with the components of industrial toxic waste were under examination. Group 1 consisted of the administration staff, group 2 included drivers of special cargo transport. The control group consisted of 137 employees at the car enterprises in Saint Petersburg. The duration of follow-up observation was 1 year. The patients with a detected decrease in cellular immunity received immunotropic drugs based on alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan (Thymogen nasal spray dosed (Thymogen, 62 persons), or combined encapsuleted Cytovir-3 drug (Cytovir, 31 cases). 14 days after finishing the course, a second immunological study was conducted. Following the immunotropic therapies, the subjects showed an increase in relative content of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+subpopulations, normalization of functional oxygen-dependent metabolism of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte system in the NBT test, as well as harmonization of the content of serum immunoglobulin contents. The one-year follow-up showed high effectiveness of these drugs, as shown by decreased incidence of acute infectious and lower exacerbation rates of chronic respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. For the group 1 with working experience of 1 to 5 years, the persons who received Thymogen exhibited lower incidence of acute respi","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67110815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-rvo-2067
O. Tkachenko, S. Lapin, A. Mazing, A. Totolian
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) represent a spectrum of autoantibodies targeted for various nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) is the main detection method for “antinuclear factor”. A positive ANA test is usually reported as a titer and a pattern of fluorescence. The ANA patterns refers to the distribution of staining produced by antibodies that react with antigens located in nucleus and cytoplasm of HEp-2 cells. To standardize nomenclature and descriptions of the various fluorescence patterns of antinuclear factor (ANF), the Initiative of the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) group was developed in 2014. The aim of ICAP is to promote consensus regarding nomenclature of ANA patterns, a microphotograph database, as well as classification depending on the employee skills. Information on the main characteristics, as well as specific clinical associations of the patterns is available at www.ANApatterns.org. In ANA classification trees, the patterns are indicated by the #AC (anticell pattern) alphanumeric code, being divided into nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitotic groups. Depending on the clinical significance and/or ease of recognition, this nomenclature focuses on the differences between the patterns described by specialists at competent and expert levels. Of the nuclear types, the most significant are homogeneous, speckled, dense fine-speckled, centromere, nucleolar, nuclear dots. The cytoplasmic types may be discerned into fibrillar, speckled, mitochondrial, Golgi, rods and rings. On leaders, behalf of the ICAP translation team is headed by the Full Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor A.A. Totolian, under the auspices of the Russian Research Society of Immunologists. In this article, we present the Russianlanguage adaptation of the ICAP nomenclature, in order to ensure unification and standardization of ANA detection results in the patients with autoimmune diseases.
{"title":"Russian-language adaptation of the international nomenclature of International Consensus on Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Patterns (ICAP)","authors":"O. Tkachenko, S. Lapin, A. Mazing, A. Totolian","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-rvo-2067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-rvo-2067","url":null,"abstract":"Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) represent a spectrum of autoantibodies targeted for various nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) is the main detection method for “antinuclear factor”. A positive ANA test is usually reported as a titer and a pattern of fluorescence. The ANA patterns refers to the distribution of staining produced by antibodies that react with antigens located in nucleus and cytoplasm of HEp-2 cells. To standardize nomenclature and descriptions of the various fluorescence patterns of antinuclear factor (ANF), the Initiative of the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) group was developed in 2014. The aim of ICAP is to promote consensus regarding nomenclature of ANA patterns, a microphotograph database, as well as classification depending on the employee skills. Information on the main characteristics, as well as specific clinical associations of the patterns is available at www.ANApatterns.org. In ANA classification trees, the patterns are indicated by the #AC (anticell pattern) alphanumeric code, being divided into nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitotic groups. Depending on the clinical significance and/or ease of recognition, this nomenclature focuses on the differences between the patterns described by specialists at competent and expert levels. Of the nuclear types, the most significant are homogeneous, speckled, dense fine-speckled, centromere, nucleolar, nuclear dots. The cytoplasmic types may be discerned into fibrillar, speckled, mitochondrial, Golgi, rods and rings. On leaders, behalf of the ICAP translation team is headed by the Full Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor A.A. Totolian, under the auspices of the Russian Research Society of Immunologists. In this article, we present the Russianlanguage adaptation of the ICAP nomenclature, in order to ensure unification and standardization of ANA detection results in the patients with autoimmune diseases.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67111502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-iob-2079
D. S. Shlykova, V. Pisarev, A. M. Gaponov, A. Tutelyan
Bacterial extracellular microvesicles (BMV) are formed by nonpathogenic, pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. BMV are spherical bilayer-membrane organelles containing different cargoes: lipopolysaccharides, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PUMP), DNA, RNA, signal molecules, proteins, antibiotic resistance factors, virulence factors, toxins providing various immune response options and conducive to the survival and pathogen dissemination in the human body. BMVs secretion play an important role in the ability of microorganisms to cause various diseases. BMV are involved in biofilms formation, help bacteria to obtain nutrition in a nutrient-poor conditions, to evade the host's immune response, provide communication and surviving in a stressful environment during infection inside the host. The heterogeneity of the biogenesis mechanisms causes differences in the BMV and their characteristics including virulence rate. BMVs host cells entering is mediated by several mechanisms and helps to activate innate and adaptive immune reactions. This review focuses on interaction study of BMV with various eukaryotic cells types including neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial, endothelial cells. This interaction depends on bacteria species, type of target cell and number of vesicles and can lead to different responses: non-immunogenic, pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic. Subcellular and molecular mechanisms related to the involvement of extracellular microvesicles in host's immune response modulation are presented. Stimulation of immune response is provided by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In some cases BMV use mechanisms to evade immune surveillance: anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion, alterations of phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages, increasing the proteolytic cleavage of CD14 on the macrophage surface, alterations of antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells, T-cell proliferation suppression, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, evasion of host-immune cells direct interactions, destruction of neutrophilic traps. These features allow bacterial cells to survive in the human body, increase their invasive potential, and reduce the excessive inflammatory reactions leading to death of the pathogen itself and life-threatening damage of tissues and organs of the host. Further studies of these mechanisms will improve existing therapeutic approaches to the infectious diseases treatment.
{"title":"Interaction of bacterial extracellular microvesicles with eukaryotic cells.","authors":"D. S. Shlykova, V. Pisarev, A. M. Gaponov, A. Tutelyan","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-iob-2079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-iob-2079","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial extracellular microvesicles (BMV) are formed by nonpathogenic, pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. BMV are spherical bilayer-membrane organelles containing different cargoes: lipopolysaccharides, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PUMP), DNA, RNA, signal molecules, proteins, antibiotic resistance factors, virulence factors, toxins providing various immune response options and conducive to the survival and pathogen dissemination in the human body. BMVs secretion play an important role in the ability of microorganisms to cause various diseases. BMV are involved in biofilms formation, help bacteria to obtain nutrition in a nutrient-poor conditions, to evade the host's immune response, provide communication and surviving in a stressful environment during infection inside the host. The heterogeneity of the biogenesis mechanisms causes differences in the BMV and their characteristics including virulence rate. BMVs host cells entering is mediated by several mechanisms and helps to activate innate and adaptive immune reactions. This review focuses on interaction study of BMV with various eukaryotic cells types including neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial, endothelial cells. This interaction depends on bacteria species, type of target cell and number of vesicles and can lead to different responses: non-immunogenic, pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic. Subcellular and molecular mechanisms related to the involvement of extracellular microvesicles in host's immune response modulation are presented. Stimulation of immune response is provided by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In some cases BMV use mechanisms to evade immune surveillance: anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion, alterations of phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages, increasing the proteolytic cleavage of CD14 on the macrophage surface, alterations of antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells, T-cell proliferation suppression, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, evasion of host-immune cells direct interactions, destruction of neutrophilic traps. These features allow bacterial cells to survive in the human body, increase their invasive potential, and reduce the excessive inflammatory reactions leading to death of the pathogen itself and life-threatening damage of tissues and organs of the host. Further studies of these mechanisms will improve existing therapeutic approaches to the infectious diseases treatment.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-IOS-2075
Э. А. Старикова, И. В. Кудрявцев, Л. А. Бурова, А. М. Лебедева, Дж. Т. Мамедова, И. С. Фрейдлин
Numerous pathogens express arginine deiminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine in a chain of biochemical reactions aimed at the synthesis of ATP in bacterial cells. L-arginine is a semi-essential, proteinogenic amino acid that plays an important role in regulating the functions of the immune system cells in mammals. Depletion of L-arginine may cause a weakening of the immune reaction. In order to improve the conditions of dissemination, many pathogens use a strategy of L-arginine depletion in the microenvironment of host cells. Bacterial arginine deiminase can be a pathogenicity factor aimed for dysregulating the processes of inflammation and immune response. In general, the effect of arginine deiminase on immune cells may result into disturbed production of regulatory proinflammatory molecules, such as NO, and related substances, inhibition of activation, migration and differentiation of individual leukocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of arginine deiminase on the formation of inflammatory infiltrate in murine air pouch model of streptococcal infection. Materials and methods: The study was performed using S. pyogenes M49-16 expressing arginine deiminase and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA with inactivated arginine deiminase gene. The flow cytometry analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate leukocytes subpopulation in mice infected with the original strain of S. pyogenes M49-16 and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA at different periods of infection was performed. It was shown that the inflammation reached its peak 6 hours after streptococcal inoculation, being more pronounced in mice infected with the mutant strain. Тhis finding was affirmed by a simultaneous and more pronounced increase in the absolute numbers of all leukocyte subsets in the focus of inflammation in this group of mice when compared to mice infected with original bacterial strain. Despite the decrease in the absolute number of all leukocyte types in the inflammatory infiltrate in both groups of mice for 24 hours, this trend was more pronounced in the group of mice infected with mutant microbial strain. Comparison of the inflammatory infiltrates developing in mice infected with original versus mutant strains showed that arginine deiminase may be a pathogenicity factor leading to dysregulation of protective immune response, due to impaired migration of white blood cells to the site of infection.
{"title":"Influence of streptococcal arginine deiminase on the leukocyte infiltration in murine air pouch model","authors":"Э. А. Старикова, И. В. Кудрявцев, Л. А. Бурова, А. М. Лебедева, Дж. Т. Мамедова, И. С. Фрейдлин","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-IOS-2075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-IOS-2075","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous pathogens express arginine deiminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine in a chain of biochemical reactions aimed at the synthesis of ATP in bacterial cells. L-arginine is a semi-essential, proteinogenic amino acid that plays an important role in regulating the functions of the immune system cells in mammals. Depletion of L-arginine may cause a weakening of the immune reaction. In order to improve the conditions of dissemination, many pathogens use a strategy of L-arginine depletion in the microenvironment of host cells. Bacterial arginine deiminase can be a pathogenicity factor aimed for dysregulating the processes of inflammation and immune response. In general, the effect of arginine deiminase on immune cells may result into disturbed production of regulatory proinflammatory molecules, such as NO, and related substances, inhibition of activation, migration and differentiation of individual leukocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of arginine deiminase on the formation of inflammatory infiltrate in murine air pouch model of streptococcal infection. Materials and methods: The study was performed using S. pyogenes M49-16 expressing arginine deiminase and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA with inactivated arginine deiminase gene. The flow cytometry analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate leukocytes subpopulation in mice infected with the original strain of S. pyogenes M49-16 and its isogenic mutant S. pyogenes M49-16delArcA at different periods of infection was performed. It was shown that the inflammation reached its peak 6 hours after streptococcal inoculation, being more pronounced in mice infected with the mutant strain. Тhis finding was affirmed by a simultaneous and more pronounced increase in the absolute numbers of all leukocyte subsets in the focus of inflammation in this group of mice when compared to mice infected with original bacterial strain. Despite the decrease in the absolute number of all leukocyte types in the inflammatory infiltrate in both groups of mice for 24 hours, this trend was more pronounced in the group of mice infected with mutant microbial strain. Comparison of the inflammatory infiltrates developing in mice infected with original versus mutant strains showed that arginine deiminase may be a pathogenicity factor leading to dysregulation of protective immune response, due to impaired migration of white blood cells to the site of infection.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67110462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.15789/1563-0625-foo-2036
M. Lukashenko, N. Basantsova, A. Shishkin
Incidence of the ophthalmic complications in autoimmune diseases is stably increasing over recent years, as well as overall increase in the number of autoimmune pathologies around the world, along with novel diagnostic approaches. According to the WHO estimates, the number of patients with visual impairment is estimated at 285 million people for 2010, causing blindness in 39 million cases. Among autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis and Behcet’s disease are most often complicated by these conditions. Dry eye syndrome is the most common eye complication associated with these diseases. Our aim was to describe eye complications in type I diabetes, sarcoidosis, and Behcet’s disease, as well as show the importance of research in the area, and to develop common criteria for the care of patients with ophthalmic conditions. The review considers main pathogenetic links, ethnic and genetic factors of ocular pathologies in autoimmune disorders, the main issues of timely diagnosis and the use of various schemes of conservative therapy. The results obtained upon analysis of the literature contain demonstrate the possible autoimmune nature of such eye pathologies, as uveitis and dry eye syndrome in diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, and Behcet’s disease. Despite the ongoing research, there are many unresolved issues in the study of pathogenesis, as well as in therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the treatment of autoimmune eye diseases is a difficult task today, including treatment of the underlying disease, and local therapy of the visual organ. Since the primary immunopathology in the mentioned autoimmune diseases requires further studies, it is not possible to accurately predict the course of eye disease, possible complications and outcomes at the present time. Currently, there is only scarce information for creating uniform criteria for the treatment of uveitis and dry eye syndrome in autoimmune diseases. Their further development can contribute to establishment of the principles of medical care, in order to improve efficiency of treatment and quality of life in the patients. Further research and accumulation of data in the field are needed.
{"title":"Features of ophthalmic pathology in autoimmune diseases","authors":"M. Lukashenko, N. Basantsova, A. Shishkin","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-foo-2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-foo-2036","url":null,"abstract":"Incidence of the ophthalmic complications in autoimmune diseases is stably increasing over recent years, as well as overall increase in the number of autoimmune pathologies around the world, along with novel diagnostic approaches. According to the WHO estimates, the number of patients with visual impairment is estimated at 285 million people for 2010, causing blindness in 39 million cases. Among autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis and Behcet’s disease are most often complicated by these conditions. Dry eye syndrome is the most common eye complication associated with these diseases. Our aim was to describe eye complications in type I diabetes, sarcoidosis, and Behcet’s disease, as well as show the importance of research in the area, and to develop common criteria for the care of patients with ophthalmic conditions. The review considers main pathogenetic links, ethnic and genetic factors of ocular pathologies in autoimmune disorders, the main issues of timely diagnosis and the use of various schemes of conservative therapy. The results obtained upon analysis of the literature contain demonstrate the possible autoimmune nature of such eye pathologies, as uveitis and dry eye syndrome in diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, and Behcet’s disease. Despite the ongoing research, there are many unresolved issues in the study of pathogenesis, as well as in therapeutic strategy. Therefore, the treatment of autoimmune eye diseases is a difficult task today, including treatment of the underlying disease, and local therapy of the visual organ. Since the primary immunopathology in the mentioned autoimmune diseases requires further studies, it is not possible to accurately predict the course of eye disease, possible complications and outcomes at the present time. Currently, there is only scarce information for creating uniform criteria for the treatment of uveitis and dry eye syndrome in autoimmune diseases. Their further development can contribute to establishment of the principles of medical care, in order to improve efficiency of treatment and quality of life in the patients. Further research and accumulation of data in the field are needed.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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