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Multifunctional composites as Solid-Polymer-Electrolytes (SPE) for Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) 多功能复合材料作为锂离子电池(LIB)固体聚合物电解质(SPE)
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-84
S. Mallardo
Abstract. Novel solid-polymer-electrolytes (SPE) have been formulated as key components of structural multifunctional materials to develop Lithium Ion Battery (LIB). To this aim, SPE blends based on polyethylene oxide (PEO), different molecular weights polyethylene glycole (PEG), PEG-modified sepiolite (SEP) and lithium triflate have been prepared by one pot melt mixing. The films were obtained by compression moulding following a method easily scalable to industrial level. The different films have been characterized by structural (FTIR-ATR), thermal (DSC, TGA), morphological (SEM) and mechanical (tensile tests) analysis. The different properties could be mainly addressed to the diverse PEG both amounts and molecular weight and to the specific physical interaction occurring between PEO, PEG sepiolite and lithium ions strongly influencing crystallinity, thermal stability and mechanical response. Thus, SPE2 sample evidenced the highest both crystallinity and mechanical stiffness and toughness, whereas SPE1 and SPE3 film showed the best compromise between molecular crystallinity and mechanical performances, mostly as strain at break are concerned. Finally, SPE4 film, including the highest amount of PEG showed a peculiar increasing of mechanical rigidity in opposition to molecular plasticization effect exploited by PEG. The many features of SPE systems requires special attention and further research when it comes time to design structural multifunctional materials for LIB based batteries of Type-III.
摘要新型固体聚合物电解质(SPE)是锂离子电池结构多功能材料的关键组成部分。为此,采用一锅熔炼法制备了以聚乙烯氧化物(PEO)、不同分子量聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚乙二醇改性海泡石(SEP)和三酸锂为原料的SPE共混物。薄膜是通过压缩成型获得的,这种方法很容易扩展到工业水平。通过结构(FTIR-ATR)、热(DSC、TGA)、形态(SEM)和力学(拉伸试验)分析对不同薄膜进行了表征。PEO、PEG海泡石和锂离子之间的具体物理相互作用对结晶度、热稳定性和力学响应产生了强烈的影响。因此,SPE2样品的结晶度、机械刚度和韧性均最高,而SPE1和SPE3薄膜在分子结晶度和力学性能之间的折衷效果最好,主要体现在断裂应变方面。最后,SPE4薄膜,包括最高量的PEG,表现出特殊的机械刚度增加,这与PEG利用的分子塑化效应相反。在为iii型锂离子电池设计结构多功能材料时,SPE系统的许多特性需要特别关注和进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
A finite-volume hybrid WENO/central-difference shock capturing approach with detailed state-to-state kinetics for high-enthalpy flows 高焓流的有限体积混合WENO/中心差分激波捕获方法,具有详细的状态到状态动力学
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-37
F. Bonelli
Abstract. This work shows novel space discretization capabilities of an innovative fluid dynamics solver able to deal with thermochemical non-equilibrium by using a detailed state-to-state model. The implementation of a WENO hybrid scheme is verified and thermochemical non-equilibrium effects are investigated by considering a high temperature shock tube test case. The work represents a first step to enable the solver to perform LES and DNS simulations of turbulent hypersonic flows.
摘要这项工作展示了一种创新的流体动力学求解器的新颖空间离散能力,该求解器能够通过使用详细的状态到状态模型来处理热化学非平衡。通过高温激波管试验验证了WENO混合方案的实现,并研究了热化学非平衡效应。这项工作是使求解器能够执行湍流高超声速流的LES和DNS模拟的第一步。
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引用次数: 0
Tests and simulations on 200N paraffin-oxygen hybrid rocket engines with different fuel grain lengths 200N不同燃料颗粒长度石蜡-氧混合火箭发动机的试验与仿真
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-143
S. Mungiguerra
Abstract. An experimental campaign, in the framework of the HYPROB-NEW hybrid rocket studies, was carried out on a 200N-thrust class hybrid rocket engine, using gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer and paraffin wax-based fuel, to investigate the effect of fuel grain length on motor performance and internal ballistics. Numerical analysis have been also performed to support the experimental findings. It was observed that, for given oxidizer flow rate, fuel grain length directly affects the characteristic velocity, because of its influence on residence time and mixing efficiency, so that the shortest grain configuration displayed the lowest performance. Moreover, CFD simulations provided an estimation of the regression rate profile along the grain length, providing a possible interpretation for the measured space-time-averaged fuel regression rate. Finally, a method for the rebuilding of the convective heat-transfer coefficient in the nozzle was used, based on a combination of numerical simulations and experimental acquisitions.
摘要在HYPROB-NEW混合火箭研究框架下,在200n推力级混合火箭发动机上,以气态氧为氧化剂和石蜡基燃料进行了实验,研究了燃料颗粒长度对发动机性能和内弹道的影响。数值分析也支持了实验结果。结果表明,在氧化剂流量一定的情况下,燃料颗粒长度直接影响特征速度,影响停留时间和混合效率,因此,最短的颗粒构型表现出最低的性能。此外,CFD模拟提供了沿颗粒长度的回归速率分布估计,为测量的时空平均燃料回归速率提供了可能的解释。最后,采用数值模拟与实验数据相结合的方法重建了喷嘴内的对流换热系数。
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引用次数: 0
Trajectory optimization and multiple-sliding-surface terminal guidance in the lifting atmospheric reentry 升力大气再入弹道优化与多滑面末制导
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-134
E.M. Leonardi
Abstract. In this paper the problem of guiding a vehicle from the entry interface to the ground is addressed. The Space Shuttle Orbiter is assumed as the reference vehicle and its aerodynamics data are interpolated in order to properly simulate its dynamics. The transatmospheric guidance is based on an open-loop optimal strategy which minimizes the total heat input absorbed by the vehicle while satisfying all the constraints. Instead, the terminal phase guidance is achieved through a multiple-sliding-surface technique, able to drive the vehicle toward a specified landing point, with desired heading angle and vertical velocity at touchdown, even in the presence of nonnominal initial conditions. The time derivatives of lift coefficient and bank angle are used as control inputs, while the sliding surfaces are defined so that these two inputs are involved simultaneously in the lateral and vertical guidance. The terminal guidance strategy is successfully tested through a Monte Carlo campaign, in the presence of stochastic winds and wide dispersions on the initial conditions at the Terminal Area Energy Management, in more critical scenarios with respect to the orbiter safety criteria.
摘要本文研究了引导飞行器从进入界面到地面的问题。以航天飞机轨道飞行器为参考飞行器,对其空气动力学数据进行插值,以便对其动力学进行合理的仿真。跨大气制导基于一种开环优化策略,该策略在满足所有约束条件的同时使飞行器吸收的总热输入最小。相反,末段制导是通过多滑面技术实现的,即使在非标称初始条件下,也能将飞行器驱动到指定的着陆点,在着陆时具有所需的航向角和垂直速度。采用升力系数和倾斜角的时间导数作为控制输入,同时定义滑动面,使这两个输入同时参与横向和垂直制导。末端制导策略通过蒙特卡洛战役成功地进行了测试,在随机风和广泛分散的情况下,在终端区域能量管理的初始条件下,在更关键的情况下,关于轨道器安全标准。
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引用次数: 0
Can we use buckling to design adaptive composite wings? 我们能否利用屈曲来设计适应性复合材料机翼?
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-77
C. Bisagni
Abstract. In aeronautics, buckling has long been considered as a structural phenomenon to be avoided, because characterized by large out-of-plane displacements and therefore by losing the ability to sustain the designed loads. Several recent studies show the possibility to allow composite stiffened panels of primary aeronautical components to work in the post-buckling field so to potentially reduce the structural weight. The present study aims to control buckling behavior of composite structural components for future adaptive wings using novel tailorable and effective mechanisms. Instead of the traditional design against buckling, the idea is to use the nonlinear post-buckling response to control stiffness changes which redistribute the load in the wing structure. Numerical studies are at first conducted on a composite plate and then implemented in a simplified thin-walled composite wing box, where stiffness changes is controlled using buckling.
摘要在航空领域,屈曲一直被认为是一种需要避免的结构现象,因为屈曲的特点是产生较大的面外位移,从而失去承受设计载荷的能力。最近的几项研究表明,复合材料加筋板的主要航空部件可以在屈曲后工作,从而潜在地减轻结构重量。本研究旨在利用新颖的、可定制的、有效的机制来控制未来自适应机翼复合材料结构部件的屈曲行为。与传统的抗屈曲设计不同,该方法利用非线性屈曲后响应来控制刚度变化,从而重新分配机翼结构中的载荷。首先在复合材料板上进行了数值研究,然后在简化的薄壁复合材料翼盒中进行了数值研究,其中使用屈曲控制刚度变化。
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引用次数: 0
Continuous empowering with laser power transmission technologies for ISRU moon assets: CIRA approach ISRU月球资产的激光传输技术持续授权:CIRA方法
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-105
M.C. Noviello
Abstract. Due to the potential possibility of changing the dynamics of the New Space Economy, In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) is acquiring more and more importance within the Space Exploration scenario. Indeed, the closest space missions will return humans to the Moon, while planning the long-term stay. This aspect opens the way to the need for employment and processing of local resources, with the aim of reducing the dependence on Earth-based resources, also ensuring the financial sustainability of the space exploration programs. ISRU technologies will demand for energy values likely to be in the Megawatt range and, eventually, at Gigawatt levels, to be ensured in the harsh hazardous environmental conditions of the celestial bodies (e.g. Moon, Mars, Near Earth Asteroids). This work, performed by the CIRA TEES Laboratory, provides the CIRA approach to the feasibility study concerning the Laser Power Transmission (LPT) technologies for Moon assets empowering. The aim is to evaluate whether LPT can be a potentially efficient solution for continuous power delivery from an orbiting source device, considering long-distance wireless employments and severe environmental conditions, to drive ISRU Moon assets (habitats, rovers, local industrial plants, conveyance facilities, et cetera). For the purpose of this study, starting from the space mission identification, an increasing complexity multi-step approach was properly conceived by CIRA to design the dedicated LPT system responding to the evaluated mission requirements.
摘要由于改变新空间经济动态的潜在可能性,原位资源利用(ISRU)在空间探索场景中变得越来越重要。事实上,最近的太空任务将把人类送回月球,同时计划长期停留。这方面为当地资源的就业和加工需求开辟了道路,目的是减少对地球资源的依赖,并确保空间探索方案的财政可持续性。ISRU技术对能量的需求可能达到兆瓦级,最终将达到千兆瓦级,以确保在天体(如月球、火星、近地小行星)恶劣的危险环境条件下运行。这项工作由CIRA TEES实验室执行,为CIRA关于月球资产授权的激光功率传输(LPT)技术的可行性研究提供了方法。目的是评估LPT是否可以作为一种潜在的有效解决方案,从轨道源设备持续供电,考虑到远距离无线就业和恶劣的环境条件,驱动ISRU月球资产(栖息地,漫游者,当地工业工厂,运输设施等)。本研究从空间任务识别出发,适当地构思了一种日益复杂的多步骤方法来设计响应评估任务需求的专用LPT系统。
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引用次数: 0
Refinement of structural theories for composite shells through convolutional neural networks 基于卷积神经网络的复合材料壳体结构理论改进
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-31
M. Petrolo
Abstract. This study examines the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to determine the optimal structural theories to adopt for the modeling of composite shells, to combine accuracy and computational efficiency. The use of the Axiomatic/Asymptotic Method (AAM) on higher-order theories (HOT) based on polynomial expansions can be cumbersome due to the amount of Finite Element Models (FEM) virtually available and the problem-dependency of a theory’s performance. Adopting the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) can mitigate this obstacle through its procedural and lean derivation of the required structural results. At the same time, the CNN can act as a surrogate model to guide the selection process. The network can inform on the convenience of a specific set of generalized variables after being trained with just a small percentage of the results typically required by the AAM. The CNN capabilities are compared to the AAM through the Best Theory Diagram (BTD) obtained using different selection criteria: errors over natural frequencies or failure indexes.
摘要本研究探讨了使用卷积神经网络(CNN)来确定复合材料壳体建模所采用的最佳结构理论,以结合精度和计算效率。基于多项式展开的高阶理论(HOT)的公理化/渐近方法(AAM)的使用可能会很麻烦,因为实际可用的有限元模型(FEM)的数量和理论性能的问题依赖性。采用Carrera统一公式(CUF)可以通过对所需结构结果的程序化和精益推导来减轻这一障碍。同时,CNN可以作为代理模型来指导选择过程。在使用AAM通常要求的一小部分结果进行训练后,网络可以告知特定的一组广义变量的便利性。通过使用不同的选择标准(固有频率误差或故障指数)获得的最佳理论图(BTD),将CNN的能力与AAM进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental application of pseudo-equivalent deterministic excitation method for the reproduction of a structural response to a turbulent boundary layer excitation 伪等效确定性激励法在紊流边界层激励下结构响应再现中的实验应用
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-157
G. Mazzeo
Abstract. The use of wind tunnels for studying the vibrational response of structures subjected to turbulent flows presents various challenges, such as background noise and complex setup requirements. This work introduces an alternative experimental method called X-PEDEm (eXperimental Pseudo-Equivalent Deterministic Excitation) that aims to reproduce an equivalent structural response to a Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation without the need for a wind tunnel. X-PEDEm involves coupling the experimental acquisition of the structure's vibrational response with deterministic forces, such as an impulse force from a hammer, followed by post-processing. The method has been validated for different boundary conditions and flow speeds, offering versatility in recreating various types of TBL. While not an exact reproduction of turbulent flow-induced responses, X-PEDEm provides an optimal approximation with low time and resource requirements, making it easy to implement experimentally.
摘要利用风洞研究紊流作用下结构的振动响应面临着各种挑战,如背景噪声和复杂的设置要求。这项工作介绍了一种称为X-PEDEm(实验伪等效确定性激励)的替代实验方法,旨在重现湍流边界层(TBL)激励的等效结构响应,而无需风洞。X-PEDEm涉及将结构振动响应的实验采集与确定性力(如锤子的冲力)相耦合,然后进行后处理。该方法已经在不同的边界条件和流速下进行了验证,为重建各种类型的TBL提供了多功能性。虽然X-PEDEm不能精确再现湍流引起的响应,但它提供了一个低时间和资源要求的最佳近似,使其易于实验实施。
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引用次数: 0
Wind tunnel flutter tests of a strut-braced high aspect ratio wing 支撑高展弦比机翼的风洞颤振试验
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-8
L. Marchetti
Abstract. Increasing the wing aspect ratio is one way to improve aircraft aerodynamic efficiency. This reduces the induced drag term but, at the same time, produces an increment of the wing loads, hence an increase of the structural weight. One design solution to reduce the wing root bending moment, which is the main driver of the weight of the wing, is the addition of a strut. This work deals with the experimental identification of the flutter behavior of an ultra-high aspect ratio (19) strut-braced wing in a wind tunnel. The inherent non-linear behavior of such a structure that has two different effects on the wing when loaded in compression and in tension is coupled with large deformations due to its extreme flexibility. From here derives the extreme importance of experimental tests to understand how different parameters of such a design can impact its aeroelastic behavior.
摘要提高机翼展弦比是提高飞机气动效率的途径之一。这减少了诱导阻力,但同时也增加了机翼载荷,从而增加了结构重量。翼根弯矩是机翼重量的主要驱动因素,减少这一弯矩的一种设计方案是增加支柱。本文研究了超高展弦比(19)支柱支撑机翼在风洞中颤振特性的实验识别。这种结构固有的非线性行为,在压缩和拉伸载荷下对机翼有两种不同的影响,由于其极端的灵活性,加上巨大的变形。从这里得出了实验测试的极端重要性,以了解这种设计的不同参数如何影响其气动弹性行为。
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引用次数: 0
Aerodynamic analysis of a high-speed aircraft from hypersonic down to subsonic speeds 高速飞行器从高超声速降至亚音速的气动分析
Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.21741/9781644902813-50
G. Pezzella
Abstract. Unmanned flying-test bed aircraft are fundamental to experimentally prove and validate next generation high-speed technologies, such as aeroshape design, thermal protection material and strategy; flight mechanics and guidance-navigation and control. During the test, the aircraft will encounter realistic flight conditions to assess accuracy of new design choices and solutions. In this framework, the paper focuses on the longitudinal aerodynamic analysis of an experimental aircraft, with a spatuled body aeroshape, from subsonic up to hypersonic speeds. Computational flowfield analyses are carried out at several angles of attack ranging from 0 to 15 deg and for Mach numbers from 0.1 to 7. Results are detailed reported and discussed in the paper.
摘要无人飞行试验台飞机是实验验证和验证下一代高速技术的基础,如气动设计、热防护材料和策略;飞行力学,制导,导航和控制。在测试期间,飞机将遇到真实的飞行条件,以评估新设计选择和解决方案的准确性。在此框架下,本文重点研究了一架实验飞机从亚音速到高超音速的纵向气动分析。计算流场分析进行了几个攻角范围从0到15度和马赫数从0.1到7。本文对结果进行了详细的报道和讨论。
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引用次数: 0
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Materials Research Society symposia proceedings. Materials Research Society
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