Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2255394
Shawn Dove, M. Brennan, Jenny S. Cory, A. Janmaat
ABSTRACT The host-specific beetle Neogalerucella calmariensis was introduced to North America to control Lythrum salicaria, and in some areas has persisted in high population densities despite decimation of target plants. We hypothesised that egg predation might contribute to the survival of the beetles. In small-scale laboratory experiments, we investigated the likelihood of egg cannibalism at different N. calmariensis life stages. Neither neonates nor adults cannibalised eggs, however late instar larvae readily preyed on eggs of conspecifics. Pupal weights of larvae that cannibalised eggs were larger than those fed only leaf material suggesting that egg cannibalism may be associated with a fitness benefit.
{"title":"Egg cannibalism by larvae of the weed biological control agent, Neogalerucella calmariensis","authors":"Shawn Dove, M. Brennan, Jenny S. Cory, A. Janmaat","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2255394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2255394","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The host-specific beetle Neogalerucella calmariensis was introduced to North America to control Lythrum salicaria, and in some areas has persisted in high population densities despite decimation of target plants. We hypothesised that egg predation might contribute to the survival of the beetles. In small-scale laboratory experiments, we investigated the likelihood of egg cannibalism at different N. calmariensis life stages. Neither neonates nor adults cannibalised eggs, however late instar larvae readily preyed on eggs of conspecifics. Pupal weights of larvae that cannibalised eggs were larger than those fed only leaf material suggesting that egg cannibalism may be associated with a fitness benefit.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"985 - 990"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88403660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2252211
Fatemeh Khaki, H. Madadi, Alireza Nazari, Zahra Rafie Karahroodi
ABSTRACT The effect of three host plants, sweet pepper, cucumber and eggplant, on the survival and fecundity of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hem.: Aphididae) and population growth parameters of Aphidius platensis as a solitary endoparasitoid of green peach aphid were studied. The raw data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results showed that sweet pepper is the most suitable host plant for green peach aphid development and reproduction. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) of M. persicae reared on eggplant, sweet pepper and cucumber were 0.32 ± 0.01, 0.33 ± 0.01 and – 0.071 ± 0.06 d− 1, respectively. Furthermore, other population parameters of aphids raised on sweet pepper and eggplant were significantly higher than corresponding parameter values of aphids fed on cucumber plant. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of A. platensis reared on sweet pepper was 0.29 ± 0.01 d− 1. The life expectancy (exj ) of A. platensis parasitised pepper raised green peach aphids was 21.08 days on the first day of emergence, and the maximum reproductive value of A. platensis females occurred on the 14th day. Our results showed that sweet pepper could serve as a suitable host plant for rearing M. persicae as a host for A. platensis within a biological control programme context according to the pre-adult period, survival, adult longevity and fecundity of M. persicae. This information could be useful for mass rearing of A. platensis in insectariums where the faster growth and development of aphids are desirable.
{"title":"How host plants influence the life history and population growth of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid, Aphidius platensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)","authors":"Fatemeh Khaki, H. Madadi, Alireza Nazari, Zahra Rafie Karahroodi","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2252211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2252211","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effect of three host plants, sweet pepper, cucumber and eggplant, on the survival and fecundity of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hem.: Aphididae) and population growth parameters of Aphidius platensis as a solitary endoparasitoid of green peach aphid were studied. The raw data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results showed that sweet pepper is the most suitable host plant for green peach aphid development and reproduction. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) of M. persicae reared on eggplant, sweet pepper and cucumber were 0.32 ± 0.01, 0.33 ± 0.01 and – 0.071 ± 0.06 d− 1, respectively. Furthermore, other population parameters of aphids raised on sweet pepper and eggplant were significantly higher than corresponding parameter values of aphids fed on cucumber plant. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of A. platensis reared on sweet pepper was 0.29 ± 0.01 d− 1. The life expectancy (exj ) of A. platensis parasitised pepper raised green peach aphids was 21.08 days on the first day of emergence, and the maximum reproductive value of A. platensis females occurred on the 14th day. Our results showed that sweet pepper could serve as a suitable host plant for rearing M. persicae as a host for A. platensis within a biological control programme context according to the pre-adult period, survival, adult longevity and fecundity of M. persicae. This information could be useful for mass rearing of A. platensis in insectariums where the faster growth and development of aphids are desirable.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"922 - 941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82529761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2252210
Deena Husein, P. Rugman-Jones, Christine E. Dodge, I. Chien, Jesús R. Lara, F. Liu, Yi-Chang Liao, S. Tuan, R. Stouthamer
ABSTRACT Several species of ambrosia beetles in the genera Euwallacea, Xyleborus, and Xylosandrus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are considered major pests in agriculture, forestry and urban areas. Their concealed lifestyle allows them to evade detection, and increases their chances of being introduced to non-native regions. Their reproduction is dominated by sibling mating within maternal galleries, and this behaviour makes them difficult to control. Although a handful of studies have identified natural enemies associated with ambrosia beetles, very few have done this with the goal of creating a classical biological control programme. In this study, we sought to identify hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the invasive Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. We collected branches from infested trees in a native region in Taiwan, recorded parasitoid emergence, and attempted to rear any emerging parasitoids using laboratory reared hosts and experimentally infested logs. We identified three species of parasitoid wasps that successfully parasitised beetles in the E. fornicatus species complex. These species were all new to science belonging to the genera Eucosmophorus (Braconidae), Phymastichus (Eulophidae), and Plastanoxus (Bethylidae).
{"title":"Parasitoids associated with ambrosia beetles in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Taiwan","authors":"Deena Husein, P. Rugman-Jones, Christine E. Dodge, I. Chien, Jesús R. Lara, F. Liu, Yi-Chang Liao, S. Tuan, R. Stouthamer","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2252210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2252210","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several species of ambrosia beetles in the genera Euwallacea, Xyleborus, and Xylosandrus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are considered major pests in agriculture, forestry and urban areas. Their concealed lifestyle allows them to evade detection, and increases their chances of being introduced to non-native regions. Their reproduction is dominated by sibling mating within maternal galleries, and this behaviour makes them difficult to control. Although a handful of studies have identified natural enemies associated with ambrosia beetles, very few have done this with the goal of creating a classical biological control programme. In this study, we sought to identify hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the invasive Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. We collected branches from infested trees in a native region in Taiwan, recorded parasitoid emergence, and attempted to rear any emerging parasitoids using laboratory reared hosts and experimentally infested logs. We identified three species of parasitoid wasps that successfully parasitised beetles in the E. fornicatus species complex. These species were all new to science belonging to the genera Eucosmophorus (Braconidae), Phymastichus (Eulophidae), and Plastanoxus (Bethylidae).","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"891 - 921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83304578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2250107
Mike Barg, C. Molina, O. Strauch, R. Ehlers, B. Vandenbossche
ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are well-established plant protection tools for the control of insect pests. The release of EPN species is often limited to species that are endemic in the country. Therefore, surveys to check for the presence of EPN species in the country are necessary. Here, a sampling and baiting method based on the in situ attraction of EPN to insects contained in a plastic tube is described. Heterorhabditis downesi was isolated from overgrown dunes at the Baltic coast and Steinernema feltiae from chromic luvisol further inland. This is the first report of the presence of H. downesi in Germany.
{"title":"In situ baiting reveals occurrence of Heterorhabditis downesi at the German Baltic coast","authors":"Mike Barg, C. Molina, O. Strauch, R. Ehlers, B. Vandenbossche","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2250107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2250107","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are well-established plant protection tools for the control of insect pests. The release of EPN species is often limited to species that are endemic in the country. Therefore, surveys to check for the presence of EPN species in the country are necessary. Here, a sampling and baiting method based on the in situ attraction of EPN to insects contained in a plastic tube is described. Heterorhabditis downesi was isolated from overgrown dunes at the Baltic coast and Steinernema feltiae from chromic luvisol further inland. This is the first report of the presence of H. downesi in Germany.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"885 - 889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89744168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245987
Siyasanga T. Mnciva, Candice Coombes, Julie A. Coetzee
ABSTRACTThe excessive proliferation of Pontederia crassipes poses serious threats to freshwater bodies in many parts of the world. This aquatic weed causes severe ecological and economic losses worldwide. In South Africa, research has focused on the release of insect biological control agents associated with P. crassipes, with eight insect agents, and only one fungus released to date. Fungi have been explored as a safe method for the management of P. crassipes, due to their ability to cause and spread a vast array of weed diseases. In this study, naturally occurring fungi associated with P. crassipes were surveyed, isolated, and identified using culture methods to determine their prevalence and pathogenicity to P. crassipes. Forty-two fungal isolates were morphologically identified as belonging to genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Epicoccum and Colletotrichum. Subsequently, molecular techniques and bioinformatics confirmed the identity of the fungi that were most pathogenic as Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium equiseti. In whole plant bioassays, these fungi caused 68, 63 and 54% disease infection, respectively, by the end of six weeks, and thus may be considered for future developments into bioherbicides. Moreover, F. incarnatum exhibited 97% disease severity during in vitro assays. This study is also the first to report F. incarnatum occurrence on P. crassipes in South Africa.KEYWORDS: Fusarium sp.biocontrolindigenous fungiphytopathogenic fungi Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementRaw data is housed at the Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa and is available on request.Additional informationFundingWe gratefully acknowledge the National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), housed at the Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University for their financial support during this study. Any opinion, finding, conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the authors and the NRF does not accept any liability in this regard.
{"title":"Morphological and molecular characterisation of naturally occurring pathogenic fungi for <i>Pontederia crassipes</i> (water hyacinth) in South Africa","authors":"Siyasanga T. Mnciva, Candice Coombes, Julie A. Coetzee","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe excessive proliferation of Pontederia crassipes poses serious threats to freshwater bodies in many parts of the world. This aquatic weed causes severe ecological and economic losses worldwide. In South Africa, research has focused on the release of insect biological control agents associated with P. crassipes, with eight insect agents, and only one fungus released to date. Fungi have been explored as a safe method for the management of P. crassipes, due to their ability to cause and spread a vast array of weed diseases. In this study, naturally occurring fungi associated with P. crassipes were surveyed, isolated, and identified using culture methods to determine their prevalence and pathogenicity to P. crassipes. Forty-two fungal isolates were morphologically identified as belonging to genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Epicoccum and Colletotrichum. Subsequently, molecular techniques and bioinformatics confirmed the identity of the fungi that were most pathogenic as Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium equiseti. In whole plant bioassays, these fungi caused 68, 63 and 54% disease infection, respectively, by the end of six weeks, and thus may be considered for future developments into bioherbicides. Moreover, F. incarnatum exhibited 97% disease severity during in vitro assays. This study is also the first to report F. incarnatum occurrence on P. crassipes in South Africa.KEYWORDS: Fusarium sp.biocontrolindigenous fungiphytopathogenic fungi Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementRaw data is housed at the Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa and is available on request.Additional informationFundingWe gratefully acknowledge the National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), housed at the Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University for their financial support during this study. Any opinion, finding, conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the authors and the NRF does not accept any liability in this regard.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135018379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245984
Jacqueline V. Sarratt, Matthew J. Perryman, P. Pratt
ABSTRACT The Scotch broom gall mite, Aceria genistae, is an adventive herbivore of Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), an invasive non-native shrub in California, USA. Although feeding by these mites clearly induces localised tissue distortion, the effect of A. genistae on overall host vigour and reproduction has not been assessed. Here we compare biomass allocation across various plant organs between two groups, heavily or lightly galled plants, at three northern California sites. Most structural components, including plant height, stem biomass, and leaf biomass, were similar regardless of galling intensity. However, both canopy volume and seeds per plant were reduced in heavily versus lightly galled plants; seeds were reduced up to 80% among larger plants. Collectively, these data suggest A. genistae galls are produced at the cost of seed production. Aceria genistae is a relatively new arrival in California but is already causing measurable effects to plant performance, which are expected to increase over time as mite populations increase and its range expands. Intentionally redistributing this mite is currently illegal in the USA, and this research is part of a broader investigation to inform the biological control agent permit process.
{"title":"Galls formed by Aceria genistae (Acari: Eriophyidae) alter reproduction of the invasive weed Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) in the USA","authors":"Jacqueline V. Sarratt, Matthew J. Perryman, P. Pratt","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245984","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The Scotch broom gall mite, Aceria genistae, is an adventive herbivore of Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), an invasive non-native shrub in California, USA. Although feeding by these mites clearly induces localised tissue distortion, the effect of A. genistae on overall host vigour and reproduction has not been assessed. Here we compare biomass allocation across various plant organs between two groups, heavily or lightly galled plants, at three northern California sites. Most structural components, including plant height, stem biomass, and leaf biomass, were similar regardless of galling intensity. However, both canopy volume and seeds per plant were reduced in heavily versus lightly galled plants; seeds were reduced up to 80% among larger plants. Collectively, these data suggest A. genistae galls are produced at the cost of seed production. Aceria genistae is a relatively new arrival in California but is already causing measurable effects to plant performance, which are expected to increase over time as mite populations increase and its range expands. Intentionally redistributing this mite is currently illegal in the USA, and this research is part of a broader investigation to inform the biological control agent permit process.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"805 - 819"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83227719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985
M. Mathur, Preethi Mathur
ABSTRACT Ecological niche model (ENM) pertains to a class of methodologies that utilise occurrence data alongside environmental data to formulate a correlative model of the environmental circumstances that satisfy a species’ ecological requirements. In the current study, ENM was employed to ascertain the types of habitat for Trichoderma harzianum using machine learning algorithm known as MaxEnt Entropy. Our line of reasoning posits that the efficacy of T. harzianum as a bio-control agent can be enhanced, alongside the advancement of host/crop development and metabolic processes, through its deliberate introduction into geographically appropriate habitats. ENM was performed on 92 spatially thinned presence points of this species across India, considering three bio-climatic time periods (present, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (known as representative concentration pathways RCPs). Non-bioclimatic factors include ecosystem rooting depths (ERD), total plant available water storage capacity (TPAWSC), habitat heterogeneity indices (HHI), land use land cover (LULC) and to soil variables at four depths. Energy-related factors, like Isothermality and minimum temperature of coldest month, were shown to be the most essential for the habitat appropriateness of this species during the current bio-climatic period. Future climate predictions and their associated RCPs revealed that water-related variables, like precipitation of wettest quarter, were the most influential. Non-climatic elements that were shown to have significant impact included soil pH, maximum diversity indices, forest and grassland types, TPAWSC, ERD (95%). Our analysis showed that this species will always find optimal suitability sites in northern eastern India with almost all predictors except root zone variables.
{"title":"Predictive ecological niche modelling of an important bio-control agent: Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) using the MaxEnt machine learning tools with climatic and non-climatic predictors","authors":"M. Mathur, Preethi Mathur","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological niche model (ENM) pertains to a class of methodologies that utilise occurrence data alongside environmental data to formulate a correlative model of the environmental circumstances that satisfy a species’ ecological requirements. In the current study, ENM was employed to ascertain the types of habitat for Trichoderma harzianum using machine learning algorithm known as MaxEnt Entropy. Our line of reasoning posits that the efficacy of T. harzianum as a bio-control agent can be enhanced, alongside the advancement of host/crop development and metabolic processes, through its deliberate introduction into geographically appropriate habitats. ENM was performed on 92 spatially thinned presence points of this species across India, considering three bio-climatic time periods (present, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (known as representative concentration pathways RCPs). Non-bioclimatic factors include ecosystem rooting depths (ERD), total plant available water storage capacity (TPAWSC), habitat heterogeneity indices (HHI), land use land cover (LULC) and to soil variables at four depths. Energy-related factors, like Isothermality and minimum temperature of coldest month, were shown to be the most essential for the habitat appropriateness of this species during the current bio-climatic period. Future climate predictions and their associated RCPs revealed that water-related variables, like precipitation of wettest quarter, were the most influential. Non-climatic elements that were shown to have significant impact included soil pH, maximum diversity indices, forest and grassland types, TPAWSC, ERD (95%). Our analysis showed that this species will always find optimal suitability sites in northern eastern India with almost all predictors except root zone variables.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"820 - 854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84445399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986
L. Madire, D. Simelane, T. Olckers
ABSTRACT The invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth var stans (Bignoniaceae) has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 2003. Plant nutrients contained in fertilizers typically improve host-plant quality, thereby enhancing the fitness of insect herbivores deployed as weed biocontrol agents. We investigated the effect of increasing nutrient levels (fertilizer treatments) on the growth of potted T. stans plants and on the subsequent performance of the root-feeding beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Chrysomelidae). Enhanced performance of Heikertingerella sp. in culture will improve mass-rearing initiatives for releases in South Africa. Ten newly emerged mating pairs of Heikertingerella sp. were exposed under glasshouse conditions to caged plants that were treated with four regimes of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium 2:3:2 (14%) + carbon (8%) fertilizer, namely zero (control), low (5.6 g/m2), medium (9.4 g/m2) and high (13.2 g/m2). Increasing nutrient levels significantly increased leaf production and above – and below-ground biomass accumulation in T. stans plants. Similarly, the performance of Heikertingerella sp. was improved substantially, with significantly and progressively higher levels of P1 adult feeding and F1 progeny production, and significantly and progressively reduced F1 developmental times, under increasing nutrient levels. While F1 adult size was significantly increased by fertilizer application relative to the controls, there were no significant differences between the three nutrient levels. Although the high fertilizer application rates were the most suitable for the culturing and mass-rearing of Heikertingerella sp. adults, medium fertilizer applications may prove more economical to improve host-plant quality and boost beetle numbers for release.
入侵树Tecoma stans (L.)汁液。自2003年以来，前Kunth var stans (biignoniaceae)一直是南非生物防治的目标。肥料中所含的植物营养物质通常可以改善寄主植物的品质，从而提高昆虫食草动物作为杂草生物防治剂的适应性。研究了不同营养水平(肥料处理)对盆栽紫花蓟马生长及根食甲虫(金花蓟马科)后续生产性能的影响。提高海克丁氏菌在培养中的表现将改善南非的大规模放养计划。在温室条件下，将新出现的10对海克尔丁氏菌(Heikertingerella sp.)暴露在笼中，施用4种氮肥:磷:钾2:3:2(14%)+碳(8%)，即零(对照)、低(5.6 g/m2)、中(9.4 g/m2)和高(13.2 g/m2)。增加养分水平显著提高了柽柳叶片产量和地上、地下生物量积累。同样，随着营养水平的提高，黑氏菌的生产性能也得到了显著提高，P1成虫的摄取量和F1后代的产量显著提高，F1发育时间显著缩短。与对照相比，施肥显著增加了F1成虫的体型，但3种营养水平间差异不显著。虽然高施肥量最适合黑克丁氏菌成虫的培养和批量饲养，但中肥施用对于提高寄主植株质量和增加甲虫释放数量可能更为经济。
{"title":"Application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium + carbon fertilizer improves the growth of Tecoma stans and the performance of its root-feeding biological control agent, Heikertingerella sp.","authors":"L. Madire, D. Simelane, T. Olckers","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth var stans (Bignoniaceae) has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 2003. Plant nutrients contained in fertilizers typically improve host-plant quality, thereby enhancing the fitness of insect herbivores deployed as weed biocontrol agents. We investigated the effect of increasing nutrient levels (fertilizer treatments) on the growth of potted T. stans plants and on the subsequent performance of the root-feeding beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Chrysomelidae). Enhanced performance of Heikertingerella sp. in culture will improve mass-rearing initiatives for releases in South Africa. Ten newly emerged mating pairs of Heikertingerella sp. were exposed under glasshouse conditions to caged plants that were treated with four regimes of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium 2:3:2 (14%) + carbon (8%) fertilizer, namely zero (control), low (5.6 g/m2), medium (9.4 g/m2) and high (13.2 g/m2). Increasing nutrient levels significantly increased leaf production and above – and below-ground biomass accumulation in T. stans plants. Similarly, the performance of Heikertingerella sp. was improved substantially, with significantly and progressively higher levels of P1 adult feeding and F1 progeny production, and significantly and progressively reduced F1 developmental times, under increasing nutrient levels. While F1 adult size was significantly increased by fertilizer application relative to the controls, there were no significant differences between the three nutrient levels. Although the high fertilizer application rates were the most suitable for the culturing and mass-rearing of Heikertingerella sp. adults, medium fertilizer applications may prove more economical to improve host-plant quality and boost beetle numbers for release.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"855 - 868"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88838956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922
Wenquan Qin, Yujia Lyu, Tingting Yao, L. Meng, Baoping Li
ABSTRACT Native hyperparasitoids may readily expand their host range by including non-native parasitoids that are introduced in classical biological control of pest insects. Here we report our observation on biology of Cheiloneurus nankingensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an obligate hyperparasitoid attacking non-native parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis residing in Phenacoccus solenopsis mealybugs that have invaded into Asian regions. We measured durations of antennae-tapping, ovipositor-drilling and ovipositor-probing/ovipositing behaviours by C. nankingensis wasps on parasitised mealybugs with the host at either larval or pupal stage and on the unparasitised mealybug as the control. The ovipositor-probing/ovipositing duration was much longer on a pupal host than on the larval while shortest on the control. We then observed offspring development progression of C. nankingensis at attacking either egg, larva or pupa of its host by daily dissecting hyperparasitised mealybugs. The development was faster in a larval or pupal host than in the egg. Finally, our measurements of the reproductive output showed that C. nankingensis wasps during 14 days after the emergence attacked more parasitised mealybugs and produced more offspring reaching adulthood when ovipositing in the mealybug with a host larva than with a pupa. Our results from this study suggest that C. nankingensis may employ the ovipositor to probe for the host within a mealybug and the host at the larval stage is of high quality for the reproduction.
{"title":"Host stage affects oviposition-related behaviours, development progression and reproductive output in a native hyperparasitoid of the solenopsis mealybug invading Asian regions","authors":"Wenquan Qin, Yujia Lyu, Tingting Yao, L. Meng, Baoping Li","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Native hyperparasitoids may readily expand their host range by including non-native parasitoids that are introduced in classical biological control of pest insects. Here we report our observation on biology of Cheiloneurus nankingensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an obligate hyperparasitoid attacking non-native parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis residing in Phenacoccus solenopsis mealybugs that have invaded into Asian regions. We measured durations of antennae-tapping, ovipositor-drilling and ovipositor-probing/ovipositing behaviours by C. nankingensis wasps on parasitised mealybugs with the host at either larval or pupal stage and on the unparasitised mealybug as the control. The ovipositor-probing/ovipositing duration was much longer on a pupal host than on the larval while shortest on the control. We then observed offspring development progression of C. nankingensis at attacking either egg, larva or pupa of its host by daily dissecting hyperparasitised mealybugs. The development was faster in a larval or pupal host than in the egg. Finally, our measurements of the reproductive output showed that C. nankingensis wasps during 14 days after the emergence attacked more parasitised mealybugs and produced more offspring reaching adulthood when ovipositing in the mealybug with a host larva than with a pupa. Our results from this study suggest that C. nankingensis may employ the ovipositor to probe for the host within a mealybug and the host at the larval stage is of high quality for the reproduction.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"789 - 804"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78128862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180
D. R. Ramesar, C. Hunter
ABSTRACT Lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds derived from cultures of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) show antagonism towards the larval stage of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a blowfly pest of agricultural significance. A study was undertaken to characterise and elucidate the lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds contributing to this effect. Lipopeptide extracts were obtained from cultures grown in Landy medium by acid precipitation and methanol extraction. Thin layer chromatography and UPLC ESI-TOF MS were used to partially purify and characterise the lipopeptides present in the extract. Lipopeptide fractions contained homologues of surfactin (C13–C17), fengycin (C14–C17) and iturin (C14–C17). Each lipopeptide fraction (20 µg g−1) displayed larvicidal activity against second-instar L. cuprina larvae, with a highly polar surfactin fraction (Rf: 0.90) being the most effective. The potency of surfactin was confirmed with bioassays incorporating a surfactin standard whereby a LT50 of 179.97 h and LC50 of 9.87 µg g−1 was determined. Interestingly, larvae cadavers recovered from the bioassays displayed significant physiological discolouration and stunting; this was attributed to the biosurfactant nature of the lipopeptide compounds. These findings corroborate the role of lipopeptide compounds, specifically surfactin, in the fly biocontrol mechanism of PHP1601 and constitute the first report of these compounds being insecticidal towards blowfly larvae.
{"title":"Elucidation of lipopeptide biosurfactants responsible for the larvicidal activity of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 towards Lucilia cuprina larvae","authors":"D. R. Ramesar, C. Hunter","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds derived from cultures of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) show antagonism towards the larval stage of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a blowfly pest of agricultural significance. A study was undertaken to characterise and elucidate the lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds contributing to this effect. Lipopeptide extracts were obtained from cultures grown in Landy medium by acid precipitation and methanol extraction. Thin layer chromatography and UPLC ESI-TOF MS were used to partially purify and characterise the lipopeptides present in the extract. Lipopeptide fractions contained homologues of surfactin (C13–C17), fengycin (C14–C17) and iturin (C14–C17). Each lipopeptide fraction (20 µg g−1) displayed larvicidal activity against second-instar L. cuprina larvae, with a highly polar surfactin fraction (Rf: 0.90) being the most effective. The potency of surfactin was confirmed with bioassays incorporating a surfactin standard whereby a LT50 of 179.97 h and LC50 of 9.87 µg g−1 was determined. Interestingly, larvae cadavers recovered from the bioassays displayed significant physiological discolouration and stunting; this was attributed to the biosurfactant nature of the lipopeptide compounds. These findings corroborate the role of lipopeptide compounds, specifically surfactin, in the fly biocontrol mechanism of PHP1601 and constitute the first report of these compounds being insecticidal towards blowfly larvae.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"772 - 787"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75184115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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