Introduction We examined the effect of seasonal variation on sexual behavior and its relationship with testosterone levels. The existence of the inhibiting effect of cold stress on sexual behavior and testosterone levels was our hypothesis. Material and methods A total of 80 cases, aged between 20 and 35 years old, were enrolled. Blood samples for testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin were obtained twice from each participant at the same time of day (before 10 am). The first samples were taken in January and February, the months which have the average lowest heat days (-15.9°C and -14.6°C, respectively) in our region. The second samples were taken in July and August, which has the average highest heat days (25.4°C and 26.1°C, respectively) in our region. Two times IIEFs (International Index of Erectil Function) were fulfilled at the same day of taking blood samples. The frequency of sexual thoughts and ejaculation were questioned by asking “How many times did you imagine having sex?’’ and “How many times did you ejaculate in a week?”. The body mass index of the participants in the study was calculated in the winter and in the summer. Results There were significant differences in terms of IIEF scores, frequency of sexual thoughts and ejaculations, BMI (Body mass index), and both testosterone and FSH levels between the winter and summer measurements. We did not find any significant differences with regards to prolactin and LH levels. Conclusions Although testosterone levels are within normal limits in both seasons, its level in cold months is less than in hot months. Testosterone levels can change according to the season. The impact of cold seasons in particular should be taken into account when evaluating testosterone levels and sexual status, as well as the other influences (social, cultural).
{"title":"The effect of seasonal variation on sexual behaviors in males and its correlation with hormone levels: a prospective clinical trial","authors":"A. Demir, M. Uslu, O. Arslan","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.793","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction We examined the effect of seasonal variation on sexual behavior and its relationship with testosterone levels. The existence of the inhibiting effect of cold stress on sexual behavior and testosterone levels was our hypothesis. Material and methods A total of 80 cases, aged between 20 and 35 years old, were enrolled. Blood samples for testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin were obtained twice from each participant at the same time of day (before 10 am). The first samples were taken in January and February, the months which have the average lowest heat days (-15.9°C and -14.6°C, respectively) in our region. The second samples were taken in July and August, which has the average highest heat days (25.4°C and 26.1°C, respectively) in our region. Two times IIEFs (International Index of Erectil Function) were fulfilled at the same day of taking blood samples. The frequency of sexual thoughts and ejaculation were questioned by asking “How many times did you imagine having sex?’’ and “How many times did you ejaculate in a week?”. The body mass index of the participants in the study was calculated in the winter and in the summer. Results There were significant differences in terms of IIEF scores, frequency of sexual thoughts and ejaculations, BMI (Body mass index), and both testosterone and FSH levels between the winter and summer measurements. We did not find any significant differences with regards to prolactin and LH levels. Conclusions Although testosterone levels are within normal limits in both seasons, its level in cold months is less than in hot months. Testosterone levels can change according to the season. The impact of cold seasons in particular should be taken into account when evaluating testosterone levels and sexual status, as well as the other influences (social, cultural).","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"285 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5173/ceju.2016.793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70775696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew James Young, Timothy Noblet, Stephanie J. Symons
The insertion of foreign bodies into the male urethra is not an uncommon urological presentation. Superglue is a material that can potentially cause significant complications if instilled into the urethra. We describe a successful case of delayed (six months) removal of superglue from a 39 year old male’s urethra having failed to remove the material at initial presentation.
{"title":"Surgical technique for the delayed removal of superglue from the male urethra","authors":"Matthew James Young, Timothy Noblet, Stephanie J. Symons","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.838","url":null,"abstract":"The insertion of foreign bodies into the male urethra is not an uncommon urological presentation. Superglue is a material that can potentially cause significant complications if instilled into the urethra. We describe a successful case of delayed (six months) removal of superglue from a 39 year old male’s urethra having failed to remove the material at initial presentation.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"290 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70777211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Bladder cancer is the most common urinary tract malignancy in western countries. In recent years, extensive research has suggested that angiogenesis plays an important role in bladder cancer biology, contributing to tumor growth and progression. Material and methods In this review, we discuss general mechanisms of angiogenesis and highlight the influence of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, and cancer stem cells on bladder cancer biology, their relation to disease progression, and potential use in novel targeted therapies. Results Expression of a number of proangiogenic factors, including HIF-1, VEGF, bFGF, IL-8 and MMPs, as well as anti-angiogenic factor TSP-1, was found to be altered in bladder tumors. Involvement of cancer stem cells in bladder cancer development was also proposed. Conclusions High expression of most pro-angiogenic factors correlated with disease progression and shorter patient survival, but discrepancies between studies urge us to continue evaluating the significance of angiogenesis in bladder cancer.
{"title":"Role of angiogenesis in urothelial bladder carcinoma","authors":"Ł. Fus, B. Gornicka","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.830","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Bladder cancer is the most common urinary tract malignancy in western countries. In recent years, extensive research has suggested that angiogenesis plays an important role in bladder cancer biology, contributing to tumor growth and progression. Material and methods In this review, we discuss general mechanisms of angiogenesis and highlight the influence of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, and cancer stem cells on bladder cancer biology, their relation to disease progression, and potential use in novel targeted therapies. Results Expression of a number of proangiogenic factors, including HIF-1, VEGF, bFGF, IL-8 and MMPs, as well as anti-angiogenic factor TSP-1, was found to be altered in bladder tumors. Involvement of cancer stem cells in bladder cancer development was also proposed. Conclusions High expression of most pro-angiogenic factors correlated with disease progression and shorter patient survival, but discrepancies between studies urge us to continue evaluating the significance of angiogenesis in bladder cancer.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"258 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70775516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick Jones, Bhavan Prasad Rai, A. Ghosh, B. Somani
We thank the editor Dr. Bres-Niewada for her comments on our papers [1, 2] on the efficacy and outcomes for ureteroscopy in patients with solitary kidney. URS and RIRS have now been shown to be effective in all types of patient groups including paediatric patients [4]. Our results support successful use of this technique for patients with solitary kidney, as a day case procedure with some improvement in their renal function post-operatively [3].
{"title":"Ureteroscopy for stones in solitary kidney: Preferred not just a standard option","authors":"Patrick Jones, Bhavan Prasad Rai, A. Ghosh, B. Somani","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.885","url":null,"abstract":"We thank the editor Dr. Bres-Niewada for her comments on our papers [1, 2] on the efficacy and outcomes for ureteroscopy in patients with solitary kidney. URS and RIRS have now been shown to be effective in all types of patient groups including paediatric patients [4]. Our results support successful use of this technique for patients with solitary kidney, as a day case procedure with some improvement in their renal function post-operatively [3].","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"314 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70777711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Moore, E. Bres-Niewada, P. Cook, H. Wells, B. Somani
Introduction Kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide with its most common location being in the lower pole. A clear strategy for effective management of these stones is essential in the light of ever increasing choice, effectiveness, and complications of different treatment options. Material and methods This review identifies the latest and clinically relevant publications focused on optimal management of lower pole stones. Results We present an up-to-date European Association of Urology and American Urological Association algorithm for lower pole stones, risks and benefits of different treatments, and changing landscape with the miniaturization of percutaneous stone treatments. Conclusions Available literature seems to be deficient on quality of life, patient centered decision making, and cost analysis of optimal management with no defined standard of ‘stone free rate’, all of which are critical in any surgical consultation and outcome analysis.
{"title":"Optimal management of lower pole stones: the direction of future travel","authors":"S. Moore, E. Bres-Niewada, P. Cook, H. Wells, B. Somani","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.819","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide with its most common location being in the lower pole. A clear strategy for effective management of these stones is essential in the light of ever increasing choice, effectiveness, and complications of different treatment options. Material and methods This review identifies the latest and clinically relevant publications focused on optimal management of lower pole stones. Results We present an up-to-date European Association of Urology and American Urological Association algorithm for lower pole stones, risks and benefits of different treatments, and changing landscape with the miniaturization of percutaneous stone treatments. Conclusions Available literature seems to be deficient on quality of life, patient centered decision making, and cost analysis of optimal management with no defined standard of ‘stone free rate’, all of which are critical in any surgical consultation and outcome analysis.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"274 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5173/ceju.2016.819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70775816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Krajewski, J. Dembowski, A. Kołodziej, B. Małkiewicz, K. Tupikowski, M. Matuszewski, P. Chudoba, M. Boratyńska, M. Klinger, R. Zdrojowy
Introduction Urological complications after renal transplantation occur in between 2.5% and 30% of all graft recipients. The aim of the study was to present 7 years of experience in urological treatment of patients with a transplanted kidney. We aimed to identify retrospectively late urological complications in renal transplant recipients at a single center and analyze the treatment modalities and their outcome. Material and methods Between January 2008 and December 2014, a total of 58 patients after KTX were treated in the Department of Urology because of post-transplant urological complications that occurred during follow-up at the Transplant Outpatient Department. Retrieved data were analysed in retrospectively. Results In the group of 38 patients with ureteral stenosis (Clavien grade III), 29 patients underwent endoscopy, 8 open surgical procedures and one both endoscopic and open operation. Ten patients were admitted with symptomatic lymphocoele (Clavien III), of which 9 were successfully treated with drainage and one with surgical marsupialization. Because of urolithiasis in the grafted kidney (Clavien grade III), 4 patients were treated with ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL) and one only with the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) procedure. Five urethral strictures plasties and one graftectomy because of purulent pyelonephritis were also conducted. The average age in the group of recipients who experienced urologic complications was similar (46.1 vs. 47.8) to those without complications. There was no vesicoureteral reflux or ureteral necrosis requiring surgical intervention, no graft loss and death related to urological complication and treatment. Conclusions Most complications could be successfully treated with endourological procedures. The kidney function improved in the majority of patients.
肾移植术后泌尿系统并发症发生率为2.5% - 30%。该研究的目的是介绍7年来泌尿科治疗肾移植患者的经验。我们的目的是在单一中心回顾性地确定肾移植受者的晚期泌尿系统并发症，并分析治疗方式及其结果。材料与方法2008年1月至2014年12月，共有58例KTX患者在移植门诊随访期间因移植后泌尿系统并发症在泌尿科接受治疗。对检索到的资料进行回顾性分析。结果38例输尿管狭窄(Clavien III级)患者中，29例行内窥镜检查，8例行开放手术，1例行内窥镜+开放手术。10例有症状性淋巴囊肿(Clavien III型)入院，其中9例引流成功，1例手术有袋化。由于移植肾存在尿石症(Clavien III级)，4例患者行输尿管镜碎石术(URSL)， 1例仅行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)。尿道狭窄成形术5例，化脓性肾盂肾炎1例。泌尿系统并发症组的平均年龄与无并发症组相似(46.1 vs 47.8)。没有膀胱输尿管反流或输尿管坏死需要手术干预，没有移植物丢失和死亡相关的泌尿系统并发症和治疗。结论泌尿外科手术可成功治疗大部分并发症。大多数患者的肾功能得到改善。
{"title":"Urological complications after renal transplantation – a single centre experience","authors":"W. Krajewski, J. Dembowski, A. Kołodziej, B. Małkiewicz, K. Tupikowski, M. Matuszewski, P. Chudoba, M. Boratyńska, M. Klinger, R. Zdrojowy","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.833","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Urological complications after renal transplantation occur in between 2.5% and 30% of all graft recipients. The aim of the study was to present 7 years of experience in urological treatment of patients with a transplanted kidney. We aimed to identify retrospectively late urological complications in renal transplant recipients at a single center and analyze the treatment modalities and their outcome. Material and methods Between January 2008 and December 2014, a total of 58 patients after KTX were treated in the Department of Urology because of post-transplant urological complications that occurred during follow-up at the Transplant Outpatient Department. Retrieved data were analysed in retrospectively. Results In the group of 38 patients with ureteral stenosis (Clavien grade III), 29 patients underwent endoscopy, 8 open surgical procedures and one both endoscopic and open operation. Ten patients were admitted with symptomatic lymphocoele (Clavien III), of which 9 were successfully treated with drainage and one with surgical marsupialization. Because of urolithiasis in the grafted kidney (Clavien grade III), 4 patients were treated with ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL) and one only with the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) procedure. Five urethral strictures plasties and one graftectomy because of purulent pyelonephritis were also conducted. The average age in the group of recipients who experienced urologic complications was similar (46.1 vs. 47.8) to those without complications. There was no vesicoureteral reflux or ureteral necrosis requiring surgical intervention, no graft loss and death related to urological complication and treatment. Conclusions Most complications could be successfully treated with endourological procedures. The kidney function improved in the majority of patients.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"306 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5173/ceju.2016.833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70776005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Premature ejaculation is a common sexual disorder, which is usually underreported. Multiple treatment methodologies are in use due to the absence of an effective, universally acceptable treatment modality. The most common drug used is dapoxetine, which has adverse effects limiting its long-term use. Hence, we decided to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘on demand’ silidosin 4 mg in patients with premature ejaculation, who were dissatisfied with dapoxetine 30 mg. Material and methods The study included 64 patients who reported premature ejaculation who were unhappy with the treatment with ‘on demand’ dapoxetine 30 mg, either due to its adverse effects or because of its overall inefficacy. They were divided into two groups of 33 and 31 respectively by simple randomization, with Group A treated with ‘on demand’ silodosin 4 mg three hours prior to intercourse, whereas Group B was treated with placebo. Pre- and post-treatment intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation profile (PEP) and clinical global impression of change (CGIC) for premature ejaculation were evaluated. Results Patients in Group A (silodosin 4 mg) reported statistically significant improvement (p <0.005) in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation profile (PEP) and clinical global impression of change (CGIC) for premature ejaculation, with four patients reporting uncomfortably-delayed ejaculation. Conclusions ‘On demand’ silodosin 4 mg is an effective treatment option with very few adverse events in those patients suffering from premature ejaculation, who are dissatisfied with dapoxetine 30 mg due to its adverse effects or inefficacy.
{"title":"Effectiveness of ‘on demand’ silodosin in the treatment of premature ejaculation in patients dissatisfied with dapoxetine: a randomized control study","authors":"G. Bhat, A. Shastry","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.843","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Premature ejaculation is a common sexual disorder, which is usually underreported. Multiple treatment methodologies are in use due to the absence of an effective, universally acceptable treatment modality. The most common drug used is dapoxetine, which has adverse effects limiting its long-term use. Hence, we decided to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘on demand’ silidosin 4 mg in patients with premature ejaculation, who were dissatisfied with dapoxetine 30 mg. Material and methods The study included 64 patients who reported premature ejaculation who were unhappy with the treatment with ‘on demand’ dapoxetine 30 mg, either due to its adverse effects or because of its overall inefficacy. They were divided into two groups of 33 and 31 respectively by simple randomization, with Group A treated with ‘on demand’ silodosin 4 mg three hours prior to intercourse, whereas Group B was treated with placebo. Pre- and post-treatment intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation profile (PEP) and clinical global impression of change (CGIC) for premature ejaculation were evaluated. Results Patients in Group A (silodosin 4 mg) reported statistically significant improvement (p <0.005) in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), premature ejaculation profile (PEP) and clinical global impression of change (CGIC) for premature ejaculation, with four patients reporting uncomfortably-delayed ejaculation. Conclusions ‘On demand’ silodosin 4 mg is an effective treatment option with very few adverse events in those patients suffering from premature ejaculation, who are dissatisfied with dapoxetine 30 mg due to its adverse effects or inefficacy.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"280 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5173/ceju.2016.843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70777281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Przudzik, M. Borowik, Roman Łesiów, Zbigniew Purpurowicz, M. Roslan
Foreign bodies in the bladder are quite common disorders of the lower urinary tract. Most of them originate from various surgical procedures but rarely are a consequence of transurethral self-insertion, as a result of sexual curiosity or autoerotic stimulation. From 2006 to 2015, in our center the prevalence of this condition was 0.05%, but only six (0.02%) of the cases were due to sexual curiosity. Transurethral endoscopic procedures as well as open or laparoscopic, or single-port techniques, have been successfully applied to remove bladder foreign bodies. We present the case of using the transvesical laparoendoscopic single-port surgery (T-LESS) for removal of an unusual metallic foreign body.
{"title":"Transvesical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (T-LESS) to remove an unusual foreign body from the bladder","authors":"M. Przudzik, M. Borowik, Roman Łesiów, Zbigniew Purpurowicz, M. Roslan","doi":"10.5173/CEJU.2016.790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/CEJU.2016.790","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign bodies in the bladder are quite common disorders of the lower urinary tract. Most of them originate from various surgical procedures but rarely are a consequence of transurethral self-insertion, as a result of sexual curiosity or autoerotic stimulation. From 2006 to 2015, in our center the prevalence of this condition was 0.05%, but only six (0.02%) of the cases were due to sexual curiosity. Transurethral endoscopic procedures as well as open or laparoscopic, or single-port techniques, have been successfully applied to remove bladder foreign bodies. We present the case of using the transvesical laparoendoscopic single-port surgery (T-LESS) for removal of an unusual metallic foreign body.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"312 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70775656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Matuszewski, K. Tupikowski, Łukasz Dołowy, B. Szymańska, J. Dembowski, R. Zdrojowy
Introduction Urothelium is a highly specialized type of epithelium covering the interior of the urinary tract. One of the structures responsible for its unique features are urothelial plaques formed from glycoprotein heteropolymers, the uroplakins. Four types of uroplakins are known – UPIa, UPIb, UPII, UPIII. Herein we review the current status of knowledge about uroplakins and discuss their potential clinical applications. Material and methods A PubMed search was conducted to find original and review papers about uroplakins. Results Uroplakins can be detected in tissue, urine and blood. The process of urothelial plaque formation is complex and its disturbances resulting in incorrect plaque formation might be responsible for some pathological states. Additionally, uroplakins might be associated with other pathological processes i.e. urothelial cancer or infections of the urinary tract. Conclusions Uroplakins as the end-product of urothelial cells have unique features and a complex structure. These glycoproteins can be involved in some diseases of the urinary tract and as such can be used as potential targets for intervention and markers of the disease.
{"title":"Uroplakins and their potential applications in urology","authors":"M. Matuszewski, K. Tupikowski, Łukasz Dołowy, B. Szymańska, J. Dembowski, R. Zdrojowy","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2016.638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2016.638","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Urothelium is a highly specialized type of epithelium covering the interior of the urinary tract. One of the structures responsible for its unique features are urothelial plaques formed from glycoprotein heteropolymers, the uroplakins. Four types of uroplakins are known – UPIa, UPIb, UPII, UPIII. Herein we review the current status of knowledge about uroplakins and discuss their potential clinical applications. Material and methods A PubMed search was conducted to find original and review papers about uroplakins. Results Uroplakins can be detected in tissue, urine and blood. The process of urothelial plaque formation is complex and its disturbances resulting in incorrect plaque formation might be responsible for some pathological states. Additionally, uroplakins might be associated with other pathological processes i.e. urothelial cancer or infections of the urinary tract. Conclusions Uroplakins as the end-product of urothelial cells have unique features and a complex structure. These glycoproteins can be involved in some diseases of the urinary tract and as such can be used as potential targets for intervention and markers of the disease.","PeriodicalId":86295,"journal":{"name":"Urologia polska","volume":"69 1","pages":"252 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70775592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Zdrojowy, J. Dembowski, B. Małkiewicz, K. Tupikowski, W. Krajewski
Introduction Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among males in Europe and a leading cause of cancer deaths, with similar proportion in other developed countries. For more than twenty years, external-beam radiation therapy, alongside with radical prostatectomy, has been used as a primary radical therapeutic approach for localized prostate cancer. Yet, EBRT failures relate to 22–69% following curative radiotherapy (± androgen deprivation therapy). Additionally, a proportion of these men will have a biopsy-proven local recurrence. Material and methods The Medline and Web of Science databases were searched without a time limit during March 2016 using the terms ‘prostate cancer’ in conjunction with ‘radiotherapy’, ‘recurrence’, ‘biochemical’, ‘salvage’, ‘brachytherapy’, ‘prostatectomy’, ‘HIFU’, ‘cryotherapy’ and ‘focal’. The search was limited to the English, Polish, German and Spanish literature. Results Currently, salvage treatment after failed radiotherapy includes radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy and ablative whole-gland therapies, such as cryotherapy and high intensity focused ultrasound. New approaches, so called focal salvage therapy, involve ablation of only the zone of recurrence in order to decrease tissue injury and therefore to diminish morbidity. Conclusions At present no authoritative recommendations can be concluded because of the absence of randomized data with standardized definitions and protocols. Nevertheless, we believe that local salvage treatment should be at least considered in patients after biochemical relapse following radiotherapy.
前列腺癌是欧洲男性中最常见的癌症，也是癌症死亡的主要原因，在其他发达国家也有类似的比例。二十多年来，外束放射治疗与根治性前列腺切除术一起被用作局部前列腺癌的主要根治性治疗方法。然而，治疗性放疗(±雄激素剥夺治疗)后EBRT失败率为22-69%。此外，这些男性中有一部分会有活检证实的局部复发。2016年3月，我们对Medline和Web of Science数据库进行了无时间限制的检索，检索词包括“前列腺癌”、“放疗”、“复发”、“生化”、“抢救”、“近距离放疗”、“前列腺切除术”、“HIFU”、“冷冻疗法”和“局灶性”。搜索仅限于英语、波兰语、德语和西班牙语文学。结果目前放疗失败后的挽救治疗包括根治性前列腺切除术、近距离放疗和全腺体消融治疗，如冷冻治疗和高强度聚焦超声。新的治疗方法，即所谓的局灶性挽救治疗，包括仅对复发区域进行消融，以减少组织损伤，从而降低发病率。由于缺乏具有标准化定义和方案的随机数据，目前无法得出权威的建议。然而，我们认为至少在放疗后生化复发的患者中应该考虑局部挽救治疗。
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