Monica H. Walsh, S. Ghosh, Alfredo Ponce, Chris James, Gabrielle Kam, Tanna Lauriente, Vincent Yu, Kirk Safford, N. Cheeptham
Caves offer a unique habitat for microorganisms, which allow the adaptation of exclusive metabolic pathways to the resources available. This environment could enable the production of primary and secondary metabolites with unique antimicrobial or enzymatic properties. White Rabbit Cave is located in the Monashee Mountain range in south-central British Columbia, a metamorphic range not known for cave and karst development. The present study has recovered bacterial isolates from the White Rabbit Cave and assessed them for their antimicrobial properties by employing the agar plug assay. One hundred and six bacterial isolates were cultivated from the collected samples, among which, five bacterial isolates displayed antimicrobial properties against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. Furthermore, these five isolates were identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and through phylogenetic analysis. It has been observed that three of them (B076, B053, and B079) were identified as Streptomyces spp. (Phylum Actinobacteria) while the other two were recognized as Paenibacillus spp. (B039) and Paenibacillus terrae (B016) (Phylum Firmicutes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that identifies bacterial species with antimicrobial properties from White Rabbit Cave in the Monashee Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada.
{"title":"Bacteria Isolated from Canada’s White Rabbit Cave Revealed Antimicrobial Activities","authors":"Monica H. Walsh, S. Ghosh, Alfredo Ponce, Chris James, Gabrielle Kam, Tanna Lauriente, Vincent Yu, Kirk Safford, N. Cheeptham","doi":"10.33043/ff.9.1.66-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.9.1.66-83","url":null,"abstract":"Caves offer a unique habitat for microorganisms, which allow the adaptation of exclusive metabolic pathways to the resources available. This environment could enable the production of primary and secondary metabolites with unique antimicrobial or enzymatic properties. White Rabbit Cave is located in the Monashee Mountain range in south-central British Columbia, a metamorphic range not known for cave and karst development. The present study has recovered bacterial isolates from the White Rabbit Cave and assessed them for their antimicrobial properties by employing the agar plug assay. One hundred and six bacterial isolates were cultivated from the collected samples, among which, five bacterial isolates displayed antimicrobial properties against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. Furthermore, these five isolates were identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and through phylogenetic analysis. It has been observed that three of them (B076, B053, and B079) were identified as Streptomyces spp. (Phylum Actinobacteria) while the other two were recognized as Paenibacillus spp. (B039) and Paenibacillus terrae (B016) (Phylum Firmicutes). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that identifies bacterial species with antimicrobial properties from White Rabbit Cave in the Monashee Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80181823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyzed different soil samples collected across the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of Texas for bacteria capable of producing antimicrobial compounds. Of the more than 500 bacterial colonies tested, less than 1 percent gave any indication of the likelihood of producing antimicrobial compounds asdetermined by the diameter of the observed zones of inhibition created when tested on the cultures of safe ESKAPE relatives. One of the soil isolates of interest was further studied with the 16S rRNA gene sequenced and analyzed, and its antimicrobial compound was also extracted using the ethyl acetate and methanol extraction method. The results obtained suggest that the identified bacterium could be a novel specie or at least a sub-specie of the genus Pseudomonas and the novel antimicrobial compound discovered possibly broad spectrum in nature considering that it is active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis, the safe relative of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, positive inhibitory results were obtained when the antimicrobial compound was tested on Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida, Enterococcus raffinosus, Erwinia caratovora, Enterobacter aerogenes and an unknown bacterium from an environmental sample etc. The newly discovered antimicrobial compound has been named “Anietocin” and will be the subject of extensive studies in the coming research efforts.
{"title":"Preliminary Studies on a Novel Antimicrobial Compound Producing Bacterium Discovered in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas","authors":"Julissa Hernandez, Anieto Ugochukwu","doi":"10.33043/ff.9.1.98-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.9.1.98-111","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed different soil samples collected across the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of Texas for bacteria capable of producing antimicrobial compounds. Of the more than 500 bacterial colonies tested, less than 1 percent gave any indication of the likelihood of producing antimicrobial compounds asdetermined by the diameter of the observed zones of inhibition created when tested on the cultures of safe ESKAPE relatives. One of the soil isolates of interest was further studied with the 16S rRNA gene sequenced and analyzed, and its antimicrobial compound was also extracted using the ethyl acetate and methanol extraction method. The results obtained suggest that the identified bacterium could be a novel specie or at least a sub-specie of the genus Pseudomonas and the novel antimicrobial compound discovered possibly broad spectrum in nature considering that it is active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis, the safe relative of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, positive inhibitory results were obtained when the antimicrobial compound was tested on Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida, Enterococcus raffinosus, Erwinia caratovora, Enterobacter aerogenes and an unknown bacterium from an environmental sample etc. The newly discovered antimicrobial compound has been named “Anietocin” and will be the subject of extensive studies in the coming research efforts.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80544494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Utilizing your Academic Advisor to Maximize your Opportunities and Success as an Undergraduate STEM Student by Sarah R. Williams, MSc. Biology, Academic Advisor for Biology, Ball State University.
{"title":"Utilizing your Academic Advisor to Maximize your Opportunities and Success as an Undergraduate STEM Student","authors":"Sarah Williams","doi":"10.33043/ff.9.1.12-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.9.1.12-17","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing your Academic Advisor to Maximize your Opportunities and Success as an Undergraduate STEM Student by Sarah R. Williams, MSc. Biology, Academic Advisor for Biology, Ball State University.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82304059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Editorial from Fine Focus Managing Editor John L. McKillip.
Fine Focus总编辑John L. McKillip的社论。
{"title":"Objective Lens","authors":"John McKillip","doi":"10.33043/ff.9.1.6-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.9.1.6-11","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial from Fine Focus Managing Editor John L. McKillip.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135846308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Undergraduate Perspective feature by Rachel Pittsley, M.S., a Fine Focus editorial alum.
瑞秋·皮茨利(Rachel Pittsley)的本科视角特写，她是Fine Focus的编辑校友。
{"title":"Undergraduate Student Perspective","authors":"Rachel H. Pittsley","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.100-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.100-104","url":null,"abstract":"Undergraduate Perspective feature by Rachel Pittsley, M.S., a Fine Focus editorial alum.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86039727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oral microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that influences the health of the human host. A number of diseases are associated with dysbiotic oral microflora in infants and children, including dental and gastrointestinal diseases. A variety of factors can influence the composition of the oral microbial community in infants, including mode of delivery, feeding method, and diet. This study focuses on the effect of nutritional differences in infant formulae on the growth of a commensal species (Streptococcus mitis) and a pathogenic species (Streptococcus mutans) that are commonly found in the infant oral cavity. A culture-dependent model was utilized to test the effects of one infant formula (Nutramigen Enflora) supplemented with a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and a similar infant formula without probiotic supplementation (Enfamil NeuroPro) on the growth of each species. A Snyder’s media test was used to assess acidogenic potential of each species. Bacterial growth in each formula was assessed by measuring colony forming units (CFUs) and by measuring the pH of the culture media over an 8 hour incubation. Results indicate that the probiotic formula may selectively inhibit the growth of the pathogen and aid in producing more favorable conditions for the commensal. These findings may make Nutramigen Enflora the preferred infant formula for overall health. The results of this study may assist parents in selecting alternatives to breastmilk that will support the proper development of the infant oral microbiome by favoring the growth of commensal bacteria.
{"title":"The Influence of Infant Formulae on the Growth of Commensal and Pathogenic Streptococcus Species in the Infant Oral Cavity","authors":"Geneva Waynick, M. J. Carmichael","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.48-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.48-72","url":null,"abstract":"The oral microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that influences the health of the human host. A number of diseases are associated with dysbiotic oral microflora in infants and children, including dental and gastrointestinal diseases. A variety of factors can influence the composition of the oral microbial community in infants, including mode of delivery, feeding method, and diet. This study focuses on the effect of nutritional differences in infant formulae on the growth of a commensal species (Streptococcus mitis) and a pathogenic species (Streptococcus mutans) that are commonly found in the infant oral cavity. A culture-dependent model was utilized to test the effects of one infant formula (Nutramigen Enflora) supplemented with a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and a similar infant formula without probiotic supplementation (Enfamil NeuroPro) on the growth of each species. A Snyder’s media test was used to assess acidogenic potential of each species. Bacterial growth in each formula was assessed by measuring colony forming units (CFUs) and by measuring the pH of the culture media over an 8 hour incubation. Results indicate that the probiotic formula may selectively inhibit the growth of the pathogen and aid in producing more favorable conditions for the commensal. These findings may make Nutramigen Enflora the preferred infant formula for overall health. The results of this study may assist parents in selecting alternatives to breastmilk that will support the proper development of the infant oral microbiome by favoring the growth of commensal bacteria.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80129719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastic pollution is one of the largest problems globally, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic as one of the main sources. Effective depolymerization of PET to its monomers for upcycling is a challenge. PETase is reported to be an effective enzyme for biodegradation of PET via C-O bond cleavage of ester linkage. The role of the disulfide bond, present in PETase’s active site sequence, is unknown in the cleavage of PET’s ester linkage. To understand the role of this bond, two separate versions of PETase – one containing the disulfide bond, and the other without the disulfide bond - were modeled using PyMol™, synthesized, and tested for degradation of PET surrogate compound, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). Several experiments were performed in the presence and absence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine protease. The results reveal that the role of the disulfide bond in the degradation of BHET’s ester linkage is insignificant and the variation in the results (ethylene glycol yields, BHET degradation per microgram of enzyme) are within the experimental uncertainty. This finding is a stepping-stone to further modifying PETase and improving its activity towards commercial adaption of this technology for PET upcycling and creating a circular carbon economy, improving the world’s carbon footprint, and mitigating ocean and environmental plastic pollution.
{"title":"Impact of PETase’s Active Site Disulfide Bond on PET Biodegradation","authors":"K. Saha, C. Gedney","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.86-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.86-99","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic pollution is one of the largest problems globally, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic as one of the main sources. Effective depolymerization of PET to its monomers for upcycling is a challenge. PETase is reported to be an effective enzyme for biodegradation of PET via C-O bond cleavage of ester linkage. The role of the disulfide bond, present in PETase’s active site sequence, is unknown in the cleavage of PET’s ester linkage. To understand the role of this bond, two separate versions of PETase – one containing the disulfide bond, and the other without the disulfide bond - were modeled using PyMol™, synthesized, and tested for degradation of PET surrogate compound, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). Several experiments were performed in the presence and absence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a serine protease. The results reveal that the role of the disulfide bond in the degradation of BHET’s ester linkage is insignificant and the variation in the results (ethylene glycol yields, BHET degradation per microgram of enzyme) are within the experimental uncertainty. This finding is a stepping-stone to further modifying PETase and improving its activity towards commercial adaption of this technology for PET upcycling and creating a circular carbon economy, improving the world’s carbon footprint, and mitigating ocean and environmental plastic pollution.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83438638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia Mae Ambrose, Tiffany T. Nguyen, Emily M. Nowicki
Antibiotics are commonly overprescribed or taken incorrectly, which has resulted in an alarming increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One potential solution to combat this problem is administering multiple antibiotics together to achieve antibiotic synergy; when two or more antibiotics work together to increase antibacterial efficacy. When considering potential synergistic combinations of antibiotics, one possibility is to utilize antibacterial plant extracts in addition to common antibiotics. The goal of our research was to compare the antibacterial properties of the Chinese medicinal plant bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and four common antibiotics alone or in combination with bitter melon against Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. We hypothesized that combining the antibiotics with bitter melon extract would result in increased antibacterial effects against one or more bacterial strains. Oil from dried bitter melon was prepared using the Soxhlet extraction method. Antibacterial properties of bitter melon extract and carbenicillin, streptomycin, colistin, and tetracycline alone or in combination with the extract were determined by performing disk diffusion assays. Diameters of the resulting zones of inhibition for the two treatments were measured and analyzed for statistical significance by performing a two-tailed, paired sample t-test using Rguroo. We found that bitter melon extract individually had little to no antibacterial effect against any of the organisms tested. Interestingly however, combining bitter melon extract with common antibiotics resulted in synergistic effects in some cases, as well as one example of antibiotic antagonism.These results demonstrate that plant-derived extracts can enhance the antibacterial effects of commonly prescribed antibiotics if paired correctly.
{"title":"Antibacterial Effects of Bitter Melon Extract in Combination With Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics","authors":"Olivia Mae Ambrose, Tiffany T. Nguyen, Emily M. Nowicki","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.74-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.74-85","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are commonly overprescribed or taken incorrectly, which has resulted in an alarming increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. One potential solution to combat this problem is administering multiple antibiotics together to achieve antibiotic synergy; when two or more antibiotics work together to increase antibacterial efficacy. When considering potential synergistic combinations of antibiotics, one possibility is to utilize antibacterial plant extracts in addition to common antibiotics. The goal of our research was to compare the antibacterial properties of the Chinese medicinal plant bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and four common antibiotics alone or in combination with bitter melon against Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. We hypothesized that combining the antibiotics with bitter melon extract would result in increased antibacterial effects against one or more bacterial strains. Oil from dried bitter melon was prepared using the Soxhlet extraction method. Antibacterial properties of bitter melon extract and carbenicillin, streptomycin, colistin, and tetracycline alone or in combination with the extract were determined by performing disk diffusion assays. Diameters of the resulting zones of inhibition for the two treatments were measured and analyzed for statistical significance by performing a two-tailed, paired sample t-test using Rguroo. We found that bitter melon extract individually had little to no antibacterial effect against any of the organisms tested. Interestingly however, combining bitter melon extract with common antibiotics resulted in synergistic effects in some cases, as well as one example of antibiotic antagonism.These results demonstrate that plant-derived extracts can enhance the antibacterial effects of commonly prescribed antibiotics if paired correctly.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83381852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sydney Rose Addorisio, Rebecca Shteynberg, Matheus Dasilva, Jacob Mixon, K. Mucciarone, Lily Vu, Kristina Arsenault, Vanessa Briand, Sarah Parker, Savannah Smith, Claudia Vise, Cara Pina, Laura T Laranjo
Oxidative Stress Response (OSR) is a defense mechanism used to maintain cellular homeostasis after an increase in levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Due to ROS, cell components are vulnerable to damage including the membrane and DNA - which can impact essential functions and lead to cellular death. Without repair, damages caused by ROS have the potential to disrupt cell function in an irreparable manner. Bacterial cells respond to ROS using both endogenous and exogenous pathways depending on their method of metabolism and evolutionary ability. Bacteria have developed regulatory mechanisms to contain damage and are also known to use antioxidants as defense. In this review we will cover the damage induced by ROS to different cellular structures, and mechanisms of OSR used by bacterial cells to promote survival.
{"title":"Oxidative Stress Response in Bacteria: A Review","authors":"Sydney Rose Addorisio, Rebecca Shteynberg, Matheus Dasilva, Jacob Mixon, K. Mucciarone, Lily Vu, Kristina Arsenault, Vanessa Briand, Sarah Parker, Savannah Smith, Claudia Vise, Cara Pina, Laura T Laranjo","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.36-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.36-46","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative Stress Response (OSR) is a defense mechanism used to maintain cellular homeostasis after an increase in levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Due to ROS, cell components are vulnerable to damage including the membrane and DNA - which can impact essential functions and lead to cellular death. Without repair, damages caused by ROS have the potential to disrupt cell function in an irreparable manner. Bacterial cells respond to ROS using both endogenous and exogenous pathways depending on their method of metabolism and evolutionary ability. Bacteria have developed regulatory mechanisms to contain damage and are also known to use antioxidants as defense. In this review we will cover the damage induced by ROS to different cellular structures, and mechanisms of OSR used by bacterial cells to promote survival.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76178120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a growing concern. This situation demands a search for antibiotic alternatives. Bacteriophages—natural viral predators of bacteria—are viewed as a possible alternative to treat bacterial infections. Many clinical trials today have not found phages effective as therapeutics. Some of the major challenges regarding usage of bacteriophage as a therapeutic have been: horizontal evolution of bacteria, limited host range of bacteriophage, removal of endotoxins in preparations, the technical feasibility of isolation, mode of administration, rapid clearance and immune rejection.These issues have been addressed in this review. Applications of genetic engineered phages and other remarkable non-human applications are also discussed.
{"title":"Phage Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Immadi Siva Ratnakar","doi":"10.33043/ff.8.1.12-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33043/ff.8.1.12-35","url":null,"abstract":"The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a growing concern. This situation demands a search for antibiotic alternatives. Bacteriophages—natural viral predators of bacteria—are viewed as a possible alternative to treat bacterial infections. Many clinical trials today have not found phages effective as therapeutics. Some of the major challenges regarding usage of bacteriophage as a therapeutic have been: horizontal evolution of bacteria, limited host range of bacteriophage, removal of endotoxins in preparations, the technical feasibility of isolation, mode of administration, rapid clearance and immune rejection.These issues have been addressed in this review. Applications of genetic engineered phages and other remarkable non-human applications are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":87255,"journal":{"name":"Fine focus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79547356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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