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The tragedy of development: disputes over natural resources in Argentina 发展的悲剧:阿根廷自然资源之争
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122007000200002
Norma Giarracca, Marta Ines Merajver
This article deals with the problem of development based on the production of natural resources which in recent years has increased substantially i n Latin America. This is a trend which includes de case of Argentina where large petroleum, mining and agribusiness corporations have become some of the main economic actors of the country. What are t he consequences of this type of “development” when the main objetives of these corporations is to exploit these natural resources which on the whole were preserved in our countries of the “periphery” while they were depredated in the countries of the “centre”? More then 80% of the natural resources av ailable at present in the world for the future of humanity are localized in territories pertaining to peasant and indigenous communities and, in large measure, in Latin America. In this paper several ca se studies are considered: the expansion of mining, forestry related to the paper pulp industry and agr ibusiness. The condiciones in which these activitie s are expanded and the resistances and disputes deve loped by the populations that tend for the care of nature and the environment are considered. Finally, some reflexiones in which a critique of the concept of development based on techno-science and the activities of these large corporations as some of their fundamental supports is presented.
本文讨论的是基于自然资源生产的发展问题,近年来拉丁美洲的自然资源生产大幅增加。这种趋势包括阿根廷的情况,那里的大型石油、采矿和农业综合企业已成为该国的一些主要经济行为者。当这些公司的主要目标是开发这些自然资源时,这种“发展”的后果是什么?这些自然资源总体上在我们的“边缘”国家得到了保护,而在“中心”国家却遭到了破坏。目前世界上可供人类未来使用的80%以上的自然资源集中在属于农民和土著社区的领土上,在很大程度上集中在拉丁美洲。本文考虑了几个案例研究:矿业的扩张,与纸浆工业和农业有关的林业。考虑到这些活动扩大的条件,以及倾向于保护自然和环境的人群所产生的抵制和争端。最后,提出了一些反思,其中对以技术科学为基础的发展概念和这些大公司作为其一些基本支持的活动进行了批评。
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引用次数: 8
Matters of method 方法事项
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122007000100004
María Pía López, Marta Ines Merajver
This paper examines the traditional division between science and the essay, discussing the validity of such division within the sphere of the social sciences. The divide that is usually made in the name of objectivity would amount to foregoing the possibility of inquiring into the ways in which knowledge can be committed to truth. Such an inquiry, in turn, leads to locating knowledge in the dramatics of the body, of experience, and of thought, since the essay is not a matter of style or form but, at the core, it is a matter of method. It does not detract from research – it is not less committed to empirical research or factual verification-; on the contrary, it endows both instances with a moment of self-reflection expressed in writing. The essay as method means viewing writing as one moment along the line of research: basically, as the moment for self-research.
本文考察了科学与论文的传统划分,讨论了这种划分在社会科学领域内的有效性。通常以客观性的名义所作的区分,就等于放弃了探索知识可以被认作真理的各种途径的可能性。这样的探究,反过来又会导致将知识定位于身体,经验和思想的戏剧性,因为文章不是风格或形式的问题,而是一个核心问题,它是一个方法问题。它不会减损研究——它不会减少对实证研究或事实验证的承诺——;相反,它赋予这两个例子一个用文字表达的自我反省的时刻。作为方法的文章意味着将写作视为研究路线上的一个时刻:基本上,作为自我研究的时刻。
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引用次数: 2
Plastic surgeons: from beauty as a divine gift to Faustian imperatives 整形外科医生:从作为神圣礼物的美丽到浮士德式的命令
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122007000100006
P. Sibilia, Marta Ines Merajver
SUMMARY This paper explores the current boom of plastic surgery as a component of a wider phenomenon: an increasing concern for the body appearance in contemporary society, with the resulting urge to resort to a variety of methods so as to adapt organic bodies (visibly unsuitable) to the ideal forms inspired by models established by the media. A controversial offspring of medicine, plastic surgery often sells its prodigies as the outcomes of design techniques applied to the living body. These methods bear a relation to the edition tools used on digital images in order to correct defects in the “ exemplary” body photographs spread by the mass media. It is as if rather than operating on a body by making an incision in the flesh, surgeons sculpted features and defective parts of the body with their scalpels, touching up the imperfections of bodies drawn as static, bidimensional images that will be consumed by the eyes. In spite of the novelty of this phenomenon, its manifestations echo some of the mythical characters of our philosophic and mythical tradition, which can illuminate its more curious and significant aspects.
本文探讨了当前整形手术的热潮,作为一个更广泛现象的组成部分:当代社会对身体外观的日益关注,从而促使人们采取各种方法,使有机身体(明显不合适)适应媒体建立的模特所激发的理想形式。作为医学的一个有争议的产物,整形外科常常把它的奇迹作为应用于活体的设计技术的结果来出售。这些方法与为了纠正大众媒体传播的“模范”人体照片中的缺陷而对数字图像使用的编辑工具有关。这就好像外科医生用手术刀雕刻身体的特征和缺陷部位,而不是在肉体上做手术,将身体的缺陷绘制成静态的二维图像,然后由眼睛消化。尽管这一现象很新奇,但它的表现与我们哲学和神话传统中的一些神话特征相呼应,这可以说明它更奇怪和更有意义的方面。
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引用次数: 0
The inadmissible turned history the 1902 Law of Residence and the 1910 Law of Social Defense 1902年的《居住法》和1910年的《社会防卫法》是不可接受的
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122007000200001
G. A. Costanzo, Marta Ines Merajver
The Residence Law, passed in 1902, and the Social Defense Law of 1910 allowed for many years the deportation of hundreds of foreign anarchists and u nionists, resulting in a great diversity of penalti es and bans. The parliamentary debates in those years, viewed throug h the parliamentary record of proceedings, allows a ccess to a universe of representations that the ruling class h ad on the anarchists and consequently on social con flict.
1902年通过的《居留法》和1910年的《社会保障法》允许数百名外国无政府主义者和民族主义者在多年内被驱逐出境,导致了各种各样的惩罚和禁令。从议会议事记录来看,那些年的议会辩论,让我们得以了解统治阶级对无政府主义者的各种表述,从而了解社会冲突。
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引用次数: 2
The loss of one's own 失去自己的亲人
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122007000100003
Nicolás Casullo, Marta Ines Merajver
The present late-modern times of globalization under the rule of the market pose new, traumatic forms of exile resulting from the ruins of national identities, of millions of people fleeing their countries and crossing borders in either legal or illegal ways, of walls raised to prevent entrance of travelers coming from an economic and cultural post modernity which is dividing the world into lands of labor and lands of misery and death. Modernity brought along a profound sign of exile, caused by political, social, and spiritual uprooting, by the decentering of native times, spaces, and regions that gradually faded away. This modern kind of uprooting was posited in the 18 Century by J.J. Rousseau in his novel Julia y la Nueva Heloisa. Still, if we go back to the origins of Western civilization, the Aegean world inflicted the penalty of exile as a most serious punishment, and looked upon exiles as living dead. In Euripides’ tragedy Medea, the protagonist exemplifies heinous exile within a play that outlines various instances of exile. Coming back to modernity, it is then when we shall find literary, poetic, and philosophic exposures of the infinite varieties of the loss of a sense of belonging, personal inscriptions, the homes of the soul, all of them sorrows that may or may not entail geographic or non geographic violence. Modern subjectivity felt exiled from language, from individual marks, from the words that named the world, and from the very sense that identified life. This exiled subjectivity composed the modern esthetic symphony: to be a stranger in one’s own homeland; to be a foreigner to filiation. In the realm of history, 19 and 20 Century capitalism found, in exile, the new foundation of a vast part of America through substantial throngs of migrants who had been forced out of Europe for economic, political, racial, and cultural reasons.
目前,在市场统治下的全球化晚期,由于国家身份的废墟,数百万人逃离自己的国家,以合法或非法的方式跨越边界,以及为防止来自经济和文化后现代的旅行者进入而竖起的墙,造成了新的,创伤性的流亡形式,这种后现代正在将世界划分为劳动之地和痛苦和死亡之地。现代性带来了一种深刻的流亡迹象,这是由政治、社会和精神上的连根拔起造成的,是由逐渐消失的本土时代、空间和地区的去中心化造成的。这种现代的“连根拔起”是在18世纪由J.J. Rousseau在他的小说《Julia y la Nueva Heloisa》中提出的。然而,如果我们回到西方文明的起源,爱琴海世界将流放视为最严厉的惩罚,并将流亡者视为活死人。在欧里庇得斯的悲剧《美狄亚》中,主人公在一出概述了各种流放实例的戏剧中例证了令人发指的流放。回到现代性,那时我们将发现文学、诗歌和哲学对无限种类的归属感丧失、个人铭文、灵魂家园的揭露,所有这些悲伤可能或不可能导致地理或非地理暴力。现代的主体性感觉被语言、个人标记、命名世界的词语以及识别生活的意义所放逐。这种被放逐的主体性谱写了现代的审美交响曲:在自己的家乡做一个陌生人;对婚姻不熟悉。在历史领域,19世纪和20世纪的资本主义在流亡中,通过大量因经济、政治、种族和文化原因而被迫离开欧洲的移民,为美国大部分地区建立了新的基础。
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引用次数: 0
The fall of the Gods, or modernity without illusions 神的陨落,或者没有幻想的现代性
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122006000100002
E. Grüner
the religious (better said, God, as if the religious could be reduced to this image) has no place * . The phrase, so frequently uttered by judges in movies, should at least deserve an article by Marc Auge: is religion also one of his trivial non-places? One of the first signs of incipient “modernity”, as suggested by Hegel himself, was the introduction of Judeo-Christian monoteism into ancient European paganism as the principle of subjective individuation. It goes without saying that, in this context, the term “introduction” is not a random choice, for in fact the so-called “West” receives monoteism as if it were “from outside”. On the subject of monoteism: since I am far from being an expert in the matter, I do not know whether much thought has been devoted to the fact that the West as such has not given rise to any of the great religions of the world. All of them –Judaism, Christianity, Islamism, and even Buddhism, “the atheist religion” can be included here- come from what we call the “East”. After all, this may not be a minor detail, specially when one wants to discuss the bond between religion and the social sciences, which indeed have been “invented” in the West. Whatever the case may be, with regard to this field, modernity believed it had surpassed itself –let us say, it had achieved its own Aufhebung, to keep up Hegel’s terminology- by casting away the very monoteism that had been one of its first distinctive features insofar as it stood for a process of abstraction that unified the much more carnal dispersion of the endless “primitive” or ancient gods. The passage from the Many to the One is accompanied by distance from a divinity that is much less willing to meddle in men’s daily disputes. To clear this point further, let it be understood that “casting away” is meant as the fact that, at least in appearance, social life (as well as economic, political, and cultural life) ceases to revolve around religion. It is common knowledge that religion has nothing to do with politics, economy, art, and culture. Undoubtedly, the weight and purpose of institutional cults and their policies concerning decisions made in other spheres (something that any trained newspaper reader can confirm, irrespective of the equally indubitable “last instance decisions”) have not succeeded in naturalizing a more than common sense: religious faith, we were saying, belongs in the private, intimate realm of individual conscience. Moreover, this would be the strictly “modern”, “enlightened” and “progressist” stance which, among other things, lies at the base of irrefutable proposals like the one that urges that State and Church be separated. In other senses, the persistence of religiousness, whether popular or elite, is exceedingly obvious. In truth, religion dies hard. There are many who wonder at the growing power of new sects and cults, while others stand aghast at the part played by the passions involved in religious
宗教(更确切地说,上帝,仿佛宗教可以被简化为这个形象)没有立足之地。这句在电影中被评委们频繁提及的话,至少应该由马克·奥格(Marc Auge)来写一篇文章:宗教也是他琐碎的非场所之一吗?正如黑格尔本人所言,“现代性”初期的最初迹象之一,是将犹太教-基督教一神论作为主观个性化的原则引入古代欧洲异教。不用说,在这种情况下,“引进”一词并不是随机选择的,因为事实上,所谓的“西方”接受了一神论,就好像它是“来自外部”一样。关于一神论的问题:由于我远非这方面的专家,我不知道人们是否对西方没有产生世界上任何伟大的宗教这一事实进行了很多思考。所有这些宗教——犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教,甚至佛教,“无神论宗教”都可以包括在内——都来自我们所说的“东方”。毕竟,这可能不是一个小细节,特别是当一个人想要讨论宗教和社会科学之间的联系时,这确实是西方“发明”的。不管怎样,在这个领域,现代性相信它已经超越了自己——让我们说,它已经实现了自己的Aufhebung(借用黑格尔的术语)——抛弃了一神论,这种一神论是现代性最初的特征之一,因为它代表了一种抽象的过程,这种抽象的过程统一了无穷无尽的“原始的”或古代的神的肉欲的分散。从“多”到“一”的过程伴随着与神的距离,神不太愿意干涉人们的日常纠纷。为了进一步澄清这一点,让我们理解,“抛弃”的意思是,至少在表面上,社会生活(以及经济、政治和文化生活)不再围绕宗教。众所周知,宗教与政治、经济、艺术和文化无关。毫无疑问,机构崇拜的重要性和目的,以及他们在其他领域所做决定的政策(任何受过训练的报纸读者都可以证实这一点,不管同样不容置疑的“最后决定”是什么),都没有成功地将一个常识归化:我们说,宗教信仰属于个人良知的私人、亲密领域。此外,这将是严格意义上的“现代的”、“开明的”和“进步的”立场,除其他外,这种立场是诸如敦促政教分离等无可辩驳的建议的基础。在其他意义上,无论是大众还是精英阶层,宗教信仰的持续存在都是非常明显的。事实上,宗教很难消亡。许多人对新教派和邪教日益增长的力量感到惊讶,而另一些人则对宗教中涉及的激情所起的作用感到震惊
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引用次数: 0
Foucault and Social Science 福柯与社会科学
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122006000100005
F. Santos, Marta Ines Merajver
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引用次数: 0
About the changing ways of writing in the field of social sciences 关于社会科学领域写作方式的变化
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122006000100006
Oscar Steimberg, Marta Ines Merajver
There has been a generalized acknowledgement of the crisis undergone by the textual world of poetics in scientific writing. Some of the strongest assumptions of this kind of prose, such as its natural condition of objectivity, have collapsed. In “the discourse of social science”, its frequent opacity can be descried; an opacity that was already visible from Barthes’ rebellious attitude in the 60s, when he denounced those who wanted “research to be shown but not written.” However, a look at the essays produced in our times tells us that we are still confronted with the sometimes tragic option of participating in or standing aside from the searches that involve the creation of a new subject of writing; in other words, we need to choose whether or not to cross the boundaries that mark the differences among discursive genres. Published in Sociedad. Social Science Journal of the School of Social Science at University of Buenos Aires, #23. Buenos Aires Argentina. Translated by Marta Ines Merajver Translation from Sociedad (Buenos Aires) no.22, ano 2004
在科学写作中,诗学的文本世界所经历的危机已经得到了普遍的承认。这类散文的一些最强有力的假设,比如其客观的自然条件,已经崩溃了。在“社会科学话语”中,其频繁的不透明可以被描述;这种不透明在60年代巴特的叛逆态度中已经很明显了,当时他谴责那些想要“展示而不是写研究”的人。然而,看看我们这个时代产生的散文告诉我们,我们仍然面临着有时是悲剧性的选择,参与或站在一边,涉及到一个新的写作主题的创建搜索;换句话说,我们需要选择是否跨越标志着话语体裁差异的界限。发表于《社会》。《布宜诺斯艾利斯大学社会科学学院社会科学杂志》,第23期。阿根廷的布宜诺斯艾利斯。Marta Ines Merajver译自Sociedad (Buenos Aires) no。2004年11月22日
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引用次数: 0
Boundaries and stereotypes (or what is the use of football, if any indeed?) 界限和刻板印象(或者足球有什么用,如果真的有的话?)
Pub Date : 2006-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/S0327-77122006000100001
P. Alabarces
Through an analysis of football, this paper explores the use of stereotypes in narratives dealing with national identity in Argentina and Brazil, on the basis of an earlier study authored by Simoni Lahud Guedes. While the construction of a football identity seems to have been similar to the one achieved by the English, who created the game mastered the field, this paper intends to focus on the border areas, i.e. on the way in which the differences between Argentineans and Brazilians was narrated, and on the use of such stereotypes as tropicalism and Europeism. The said stereotypes –resulting from a colonial look that intends to reduce heterogeneity in order to gain symbolic power, as Edward Said writes regarding orientalismappear to be pregnant and effective, although they need to be deconstructed by the social sciences or else by parodic humor. Published in Sociedad. Social Science Journal, School of Social Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, #22. Buenos Aires Argentina. Translated by Marta Ines Merajver Translation from Sociedad (Buenos Aires) no.22, año 2004
通过对足球的分析,本文在Simoni Lahud Guedes撰写的早期研究的基础上,探讨了在阿根廷和巴西处理民族认同的叙事中使用刻板印象。虽然足球身份的构建似乎与英国人所取得的成就相似,他们创造了精通该领域的游戏,但本文打算将重点放在边境地区,即阿根廷人和巴西人之间的差异被叙述的方式,以及热带主义和欧洲主义等刻板印象的使用。正如爱德华·赛义德(Edward said)在关于东方主义的文章中所写的那样,上述刻板印象源于一种旨在减少异质性以获得象征权力的殖民主义外观,尽管它们需要通过社会科学或模仿幽默来解构,但它们似乎是富有成效的。发表于《社会》。《社会科学杂志》,布宜诺斯艾利斯大学社会科学学院,第22期。阿根廷的布宜诺斯艾利斯。Marta Ines Merajver译自Sociedad (Buenos Aires) no。22, año 2004
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引用次数: 0
Considerations about infant fetus septic infection. 婴儿胎儿脓毒性感染的注意事项。
A MINUJIN, M RAPAPORT, C MUNIAGURRIA
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Anales de la Sociedad de Puericultura de Buenos Aires
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