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Targeting the MHC-I endosomal-lysosomal trafficking pathway in cancer: From mechanism to immunotherapy 针对癌症中的 MHC-I 内体-溶酶体转运途径:从机制到免疫疗法
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189161
Di Ye , Shuang Zhou , Xinyu Dai , Huanji Xu, Qiulin Tang, Huixi Huang, Feng Bi

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has achieved broad applicability and durable clinical responses across cancer types. However, the overall response rate remains suboptimal because some patients do not respond or develop drug resistance. The low infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in the tumor microenvironment due to insufficient antigen presentation is closely related to the innate resistance to ICB. The duration and spatial distribution of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression on the cell surface is critical for the efficient presentation of endogenous tumor antigens and subsequent recognition and clearance by CTLs. Tumor cells reduce the surface expression of MHC-I via multiple mechanisms to impair antigen presentation pathways and evade immunity and/or develop resistance to ICB therapy. As an increasing number of studies have focused on membrane MHC-I trafficking and degradation in tumor cells, which may impact the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. It is necessary to summarize the mechanism regulating membrane MHC-I translocation into the cytoplasm and degradation via the lysosome. We reviewed recent advances in the understanding of endosomal-lysosomal MHC-I transport and highlighted the means exploited by tumor cells to evade detection and clearance by CTLs. We also summarized new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to enhance classical ICB treatment and provide new avenues for optimizing cancer immunotherapy.

免疫检查点阻断(ICB)疗法已在各种癌症类型中取得了广泛的适用性和持久的临床反应。然而,由于部分患者没有反应或产生耐药性,总体反应率仍未达到最佳水平。由于抗原呈递不足,CD8+细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)在肿瘤微环境中的浸润较低,这与ICB的先天耐药性密切相关。细胞表面主要组织相容性复合体 I 类(MHC-I)表达的持续时间和空间分布对于内源性肿瘤抗原的有效呈递以及 CTLs 随后的识别和清除至关重要。肿瘤细胞通过多种机制减少 MHC-I 的表面表达,从而损害抗原递呈途径,逃避免疫和/或对 ICB 治疗产生抗药性。越来越多的研究关注肿瘤细胞膜 MHC-I 的转运和降解,这可能会影响肿瘤免疫疗法的效果。有必要总结一下调节膜 MHC-I 转位至细胞质并通过溶酶体降解的机制。我们回顾了在了解内体-溶酶体 MHC-I 转运方面的最新进展,并强调了肿瘤细胞逃避 CTL 检测和清除的手段。我们还总结了针对这些途径的新治疗策略,以加强经典的 ICB 治疗,并为优化癌症免疫疗法提供新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Lactic acid: The culprit behind the immunosuppressive microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma 乳酸:肝细胞癌免疫抑制微环境的罪魁祸首。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189164
Xiaopei Peng , Zhenhu He , Dandan Yuan , Zhenguo Liu , Pengfei Rong

As a solid tumor with high glycolytic activity, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) produces excess lactic acid and increases extracellular acidity, thus forming a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment. L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) play a very important role in glycolysis. LDH is the key enzyme for lactic acid (LA) production, and MCT is responsible for the cellular import and export of LA. The synergistic effect of the two promotes the formation of an extracellular acidic microenvironment. In the acidic microenvironment of HCC, LA can not only promote the proliferation, survival, transport and angiogenesis of tumor cells but also have a strong impact on immune cells, ultimately leading to an inhibitory immune microenvironment. This article reviews the role of LA in HCC, especially its effect on immune cells, summarizes the progress of LDH and MCT-related drugs, and highlights the potential of immunotherapy targeting lactate combined with HCC.

肝细胞癌(HCC)是一种具有高糖酵解活性的实体瘤,会产生过量乳酸并增加细胞外酸度,从而形成独特的免疫抑制微环境。L-乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和单羧酸盐转运体(MCT)在糖酵解过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。LDH 是产生乳酸(LA)的关键酶,而 MCT 则负责 LA 的细胞输入和输出。两者的协同作用促进了细胞外酸性微环境的形成。在 HCC 的酸性微环境中,LA 不仅能促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、存活、转运和血管生成,还能对免疫细胞产生强烈的影响,最终导致抑制性免疫微环境的形成。本文综述了LA在HCC中的作用,尤其是对免疫细胞的影响,总结了LDH和MCT相关药物的研究进展,并强调了针对乳酸合并HCC的免疫疗法的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
T cell exhaustion in human cancers 人类癌症中的 T 细胞衰竭
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189162
Kuan Kang , Xin Lin , Pan Chen , Huai Liu , Feng Liu , Wei Xiong , Guiyuan Li , Mei Yi , Xiayu Li , Hui Wang , Bo Xiang

T cell exhaustion refers to a progressive state in which T cells become functionally impaired due to sustained antigenic stimulation, which is characterized by increased expression of immune inhibitory receptors, but weakened effector functions, reduced self-renewal capacity, altered epigenetics, transcriptional programme and metabolism. T cell exhaustion is one of the major causes leading to immune escape of cancer, creating an environment that supports tumor development and metastatic spread. In addition, T cell exhaustion plays a pivotal role to the efficacy of current immunotherapies for cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of roles of T cell exhaustion in cancer development and progression. We summerized the regulatory mechanisms that involved in T cell exhaustion, including transcription factors, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events, and various microenvironmental factors such as cytokines, microorganisms, and tumor autocrine substances. The paper also discussed the challenges posed by T cell exhaustion to cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, highlightsing the obstacles encountered in ICB therapies and CAR-T therapies due to T cell exhaustion. Finally, the article provides an overview of current therapeutic options aimed to reversing or alleviating T cell exhaustion in ICB and CAR-T therapies. These therapeutic approaches seek to overcome T cell exhaustion and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies in treating tumors.

T 细胞衰竭是指 T 细胞在持续抗原刺激下功能受损的一种渐进状态,其特征是免疫抑制受体表达增加,但效应功能减弱,自我更新能力降低,表观遗传学、转录程序和新陈代谢发生改变。T 细胞衰竭是导致癌症免疫逃逸的主要原因之一,它创造了一个支持肿瘤发展和转移扩散的环境。此外,T 细胞衰竭对目前癌症免疫疗法的疗效起着关键作用。本综述旨在全面阐述 T 细胞衰竭在癌症发展和进程中的作用。我们归纳了参与 T 细胞衰竭的调控机制,包括转录因子、表观遗传和代谢重编程事件,以及各种微环境因素,如细胞因子、微生物和肿瘤自分泌物质。文章还讨论了T细胞衰竭给癌症免疫疗法(包括免疫检查点阻断(ICB)疗法和嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)疗法)带来的挑战,强调了ICB疗法和CAR-T疗法因T细胞衰竭而遇到的障碍。最后,文章概述了当前旨在逆转或缓解ICB和CAR-T疗法中T细胞衰竭的治疗方案。这些治疗方法旨在克服T细胞衰竭,提高免疫疗法治疗肿瘤的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging preclinical models of metastatic breast cancer 利用转移性乳腺癌的临床前模型。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189163
Diego A. Pedroza , Yang Gao , Xiang H.-F. Zhang , Jeffrey M. Rosen

Women that present to the clinic with established breast cancer metastases have limited treatment options. Yet, the majority of preclinical studies are actually not directed at developing treatment regimens for established metastatic disease. In this review we will discuss the current state of preclinical macro-metastatic breast cancer models, including, but not limited to syngeneic GEMM, PDX and xenografts. Challenges within these models which are often overlooked include fluorophore-immunogenic neoantigens, differences in experimental vs spontaneous metastasis and tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, due to cell plasticity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of the metastatic landscape, the treatment efficacy of newly approved immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may differ in metastatic sites as compared to primary localized tumors.

已确诊乳腺癌转移的妇女在临床上可选择的治疗方案非常有限。然而,大多数临床前研究实际上并不是针对已确立的转移性疾病开发治疗方案。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论临床前大转移性乳腺癌模型的现状,包括但不限于共生 GEMM、PDX 和异种移植。这些模型中经常被忽视的挑战包括荧光团免疫原性新抗原、实验性转移与自发性转移的差异以及肿瘤异质性。此外,由于转移灶肿瘤免疫微环境(TIME)的细胞可塑性,新批准的免疫检查点阻断剂(ICB)在转移灶的疗效可能与原发局部肿瘤不同。
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引用次数: 0
Schwann cells and enteric glial cells: Emerging stars in colorectal cancer 许旺细胞和肠胶质细胞:大肠癌中的新星。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189160
Kexin He , Hao Wang , Ruixue Huo , Shu-Heng Jiang , Junli Xue

Cancer neuroscience, a promising field dedicated to exploring interactions between cancer and the nervous system, has attracted growing attention. The gastrointestinal tracts exhibit extensive innervation, notably characterized by intrinsic innervation. The gut harbors a substantial population of glial cells, including Schwann cells wrapping axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system and enteric glial cells intricately associated with intrinsic innervation. Glial cells play a crucial role in maintaining the physiological functions of the intestine, encompassing nutrient absorption, barrier integrity, and immune modulation. Nevertheless, it has only been in recent times that the significance of glial cells within colorectal cancer (CRC) has begun to receive considerable attention. Emerging data suggests that glial cells in the gut contribute to the progression and metastasis of CRC, by interacting with cancer cells, influencing inflammation, and modulating the tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the significant roles of glial cells in the development and progression of CRC and discuss the latest technologies that can be integrated into this field for in-depth exploration, as well as potential specific targeted strategies for future exploration to benefit patients.

癌症神经科学是一个致力于探索癌症与神经系统之间相互作用的前景广阔的领域,已引起越来越多的关注。胃肠道具有广泛的神经支配,尤其是内在神经支配。肠道内有大量的神经胶质细胞,包括包裹周围神经系统神经元轴突的许旺细胞(SC)和与固有神经支配密切相关的肠神经胶质细胞(EGC)。神经胶质细胞在维持肠道营养吸收、屏障完整性和免疫调节等生理功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,直到最近,胶质细胞在结直肠癌(CRC)中的重要性才开始受到广泛关注。新出现的数据表明,肠道中的神经胶质细胞通过与癌细胞相互作用、影响炎症反应和调节肿瘤微环境,促进了结直肠癌的发展和转移。在此,我们总结了神经胶质细胞在 CRC 的发生和发展过程中的重要作用,并讨论了可整合到这一领域进行深入探索的最新技术,以及未来探索造福患者的潜在特定靶向策略。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular insights into the role of mixed lineage kinase 3 in cancer hallmarks 混合系激酶 3 在癌症特征中作用的分子见解。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189157
Rong Ke , Sandeep Kumar , Sunil Kumar Singh , Ajay Rana , Basabi Rana

Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a serine/threonine kinase of the MAPK Kinase kinase (MAP3K) family that plays critical roles in various biological processes, including cancer. Upon activation, MLK3 differentially activates downstream MAPKs, such as JNK, p38, and ERK. In addition, it regulates various non-canonical signaling pathways, such as β-catenin, AMPK, Pin1, and PAK1, to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered other potentially diverse roles of MLK3 in malignancy, which include metabolic reprogramming, cancer-associated inflammation, and evasion of cancer-related immune surveillance. The role of MLK3 in cancer is complex and cancer-specific, and an understanding of its function at the molecular level aligned specifically with the cancer hallmarks will have profound therapeutic implications for diagnosing and treating MLK3-dependent cancers. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of MLK3 on the hallmarks of cancer, providing insights into its potential as a promising anticancer drug target.

混系激酶 3(MLK3)是 MAPK 激酶(MAP3K)家族的一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,在包括癌症在内的各种生物过程中发挥着关键作用。激活后,MLK3 会不同程度地激活下游 MAPK,如 JNK、p38 和 ERK。此外,它还能调节各种非经典信号通路,如β-catenin、AMPK、Pin1 和 PAK1,从而调节细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭和转移。最近的研究还发现了 MLK3 在恶性肿瘤中的其他潜在作用,包括代谢重编程、癌症相关炎症和逃避癌症相关免疫监视。MLK3 在癌症中的作用既复杂又具有癌症特异性,了解其在分子水平上的功能,特别是与癌症特征相一致的功能,将对诊断和治疗依赖 MLK3 的癌症产生深远的治疗意义。本综述总结了目前有关 MLK3 对癌症特征影响的知识,为了解 MLK3 作为抗癌药物靶点的潜力提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
The role of nitric oxide synthase/ nitric oxide in infection-related cancers: Beyond antimicrobial activity 一氧化氮合酶/一氧化氮在感染相关癌症中的作用:超越抗菌活性
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189156
Xudong Hu , Yueshuo Li , Ya Cao , Feng Shi , Li Shang

As a free radical and endogenous effector molecule, mammalian endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is mainly derived from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) via L-arginine. NO participates in normal physiological reactions and provides immune responses to prevent the invasion of foreign bacteria. However, NO also has complex and contradictory biological effects. Abnormal NO signaling is involved in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer. In the past decades, cancer research has been closely linked with NOS/ NO, and many tumors with poor prognosis are associated with high expression of NOS. In this review, we give a overview of the biological effects of NOS/ NO. Then we focus on the oncogenic role of iNOS/ NO in HPV, HBV, EBV and H. pylori related tumors. In fact, there is growing evidence that iNOS could be used as a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. We emphasize that the pro-tumor effect of NOS/ NO is greater than the anti-tumor effect.

作为一种自由基和内源性效应分子,哺乳动物的内源性一氧化氮(NO)主要通过 L-精氨酸从一氧化氮合酶(NOS)中提取。一氧化氮参与正常的生理反应,并提供免疫反应,防止外来细菌入侵。然而,NO 也具有复杂而矛盾的生物效应。异常的 NO 信号传导与癌症等多种疾病的进展有关。在过去的几十年中,癌症研究与 NOS/ NO 密切相关,许多预后不良的肿瘤都与 NOS 的高表达有关。在这篇综述中,我们将概述 NOS/ NO 的生物效应。然后,我们将重点讨论 iNOS/ NO 在 HPV、HBV、EBV 和幽门螺杆菌相关肿瘤中的致癌作用。事实上,越来越多的证据表明,iNOS 可以作为癌症治疗的潜在治疗靶点。我们强调,NOS/NO 的促肿瘤作用大于抗肿瘤作用。
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引用次数: 0
Tumor microenvironment: A playground for cells from multiple diverse origins 肿瘤微环境:多种来源细胞的乐园。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189158
Deblina Bharadwaj , Mahitosh Mandal

Tumor microenvironment is formed by various cellular and non-cellular components which interact with one another and form a complex network of interactions. Some of these cellular components also attain a secretory phenotype and release growth factors, cytokines, chemokines etc. in the surroundings which are capable of inducing even greater number of signalling networks. All these interactions play a decisive role in determining the course of tumorigenesis. The treatment strategies against cancer also exert their impact on the local microenvironment. Such interactions and anticancer therapies have been found to induce more deleterious outcomes like immunosuppression and chemoresistance in the process of tumor progression. Hence, understanding the tumor microenvironment is crucial for dealing with cancer and chemoresistance. This review is an attempt to develop some understanding about the tumor microenvironment and different factors which modulate it, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. Along with summarising the major components of tumor microenvironment and various interactions taking place between them, it also throws some light on how the existing and potential therapies exert their impact on these dynamics.

肿瘤微环境由各种细胞和非细胞成分组成,它们相互影响,形成复杂的相互作用网络。其中一些细胞成分还具有分泌表型,在周围环境中释放生长因子、细胞因子、趋化因子等,能够诱导更多的信号网络。所有这些相互作用在决定肿瘤发生的过程中起着决定性作用。癌症治疗策略也会对局部微环境产生影响。人们发现,这种相互作用和抗癌疗法会在肿瘤进展过程中诱发更多有害结果,如免疫抑制和化疗抗药性。因此,了解肿瘤微环境对于应对癌症和化疗耐药性至关重要。本综述试图对肿瘤微环境以及调节肿瘤微环境从而导致肿瘤发生的不同因素有一定的了解。除了总结肿瘤微环境的主要组成部分以及它们之间发生的各种相互作用外,它还对现有和潜在疗法如何对这些动态变化产生影响提供了一些启示。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular and immune pathobiology of human angiosarcoma 人类血管肉瘤的分子和免疫病理生物学。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189159
Ryan Mao Heng Lim , Jing Yi Lee , Bavani Kannan , Tun Kiat Ko , Jason Yongsheng Chan

Angiosarcoma is a rare endothelial-derived malignancy that is extremely diverse in anatomy, aetiology, molecular and immune characteristics. While novel therapeutic approaches incorporating targeted agents and immunotherapy have yielded significant improvements in patient outcomes across several cancers, their impact on angiosarcoma remains modest. Contributed by its heterogeneous nature, there is currently a lack of novel drug targets in this disease entity and no reliable biomarkers that predict response to conventional treatment. This review aims to examine the molecular and immune landscape of angiosarcoma in association with its aetiology, anatomical sites, prognosis and therapeutic options. We summarise current efforts to characterise angiosarcoma subtypes based on molecular and immune profiling. Finally, we highlight promising technologies such as single-cell spatial “omics” that may further our understanding of angiosarcoma and propose strategies that can be similarly applied for the study of other rare cancers.

血管肉瘤是一种罕见的内皮源性恶性肿瘤,在解剖学、病因学、分子和免疫特征方面极为多样。虽然结合靶向药物和免疫疗法的新型治疗方法已显著改善了多种癌症患者的预后,但它们对血管肉瘤的影响仍然不大。由于血管肉瘤的异质性,目前这种疾病缺乏新的药物靶点,也没有可靠的生物标志物来预测对常规治疗的反应。本综述旨在研究血管肉瘤的分子和免疫情况,以及其病因、解剖部位、预后和治疗方案。我们总结了目前根据分子和免疫图谱描述血管肉瘤亚型的工作。最后,我们重点介绍了单细胞空间 "omics "等前景广阔的技术,这些技术可进一步加深我们对血管肉瘤的了解,并提出了可同样应用于其他罕见癌症研究的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Targeting endothelial cell anergy to improve CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors 以内皮细胞过敏为靶点,改进治疗实体瘤的 CAR T 细胞疗法。
IF 9.7 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189155
Gabriela E. Wachholz, Parvin Akbari, Elisabeth J.M. Huijbers, Prachi Jalan, Judy R. van Beijnum, Arjan W. Griffioen

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy presents significant results, especially for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, there are limitations and challenges to be overcome to achieve similar success for the treatment of solid tumors. These challenges involve selection of the target, infiltration into the tumor microenvironment and maintenance of functionality. The tumor vasculature is a major barrier for leukocytes to enter the tumor parenchyma. Due to the exposure of the vasculature to angiogenic growth factors during tumor progression, the endothelial cells become anergic to inflammatory cytokines, resulting in reduced leukocyte adhesion molecule expression. As such adhesion molecules are a prerequisite for leukocyte extravasation, endothelial cell anergy allows tumors to escape from endogenous immunity, as well as from cellular immunotherapies such as CAR T cells. Hence, overcoming endothelial cell anergy, e.g. through the administration of angiogenesis inhibitors, is believed to restore anti-tumor immunity. Concomitantly, both endogenous immune cells as well as cellular therapeutics such as CAR T cells can permeate into the tumor parenchyma. Here, we discuss how prior or concomitant treatment with an antiangiogenic drug can improve CAR T cell therapy, to become an attractive strategy for the treatment of solid tumors.

嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法效果显著,尤其是在治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤方面。然而,要在实体瘤治疗中取得类似的成功,还需要克服一些限制和挑战。这些挑战涉及靶点的选择、肿瘤微环境的渗透和功能的维持。肿瘤血管是白细胞进入肿瘤实质的主要屏障。在肿瘤进展过程中,由于血管暴露于血管生成生长因子,内皮细胞对炎症细胞因子过敏,导致白细胞粘附分子表达减少。由于这种粘附分子是白细胞外渗的先决条件,内皮细胞过敏使肿瘤得以逃避内源性免疫以及 CAR T 细胞等细胞免疫疗法。因此,通过使用血管生成抑制剂等方法克服内皮细胞凋亡,被认为可以恢复抗肿瘤免疫力。同时,内源性免疫细胞和细胞疗法(如 CAR T 细胞)都可以渗透到肿瘤实质中。在此,我们将讨论如何通过事先或同时使用抗血管生成药物来改善 CAR T 细胞疗法,使其成为治疗实体瘤的一种有吸引力的策略。
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引用次数: 0
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