Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Diet quality, dietary inflammatory index and body mass index as predictors of response to adjunctive N-acetylcysteine and mitochondrial agents in adults with bipolar disorder: A sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial","authors":"M. Ashton, O. Dean, W. Marx, M. Mohebbi, M. Berk, G. Malhi, C. Ng, S. Cotton, S. Dodd, J. Sarris, M. Hopwood, K. Faye-Chauhan, Yesul Kim, S. Dash, F. Jacka, N. Shivappa, J. Hébert, A. Turner","doi":"10.1177/0004867419882497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419882497","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: We aimed to explore the relationships between diet quality, dietary inflammatory potential or body mass index and outcomes of a clinical trial of nutraceutical treatment for bipolar depression. Methods: This is a sub-study of a randomised controlled trial of participants with bipolar depression who provided dietary intake data (n = 133). Participants received 16 weeks adjunctive treatment of either placebo or N-acetylcysteine-alone or a combination of mitochondrial-enhancing nutraceuticals including N-acetylcysteine (combination treatment). Participants were followed up 4 weeks post-treatment discontinuation (Week 20). Diet was assessed by the Cancer Council Victoria Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies, Version 2, converted into an Australian Recommended Food Score to measure diet quality, and energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index score to measure inflammatory potential of diet. Body mass index was also measured. Generalised estimating equation models were used to assess whether diet quality, energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index score and/or body mass index were predictors of response to significant outcomes of the primary trial: depression symptoms, clinician-rated improvement and functioning measures. Results: In participants taking combination treatment compared to placebo, change in depression scores was not predicted by Australian Recommended Food Score, dietary inflammatory index or body mass index scores. However, participants with better diet quality (Australian Recommended Food Score) reported reduced general depression and bipolar depression symptoms (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively) and greater clinician-rated improvement (p = 0.02) irrespective of treatment and time. Participants who had a more anti-inflammatory dietary inflammatory index had less impairment in functioning (p = 0.01). Combination treatment may attenuate the adverse effects of pro-inflammatory diet (p = 0.03) on functioning. Participants with lower body mass index who received combination treatment (p = 0.02) or N-acetylcysteine (p = 0.02) showed greater clinician-rated improvement. Conclusion: These data support a possible association between diet (quality and inflammatory potential), body mass index and response to treatment for bipolar depression in the context of a nutraceutical trial. The results should be interpreted cautiously because of limitations, including numerous null findings, modest sample size and being secondary analyses.","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"23 1","pages":"159 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74661156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science needs better reporting to improve translational mental health research","authors":"H. Stallman","doi":"10.1177/0004867419876693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419876693","url":null,"abstract":"Allan AT and Hunter EM (1985) Cross-cultural psychiatry in Micronesia: The consultant’s view. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 31: 59–66. Commonwealth Health Online (2019) Health in Tuvalu. Available at: www.commonwealthhealth. org/pacific/tuvalu/ (accessed 31 March 2019). The World Bank (2017) Population, total. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV (accessed 31 March 2019).","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"25 1","pages":"209 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75554520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian psychiatrists on the world stage","authors":"G. Parker","doi":"10.1177/0004867419864432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419864432","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To nominate Australian psychiatrists no longer living who made a distinct international contribution and impact. Method: Personal choices were made in nominating five psychiatrists and with supportive arguments provided in reviewing their contributions. Results: The five nominated psychiatrists were John Cade, Aubrey Lewis, Leslie Kiloh, Bernard Carroll and Issy Pilowsky. Conclusion: Background information allows the contributions of the five nominees to be both considered and celebrated.","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"32 1","pages":"15 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacotherapy for incarcerated people with a history of violence: Response to commentary by Schofield et al.","authors":"James A. Foulds, J. Young","doi":"10.1177/0004867419885175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419885175","url":null,"abstract":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(1) to ‘register for the draft’ and wait apprehensively to discover whether their ‘number’ was picked – a random selection of birthdates determined which young men would have to join the army (with the prospect of going to war). This was the time when Australians began to travel. We had not travelled. As a defence against our lack of worldly sophistication, we took pride in that lack – we took pride in being ‘Ocker’ – we demonstrated our ‘patriotism’ by demonstrably limiting our horizons. We had not been schooled for revolution. Professor Bastiampillai and his colleagues are to be saluted for suggesting the use of Durkheim’s beautiful concepts which can enable our understanding of ‘the sixties’ suicide spike (which featured a high level of female death).","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"63 1","pages":"106 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76812915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide and sudden death bereavement in Australia: A longitudinal study of family members over 2 years after death","authors":"K. Kõlves, Qing Zhao, Victoria Ross, Jacinta Hawgood, S. Spence, D. de Leo","doi":"10.1177/0004867419882490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419882490","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Grief reactions change over time. However, only a limited number of studies, and none in Australia, have analysed changes in individual grief reactions longitudinally. The aim is to examine changes in grief reactions, mental health and suicidality of close family members bereaved by suicide, 6, 12 and 24 months after their loss compared with those bereaved by other forms of sudden death, adjusting for confounding factors. Method: Participants were 142 adult family members bereaved by suicide and 63 by other sudden death, followed up at 6, 12 and 24 months in Queensland, Australia. The Grief Experience Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation were used as main outcomes. Mixed-effects linear and logistic regressions were utilized for statistical analyses. Results: There were significant differences in rejection, stigmatization, shame and responsibility between the suicide and sudden death bereaved over the 2-year period, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Rejection, stigmatization, search for explanation, somatic reactions and symptoms of depression and anxiety (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) declined significantly over time in both groups. Rejection and somatic reactions showed group-by-time interaction effects, with a decrease in the suicide bereaved and no change in the sudden death bereaved. Loss of social support and suicidal ideation did not show a group or time effect. Conclusion: Although our findings confirm that there are several common dimensions to experiencing a sudden death of a family member, several differences were found between the suicide and non-suicide sudden death bereaved including significantly higher levels of rejection, stigmatization, shame and responsibility remaining in the suicide compared to sudden death bereaved 2 years after their loss. These findings should be considered in clinical practice and when designing postvention services in Australia.","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"36 1","pages":"89 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76144710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of compulsory community treatment and use in minority ethnic populations: A statewide cohort study.","authors":"Steve Kisely, Katherine Moss, Melinda Boyd, Dan Siskind","doi":"10.1177/0004867419877690","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0004867419877690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is conflicting and equivocal evidence for the efficacy of compulsory community treatment within Australia and overseas, but no study from Queensland. In addition, although people from Indigenous or culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are over-represented in compulsory admissions to hospital, little is known about whether this also applies to compulsory community treatment.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>We initially investigated whether people from Indigenous or culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in terms of country of birth, or preferred language, were more likely to be on compulsory community treatment using statewide databases from Queensland. We then assessed the impact of compulsory community treatment on health service use over the following 12 months. Compulsory community treatment included both community treatment orders and forensic orders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases and controls from administrative health data were matched on age, sex, diagnosis and time of hospital discharge (the index date). Multivariate analyses were used to examine potential predictors of compulsory community treatment, as well as impact on bed-days, time to readmission or contacts with public mental health services in the subsequent year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 7432 cases and controls from January 2013 to February 2017 (total <i>n</i> = 14,864). Compulsory community treatment was more likely in Indigenous Queenslanders (adjusted odds ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval = [1.28, 1.65]) subjects coming from a culturally and linguistically diverse background (adjusted odds ratio = 1.54; 95% confidence interval = [1.37, 1.72]), or those who had a preferred language other than English (adjusted odds ratio = 1.66; 95% confidence interval = [1.30, 2.11]). While community contacts were significantly greater in patients on compulsory community treatment, there was no difference in bed-days while time to readmission was shorter. Restricting the analyses to just community treatment orders did not alter these results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In common with other coercive treatments, Indigenous Australians and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are more likely to be placed on compulsory community treatment. The evidence for effectiveness remains inconclusive.</p>","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"3 1","pages":"76-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76933677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide: Reframing the problem from the perspective of Durkheim","authors":"S. Pridmore","doi":"10.1177/0004867419883029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419883029","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Jorm (2019) recently demonstrated that increasing funding for suicide prevention programmes and mental health services made no impact on the suicide rate in Australia. In fact, the national rate has risen gradually over the last decade. Professor Bastiampillai et al. (2020) responded, suggesting current ‘perceptions, beliefs and understanding of the problem’ (of suicide) ‘might need to be re-examined’. They suggested the concepts advanced by Durkheim (1952 [1897]) – in brief, that suicide is influenced by the culture (norms and values) of a group, their customs (ways of responding to circumstances) and disruptions imposed by external factors. They argued Durkheim’s concepts explained variations in the Australian suicide rate from 1921 to 2017 (Harrison and Henley, 2014). They described three periods of deviation from the mean total suicide rate. The first was an increase during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the second was a reduction in the male suicide rate during World War II (WWII) and the third was a spike during the 1960s and early 1970s, which was attributed to barbiturate access (Harrison and Henley, 2014). The increase in suicide during the Great Depression fits with sociological theory – the loss of resources leads to unemployment, poverty, family breakdown and loss of self-esteem. The individual is no longer adequately supported by (integrated into) society and the suicide rate increases. The decrease in suicide in Australia during WWII is consistent with decreases reported with most wars – there is a common enemy, a pulling together and greater integration of members of society – in the case of losses, grieving families receive private and public condolences and recognition. The increased rate of suicide in ‘the sixties’ (which extended into the first half of the next decade) is not adequately explained by the availability of barbiturates (which relates to method) and sociological factors (motivation/ triggers) have been overlooked. The barbiturates had been continuously available following WWII. In 1960, chlordiazepoxide (benzodiazepine) was released (soon followed by diazepam), reducing the clinical need for barbiturates, and by 1967, strict limitations on the prescription of barbiturates had been imposed. Per suasively, during this period, death by exposure to gas markedly increased (Figure 7.1) and death by jumping doubled from 1964 to 1974 (Figure 8.2) – this was a time of increased suicide. At the zenith, barbiturates accounted for only 18% of female suicide, and while this was achieved after some years of increases, it was nevertheless a relatively small contribution to the total female suicide rate. Access to means is a piece of the suicide puzzle, and the dangers of barbiturates may have been underestimated, but they were not the ‘cause’ of the increased suicide rate in the ‘the sixties’. Durkheim (1952 [1897]: 116) stated the suicide rate could rise in the setting of an ‘unpopular’ war – one which divided group","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"47 15 1","pages":"105 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86265425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary and secondary resilience to stress-related disorders and suicidal behavior","authors":"L. Sher","doi":"10.1177/0004867419876698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419876698","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience is defined as the ability and dynamic process of adaptively overcoming stress and difficulties while maintaining normal psychological and physical function (Sher, 2019). Resilience is associated with healthy development, positive health outcomes and ability to withstand life stressors. Building resilience may reduce the incidence of stress-related disorders and suicide rates in the general population (Sher, 2019). Resilience enhancement may reduce suicides among individuals with stress-related and other psychiatric disorders (Sher, 2019). Resilience research is focused on recognizing the psychosocial and neurobiological factors of resilience (Sher, 2019). According to the current views, resilience is associated with multiple factors, including positive emotions and optimism, the ability to regulate emotions, cognitive flexibility, a history of mastering challenges, commitment to a valued cause or purpose, capacity to extract meaning from adverse situations, high coping self-efficacy, disciplined focus on skill development and altruism. Resilience factors may be more important predictors of stress-related disorders and suicidal behavior than the extent of exposure to stressful life events. Resilience may mean not only that someone reacts to stress more adaptively, but that someone actively creates a world in which stressful situations are less likely to take place (Price, 2016). I suggest to call this ability to create a stress-free world ‘primary resilience’ while the ability to adapt well in the face of stress and adversity can be termed ‘secondary resilience’. The literature on resilience is mostly focused on secondary resilience to stress-related disorder and suicide. However, primary resilience is very important. Many individuals with psychiatric disorders and/or maladaptive personality features who are predisposed to stress-related disorders and suicidal behavior play an active part in creating the very stressors (e.g. interpersonal arguments) that then affect them (Liu and Alloy, 2010). For example, according to the stress generation theory, depressionprone individuals are not merely inert respondents to stressful events in their lives, but they actively create depressogenic life stressors. Certain cognitive and personality factors have been implicated in the stress generation (Liu and Alloy, 2010). Public education and psychotherapeutic interventions should aim at teaching healthy and sick people on how to create an environment in which stress is less likely to occur. For example, some people need to be taught to be more assertive and deal with issues head on, doing their best to anticipate and prevent problems. Interventions with individuals with a history of stress-generation behavior should focus on behavior modification strategies targeting stress generation mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"93 1","pages":"108 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76871357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphetamine-type stimulant use in acute psychiatric inpatients with delusions","authors":"Christine Van Winssen, Emily Walters, V. Brakoulias","doi":"10.1177/0004867419893447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419893447","url":null,"abstract":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5) Medicine 2018 ‘Cooperative Research Project of Trans lational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center’ TM201801 to BMS. Dr. B. Sun received research support from DBS industry SceneRay and PINS (donated devices); Dr. D. Li and Dr. C. Zhang received honoraria and travel expenses from companies involved in the field of deep brain stimulation (Medtronic, SceneRay and PINS). ORCID iD","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"77 1","pages":"544 - 545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83229514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study","authors":"J. Sarris, G. Byrne, C. Bousman, Lachlan Cribb, K. Savage, O. Holmes, Jenifer A Murphy, P. Macdonald, Anika Short, Sonia Nazareth, E. Jennings, Stuart Thomas, E. Ogden, Suneel Chamoli, A. Scholey, C. Stough","doi":"10.1177/0004867419891246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419891246","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Previous randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have shown that Kava (a South Pacific medicinal plant) reduced anxiety during short-term administration. The objective of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to perform a larger, longer-term trial assessing the efficacy and safety of Kava in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder and to determine whether gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (SLC6A1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms were moderators of response. Methods: The trial was a phase III, multi-site, two-arm, 16-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating an aqueous extract of dried Kava root administered twice per day in tablet form (standardised to 120 mg of kavalactones twice/day) in 171 currently non-medicated anxious participants with diagnosed generalised anxiety disorder. The trial took place in Australia. Results: An analysis of 171 participants revealed a non-significant difference in anxiety reduction between the Kava and placebo groups (a relative reduction favouring placebo of 1.37 points; p = 0.25). At the conclusion of the controlled phase, 17.4% of the Kava group were classified as remitted (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score < 7) compared to 23.8% of the placebo group (p = 0.46). No SLC6A1 polymorphisms were associated with treatment response, while carriers of the rs2601126 T allele preferentially respond to placebo (p = 0.006). Kava was well tolerated aside from poorer memory (Kava = 36 vs placebo = 23; p = 0.044) and tremor/shakiness (Kava = 36 vs placebo = 23; p = 0.024) occurring more frequently in the Kava group. Liver function test abnormalities were significantly more frequent in the Kava group, although no participant met criteria for herb-induced hepatic injury. Conclusion: While research has generally supported Kava in non-clinical populations (potentially for more ‘situational’ anxiety as a short-term anxiolytic), this particular extract was not effective for diagnosed generalised anxiety disorder.","PeriodicalId":8576,"journal":{"name":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"477 1","pages":"288 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88189809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}