Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.20.9.270
S. Letsiou, Nafsika Karamasioti
The skin is the largest organ in mammals and serves as a protective barrier at the interface between the human body and the surrounding environment. It guards the underlying organs and protects the body against pathogens and microorganisms. Accordingly, it is directly exposed to potentially harmful microbial, thermal, mechanical and chemical influences. Simulating skin function aims for different biomaterials evaluation and for explorations of fundamental biological processes. In this mini review, we summarize in vitro methods that simulate skin hydration, aging and photoaging process, wound healing and menopause, high lightening novel efforts in the design of in vitro studies for the development of skin care products.
{"title":"In Vitro Methods Used for Simulation of Skin Functions; Application in Skin Care Products","authors":"S. Letsiou, Nafsika Karamasioti","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.20.9.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.20.9.270","url":null,"abstract":"The skin is the largest organ in mammals and serves as a protective barrier at the interface between the human body and the surrounding environment. It guards the underlying organs and protects the body against pathogens and microorganisms. Accordingly, it is directly exposed to potentially harmful microbial, thermal, mechanical and chemical influences. Simulating skin function aims for different biomaterials evaluation and for explorations of fundamental biological processes. In this mini review, we summarize in vitro methods that simulate skin hydration, aging and photoaging process, wound healing and menopause, high lightening novel efforts in the design of in vitro studies for the development of skin care products.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81259445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.263
M. Nachi, I. Kihel, D Guella, A. Dali-Ali, A. Abed, Y Boukhatmi, B Enta-Soltane, I Belmir, M. Bekadja, T. Houari, O. Abou
Objective: The prognosis for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been significantly improved in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) whose leader is Imatinib mesylate (IM). Obtaining a major molecular response (MMR) is a major objective to achieve. However, the difference in response between the two sexes is often controversial. This work aims to evaluate the molecular response according to sex in Algerian patients with chronic phase CML (CML-CP) treated with IM in first intention. Methods: All Novo CML patients benefited from molecular follow-up by quantification of transcripts by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). The cumulative incidence of MMR (CIMMR) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The comparison was made using the parametric Log-Rank test. A value of P ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. Results: Fifty-five patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 45.7 ± 13.9 including 29 men (53%) and 26 women (47%). For women, the incidence of Mb3a2 transcript was higher than that of Mb2a2 (72% vs. 28%, P=0.12). Men, on the other hand, had an almost equal distribution (52% vs. 48%, P = 0.88). The CIMMR for men was lower than that for women (45% vs. 80%, P=0.018). Conclusion: Women seem to respond more favorably to IM than men.
目的:在以甲磺酸伊马替尼(IM)为先导的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)时代，慢性髓性白血病(CML)的预后得到了显著改善。获得主要分子反应(MMR)是一个主要的目标。然而，两性之间的反应差异经常引起争议。这项工作的目的是根据性别评估阿尔及利亚慢性粒细胞白血病(CML- cp)患者的分子反应在第一意图与IM治疗。方法:通过实时定量PCR (RQ-PCR)定量转录本对所有Novo CML患者进行分子随访。用Kaplan-Meier法估计MMR的累积发病率。采用参数Log-Rank检验进行比较。P≤0.05为显著性。结果:55例患者入组，平均年龄45.7±13.9岁，其中男性29例(53%)，女性26例(47%)。在女性中，Mb3a2转录本的发生率高于Mb2a2 (72% vs. 28%， P=0.12)。另一方面，男性的分布几乎相等(52%对48%，P = 0.88)。男性的CIMMR低于女性(45% vs. 80%， P=0.018)。结论:女性对即时通讯的反应似乎比男性更积极。
{"title":"Sex and Major Molecular Response to Imatinib Treatment for Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","authors":"M. Nachi, I. Kihel, D Guella, A. Dali-Ali, A. Abed, Y Boukhatmi, B Enta-Soltane, I Belmir, M. Bekadja, T. Houari, O. Abou","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.263","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The prognosis for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been significantly improved in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) whose leader is Imatinib mesylate (IM). Obtaining a major molecular response (MMR) is a major objective to achieve. However, the difference in response between the two sexes is often controversial. This work aims to evaluate the molecular response according to sex in Algerian patients with chronic phase CML (CML-CP) treated with IM in first intention. Methods: All Novo CML patients benefited from molecular follow-up by quantification of transcripts by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR). The cumulative incidence of MMR (CIMMR) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The comparison was made using the parametric Log-Rank test. A value of P ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. Results: Fifty-five patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 45.7 ± 13.9 including 29 men (53%) and 26 women (47%). For women, the incidence of Mb3a2 transcript was higher than that of Mb2a2 (72% vs. 28%, P=0.12). Men, on the other hand, had an almost equal distribution (52% vs. 48%, P = 0.88). The CIMMR for men was lower than that for women (45% vs. 80%, P=0.018). Conclusion: Women seem to respond more favorably to IM than men.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89351595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.264
H. Mineo, M. Moriyoshi
Osmotic fragility (OF) in red blood cells (RBCs) is a useful tool for evaluating the actions of various chemicals on the cell membrane in vitro. The effects of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids on OF were evaluated in cattle RBCs. Isolated cattle RBCs were immersed in various carboxylic acids at 0-100 mM in a buffer solution for 1 hr and the 50% hemolysis was then determined by soaking in 0.1-0.8% NaCl solution. Although n-caprylic acid at 100 mM induced hemolysis, the other monocarboxylic acids possessing straight hydrocarbons did not affect OF. The dicarboxylic acids possessing straight hydrocarbons, except for glutaric acid, decreased OF in a dose-dependent manner. Some monocarboxylic acids with branched hydrocarbons tended to decrease OF, but these changes were not statistically significant. Although cyclopentanecarboxylic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids at 100 mM decreased OF, other monocarboxylic acids with cyclic hydrocarbons did not affect OF. Among the dicarboxylic acids with cyclic hydrocarbons tested, only 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid with a benzene ring significantly decreased OF. There is no clear correlation between the effect of monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acids on OF, and their partition coefficients. Thus, the partition coefficient is not a suitable parameter for explaining the effect of both groups of carboxylic acids on OF in cattle RBCs. With regard to the effect of monocarboxylic acids on OF, although an increase in OF was demonstrated in rat RBCs, no effect or rather a decrease in OF was demonstrated in cattle RBCs, similar to the results observed for guinea pig and sheep RBCs. With regard to the effect of dicarboxylic acids, decreases in OF were already demonstrated in rat, guinea pig and sheep RBCs. We have proposed that dicarboxylic acids exhibit a common stabilizing effect on the RBC membrane in various animals, which we termed a “wedge-like effect”. We clarified that cattle RBCs also show a similar OF response to dicarboxylic acids in this experiment.
{"title":"Carboxylic Acids with Certain Molecular Structures Decrease Osmotic Fragility against Osmotic Pressure in Cattle Erythrocytes In Vitro: Appearance of a Wedge-like Effect Similar to RBCs in Other Animal Species","authors":"H. Mineo, M. Moriyoshi","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.264","url":null,"abstract":"Osmotic fragility (OF) in red blood cells (RBCs) is a useful tool for evaluating the actions of various chemicals on the cell membrane in vitro. The effects of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids on OF were evaluated in cattle RBCs. Isolated cattle RBCs were immersed in various carboxylic acids at 0-100 mM in a buffer solution for 1 hr and the 50% hemolysis was then determined by soaking in 0.1-0.8% NaCl solution. Although n-caprylic acid at 100 mM induced hemolysis, the other monocarboxylic acids possessing straight hydrocarbons did not affect OF. The dicarboxylic acids possessing straight hydrocarbons, except for glutaric acid, decreased OF in a dose-dependent manner. Some monocarboxylic acids with branched hydrocarbons tended to decrease OF, but these changes were not statistically significant. Although cyclopentanecarboxylic and cyclohexanecarboxylic acids at 100 mM decreased OF, other monocarboxylic acids with cyclic hydrocarbons did not affect OF. Among the dicarboxylic acids with cyclic hydrocarbons tested, only 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid with a benzene ring significantly decreased OF. There is no clear correlation between the effect of monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acids on OF, and their partition coefficients. Thus, the partition coefficient is not a suitable parameter for explaining the effect of both groups of carboxylic acids on OF in cattle RBCs. With regard to the effect of monocarboxylic acids on OF, although an increase in OF was demonstrated in rat RBCs, no effect or rather a decrease in OF was demonstrated in cattle RBCs, similar to the results observed for guinea pig and sheep RBCs. With regard to the effect of dicarboxylic acids, decreases in OF were already demonstrated in rat, guinea pig and sheep RBCs. We have proposed that dicarboxylic acids exhibit a common stabilizing effect on the RBC membrane in various animals, which we termed a “wedge-like effect”. We clarified that cattle RBCs also show a similar OF response to dicarboxylic acids in this experiment.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79319868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.267
R. Teschke
The hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) was initially confronted with much uncertainty, skepticism, scientific antagonism, and heavy discussions. Viewed as scientific challenges, this stimulated further research, and led to its successful separation from both, alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase, and its reconstitution that allowed defining the individual components of MEOS: cytochrome P450 (CYP), reductase, and phospholipids. Subsequently, it was challenging to elucidate the molecular basis of the microsomal ethanol oxidation. Unlike a usual dehydrogenation or simple oxidation process, ethanol oxidation via MEOS proceeds via reactive intermediates, commonly known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generated by various microsomal CYP isoenzymes including CYP 2E1, all of which are established components of MEOS. Due to its radical scavenging properties, ethanol combines with a small fraction of hydroxyl radicals and undergoes oxidation while the remaining radicals attack phospholipids of liver cell membranes. Chronic alcohol use enhances MEOS activity by upregulating CYP 2E1 combined with ROS generation, and thereby increases the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde, its first metabolite with a high hepatotoxic potential. Considering the involvement of various CYP isoenzymes as constituents, MEOS is now best defined as a multi-CYP isoenzyme system, participating in ethanol metabolism and responsible for the molecular-based alcoholic liver disease.
{"title":"Biochemical Aspects of the Hepatic Microsomal Ethanol-oxidizing System (MEOS): Resolved Initial Controversies and Updated Molecular Views","authors":"R. Teschke","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.267","url":null,"abstract":"The hepatic microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) was initially confronted with much uncertainty, skepticism, scientific antagonism, and heavy discussions. Viewed as scientific challenges, this stimulated further research, and led to its successful separation from both, alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase, and its reconstitution that allowed defining the individual components of MEOS: cytochrome P450 (CYP), reductase, and phospholipids. Subsequently, it was challenging to elucidate the molecular basis of the microsomal ethanol oxidation. Unlike a usual dehydrogenation or simple oxidation process, ethanol oxidation via MEOS proceeds via reactive intermediates, commonly known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generated by various microsomal CYP isoenzymes including CYP 2E1, all of which are established components of MEOS. Due to its radical scavenging properties, ethanol combines with a small fraction of hydroxyl radicals and undergoes oxidation while the remaining radicals attack phospholipids of liver cell membranes. Chronic alcohol use enhances MEOS activity by upregulating CYP 2E1 combined with ROS generation, and thereby increases the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde, its first metabolite with a high hepatotoxic potential. Considering the involvement of various CYP isoenzymes as constituents, MEOS is now best defined as a multi-CYP isoenzyme system, participating in ethanol metabolism and responsible for the molecular-based alcoholic liver disease.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73277100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.E188
J. R. Lopes, D. E. Chiba, C. Chin, Jean Le, R. Santos
Kick and Kill Approach: How Far are we from HIV Cure? Juliana Romano Lopes1, Diego Eidy Chiba2, Chung Man Chin2, Jean Leandro dos Santos1,2* Instituto de Química, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-900, Araraquara SP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 01 s/n, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
{"title":"Kick and Kill Approach: How Far are we from HIV Cure?","authors":"J. R. Lopes, D. E. Chiba, C. Chin, Jean Le, R. Santos","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.E188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.E188","url":null,"abstract":"Kick and Kill Approach: How Far are we from HIV Cure? Juliana Romano Lopes1, Diego Eidy Chiba2, Chung Man Chin2, Jean Leandro dos Santos1,2* Instituto de Química, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-900, Araraquara SP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 01 s/n, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"21 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80147307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.266
An, Kumar Gond, Gupta Sk
Diabetes mellitus is extremely serious condition from both clinical and public health standpoints. Poor people in India do not have access to the resources needed to treat this condition. The recent decade has witnessed many landmark observations, which have added to the scientific credentials of Ayurveda system of India. The research was done to develop the novel herbal formulation with the antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic herbs described in various past research at Ocular Pharmacology lab DIPSAR. Wistar albino rats (150–200 g) of either sex were chosen to actuate Type-1 Diabetes. The animals were divided into three groups; two groups were injected with Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH-4.5) at a dose of 45 mg/kg i.p. to induce diabetes. The third group served as normal control group and was injected only with citrate buffer (pH-4.5). Drug treatment was done for sixteen weeks with the Novel herbal formulation. The level of VEGF an TNF-α were further reduced significantly. Above results were further confirmed by histopathological findings. Thus, from the present study it is concluded that Novel herbal formulation may be of therapeutic and prophylactic value in the treatment of cardiomyopathy.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Novel Herbal Formulation for its Cardioprotective Action against Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Rats","authors":"An, Kumar Gond, Gupta Sk","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.266","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is extremely serious condition from both clinical and public health standpoints. Poor people in India do not have access to the resources needed to treat this condition. The recent decade has witnessed many landmark observations, which have added to the scientific credentials of Ayurveda system of India. The research was done to develop the novel herbal formulation with the antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic herbs described in various past research at Ocular Pharmacology lab DIPSAR. Wistar albino rats (150–200 g) of either sex were chosen to actuate Type-1 Diabetes. The animals were divided into three groups; two groups were injected with Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH-4.5) at a dose of 45 mg/kg i.p. to induce diabetes. The third group served as normal control group and was injected only with citrate buffer (pH-4.5). Drug treatment was done for sixteen weeks with the Novel herbal formulation. The level of VEGF an TNF-α were further reduced significantly. Above results were further confirmed by histopathological findings. Thus, from the present study it is concluded that Novel herbal formulation may be of therapeutic and prophylactic value in the treatment of cardiomyopathy.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85330234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.265
N. Yahaya, Sakina Aa, A Haassan, S. Muhammad
Insects and their substances have been used as medicinal resources by different cultures since ancient time because of chemical compounds such as pheromones, defensive sprays, venoms and toxins, which were sequestered from plants or prey and later concentrated or transformed for their own use. This study is aimed at determining zoochemical and antibacterial potential of ground beetle (Carabidae). The Clinical bacterial isolates used are Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmanylla typhi, Yersinia pestis and Escherichia coli. The results of zoochemical screening of methanol extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids, while antraquinones and cardiac glycosides were not detected. The results of antibacterial activity revealed that methanol extract showed higher antibacterial activity than n-hexane extract. The methanol extract showed following zone of inhibition on E. coli (23.33 ± 1.52), Y. pestis (13.66 ± 0.57), S. typhii (16.00 ± 1.00) and MRSA (9.67 ± 0.57) at 10 mg/mL, while that of n-hexane showed the following zones of inhibition against E. coli (11.33 ± 0.57), Y. pestis (11.66 ± 0.57), S. typhii (29.00 ± 5.29) and MRSA (12.67 ± 0.57) at 10 mg/L. The MIC result ranged between 0.63-1.25 mg/mL for n-hexane extract and 0.63 - 2.50 mg/mL for methanol extract. The MBC of n-hexane extract ranged between 1.25 - 2.50 mg/mL while that of methanol extract ranges between 0.63 -2.50 mg/ Ml. The results suggested the potential use of the extract in the treatment of bacterial infections such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and enuresis.
{"title":"Zoochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Potential of Ground Beetle (Carabidae)","authors":"N. Yahaya, Sakina Aa, A Haassan, S. Muhammad","doi":"10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2167-0501.19.8.265","url":null,"abstract":"Insects and their substances have been used as medicinal resources by different cultures since ancient time because of chemical compounds such as pheromones, defensive sprays, venoms and toxins, which were sequestered from plants or prey and later concentrated or transformed for their own use. This study is aimed at determining zoochemical and antibacterial potential of ground beetle (Carabidae). The Clinical bacterial isolates used are Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmanylla typhi, Yersinia pestis and Escherichia coli. The results of zoochemical screening of methanol extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids, while antraquinones and cardiac glycosides were not detected. The results of antibacterial activity revealed that methanol extract showed higher antibacterial activity than n-hexane extract. The methanol extract showed following zone of inhibition on E. coli (23.33 ± 1.52), Y. pestis (13.66 ± 0.57), S. typhii (16.00 ± 1.00) and MRSA (9.67 ± 0.57) at 10 mg/mL, while that of n-hexane showed the following zones of inhibition against E. coli (11.33 ± 0.57), Y. pestis (11.66 ± 0.57), S. typhii (29.00 ± 5.29) and MRSA (12.67 ± 0.57) at 10 mg/L. The MIC result ranged between 0.63-1.25 mg/mL for n-hexane extract and 0.63 - 2.50 mg/mL for methanol extract. The MBC of n-hexane extract ranged between 1.25 - 2.50 mg/mL while that of methanol extract ranges between 0.63 -2.50 mg/ Ml. The results suggested the potential use of the extract in the treatment of bacterial infections such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and enuresis.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78075835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-01Epub Date: 2016-12-29DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000e184
Hui Lu, Qing-Song Liu
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter which has broad distribution in the brain. It was discovered by Erspamer and Asero in the 1950s [1]. 5-HT is synthesized in two steps, with Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH) as the rate-limiting enzyme [2]. First, tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by TPH. Second, the intermediate product, 5-HTP, is converted to 5-HT by aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC). 5-HT is primarily degraded by the mitochondrial bound protein Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), leading to the generation of the metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Importantly, serotonin is also a substrate for melatonin synthesis [3]. 5-HT is released from the axonal terminals of serotoninergic neurons and acts on 14 distinct receptor subtypes that are classified into 7 different families: 5-HT1 (1A, 1B, 1D, 1E, 1F), 5-HT2 (2A, 2B, and 2C), 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5 (5A, 5B), 5-HT6, and 5-HT7. Among all these receptors, only 5HT3 receptor is a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel composed of several subunits of which 5 different types have been identified [4]. All other 5-HT receptors are G-protein coupled receptors which regulate the activity of the neurons expressing them [5,6]. Released serotonin is transported to the presynaptic neurons by serotonin transporter (SERT or 5HTT), a type of monoamine transporter protein [7].
{"title":"Serotonin in the Frontal Cortex: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurological Disorders.","authors":"Hui Lu, Qing-Song Liu","doi":"10.4172/2167-0501.1000e184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0501.1000e184","url":null,"abstract":"Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter which has broad distribution in the brain. It was discovered by Erspamer and Asero in the 1950s [1]. 5-HT is synthesized in two steps, with Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH) as the rate-limiting enzyme [2]. First, tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by TPH. Second, the intermediate product, 5-HTP, is converted to 5-HT by aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC). 5-HT is primarily degraded by the mitochondrial bound protein Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), leading to the generation of the metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Importantly, serotonin is also a substrate for melatonin synthesis [3]. 5-HT is released from the axonal terminals of serotoninergic neurons and acts on 14 distinct receptor subtypes that are classified into 7 different families: 5-HT1 (1A, 1B, 1D, 1E, 1F), 5-HT2 (2A, 2B, and 2C), 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5 (5A, 5B), 5-HT6, and 5-HT7. Among all these receptors, only 5HT3 receptor is a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel composed of several subunits of which 5 different types have been identified [4]. All other 5-HT receptors are G-protein coupled receptors which regulate the activity of the neurons expressing them [5,6]. Released serotonin is transported to the presynaptic neurons by serotonin transporter (SERT or 5HTT), a type of monoamine transporter protein [7].","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-0501.1000e184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35228412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-26DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.1000202
R. Ahmad, P. Dhawan, A. Singh
The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are biologically distinct subset of rare cancer cells with inherent ability of self-renewal, de-differentiation, and capacity to initiate and maintain malignant tumor growth. Studies have further reported that CSCs prime cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs to inhibit cancer progression has become an attractive anti-cancer therapeutical strategy. Recent technical advances have provided a greater appreciation of the multistep nature of the oncogenesis and also clarified that CSC concept is not universally applicable. Irrespective, the role of the CSCs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, responsible for the most cancer-associated death, has been widely accepted and appreciated. However, despite the tremendous progress made in the last decade in developing markers to identify CSCs, and assays to assess tumorigenic function of CSCs, it remains an area of active investigation. In current article, we review findings related to the role and identification of CSCs in GI-cancers and discuss the crucial pathways involved in regulating CSCs populations’ development and drug resistance, and use of the tumoroid culture to test novel CSCs-targeted cancer therapies.
{"title":"Cancer Stem Cell and Gastrointestinal Cancer: Current Status, Targeted Therapy and Future Implications","authors":"R. Ahmad, P. Dhawan, A. Singh","doi":"10.4172/2167-0501.1000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0501.1000202","url":null,"abstract":"The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are biologically distinct subset of rare cancer cells with inherent ability of self-renewal, de-differentiation, and capacity to initiate and maintain malignant tumor growth. Studies have further reported that CSCs prime cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs to inhibit cancer progression has become an attractive anti-cancer therapeutical strategy. Recent technical advances have provided a greater appreciation of the multistep nature of the oncogenesis and also clarified that CSC concept is not universally applicable. Irrespective, the role of the CSCs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, responsible for the most cancer-associated death, has been widely accepted and appreciated. However, despite the tremendous progress made in the last decade in developing markers to identify CSCs, and assays to assess tumorigenic function of CSCs, it remains an area of active investigation. In current article, we review findings related to the role and identification of CSCs in GI-cancers and discuss the crucial pathways involved in regulating CSCs populations’ development and drug resistance, and use of the tumoroid culture to test novel CSCs-targeted cancer therapies.","PeriodicalId":8764,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Access","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81722299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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