Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985
M. Mathur, Preethi Mathur
ABSTRACT Ecological niche model (ENM) pertains to a class of methodologies that utilise occurrence data alongside environmental data to formulate a correlative model of the environmental circumstances that satisfy a species’ ecological requirements. In the current study, ENM was employed to ascertain the types of habitat for Trichoderma harzianum using machine learning algorithm known as MaxEnt Entropy. Our line of reasoning posits that the efficacy of T. harzianum as a bio-control agent can be enhanced, alongside the advancement of host/crop development and metabolic processes, through its deliberate introduction into geographically appropriate habitats. ENM was performed on 92 spatially thinned presence points of this species across India, considering three bio-climatic time periods (present, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (known as representative concentration pathways RCPs). Non-bioclimatic factors include ecosystem rooting depths (ERD), total plant available water storage capacity (TPAWSC), habitat heterogeneity indices (HHI), land use land cover (LULC) and to soil variables at four depths. Energy-related factors, like Isothermality and minimum temperature of coldest month, were shown to be the most essential for the habitat appropriateness of this species during the current bio-climatic period. Future climate predictions and their associated RCPs revealed that water-related variables, like precipitation of wettest quarter, were the most influential. Non-climatic elements that were shown to have significant impact included soil pH, maximum diversity indices, forest and grassland types, TPAWSC, ERD (95%). Our analysis showed that this species will always find optimal suitability sites in northern eastern India with almost all predictors except root zone variables.
{"title":"Predictive ecological niche modelling of an important bio-control agent: Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) using the MaxEnt machine learning tools with climatic and non-climatic predictors","authors":"M. Mathur, Preethi Mathur","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological niche model (ENM) pertains to a class of methodologies that utilise occurrence data alongside environmental data to formulate a correlative model of the environmental circumstances that satisfy a species’ ecological requirements. In the current study, ENM was employed to ascertain the types of habitat for Trichoderma harzianum using machine learning algorithm known as MaxEnt Entropy. Our line of reasoning posits that the efficacy of T. harzianum as a bio-control agent can be enhanced, alongside the advancement of host/crop development and metabolic processes, through its deliberate introduction into geographically appropriate habitats. ENM was performed on 92 spatially thinned presence points of this species across India, considering three bio-climatic time periods (present, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (known as representative concentration pathways RCPs). Non-bioclimatic factors include ecosystem rooting depths (ERD), total plant available water storage capacity (TPAWSC), habitat heterogeneity indices (HHI), land use land cover (LULC) and to soil variables at four depths. Energy-related factors, like Isothermality and minimum temperature of coldest month, were shown to be the most essential for the habitat appropriateness of this species during the current bio-climatic period. Future climate predictions and their associated RCPs revealed that water-related variables, like precipitation of wettest quarter, were the most influential. Non-climatic elements that were shown to have significant impact included soil pH, maximum diversity indices, forest and grassland types, TPAWSC, ERD (95%). Our analysis showed that this species will always find optimal suitability sites in northern eastern India with almost all predictors except root zone variables.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84445399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986
L. Madire, D. Simelane, T. Olckers
ABSTRACT The invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth var stans (Bignoniaceae) has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 2003. Plant nutrients contained in fertilizers typically improve host-plant quality, thereby enhancing the fitness of insect herbivores deployed as weed biocontrol agents. We investigated the effect of increasing nutrient levels (fertilizer treatments) on the growth of potted T. stans plants and on the subsequent performance of the root-feeding beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Chrysomelidae). Enhanced performance of Heikertingerella sp. in culture will improve mass-rearing initiatives for releases in South Africa. Ten newly emerged mating pairs of Heikertingerella sp. were exposed under glasshouse conditions to caged plants that were treated with four regimes of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium 2:3:2 (14%) + carbon (8%) fertilizer, namely zero (control), low (5.6 g/m2), medium (9.4 g/m2) and high (13.2 g/m2). Increasing nutrient levels significantly increased leaf production and above – and below-ground biomass accumulation in T. stans plants. Similarly, the performance of Heikertingerella sp. was improved substantially, with significantly and progressively higher levels of P1 adult feeding and F1 progeny production, and significantly and progressively reduced F1 developmental times, under increasing nutrient levels. While F1 adult size was significantly increased by fertilizer application relative to the controls, there were no significant differences between the three nutrient levels. Although the high fertilizer application rates were the most suitable for the culturing and mass-rearing of Heikertingerella sp. adults, medium fertilizer applications may prove more economical to improve host-plant quality and boost beetle numbers for release.
入侵树Tecoma stans (L.)汁液。自2003年以来，前Kunth var stans (biignoniaceae)一直是南非生物防治的目标。肥料中所含的植物营养物质通常可以改善寄主植物的品质，从而提高昆虫食草动物作为杂草生物防治剂的适应性。研究了不同营养水平(肥料处理)对盆栽紫花蓟马生长及根食甲虫(金花蓟马科)后续生产性能的影响。提高海克丁氏菌在培养中的表现将改善南非的大规模放养计划。在温室条件下，将新出现的10对海克尔丁氏菌(Heikertingerella sp.)暴露在笼中，施用4种氮肥:磷:钾2:3:2(14%)+碳(8%)，即零(对照)、低(5.6 g/m2)、中(9.4 g/m2)和高(13.2 g/m2)。增加养分水平显著提高了柽柳叶片产量和地上、地下生物量积累。同样，随着营养水平的提高，黑氏菌的生产性能也得到了显著提高，P1成虫的摄取量和F1后代的产量显著提高，F1发育时间显著缩短。与对照相比，施肥显著增加了F1成虫的体型，但3种营养水平间差异不显著。虽然高施肥量最适合黑克丁氏菌成虫的培养和批量饲养，但中肥施用对于提高寄主植株质量和增加甲虫释放数量可能更为经济。
{"title":"Application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium + carbon fertilizer improves the growth of Tecoma stans and the performance of its root-feeding biological control agent, Heikertingerella sp.","authors":"L. Madire, D. Simelane, T. Olckers","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2245986","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The invasive tree Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth var stans (Bignoniaceae) has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 2003. Plant nutrients contained in fertilizers typically improve host-plant quality, thereby enhancing the fitness of insect herbivores deployed as weed biocontrol agents. We investigated the effect of increasing nutrient levels (fertilizer treatments) on the growth of potted T. stans plants and on the subsequent performance of the root-feeding beetle Heikertingerella sp. (Chrysomelidae). Enhanced performance of Heikertingerella sp. in culture will improve mass-rearing initiatives for releases in South Africa. Ten newly emerged mating pairs of Heikertingerella sp. were exposed under glasshouse conditions to caged plants that were treated with four regimes of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium 2:3:2 (14%) + carbon (8%) fertilizer, namely zero (control), low (5.6 g/m2), medium (9.4 g/m2) and high (13.2 g/m2). Increasing nutrient levels significantly increased leaf production and above – and below-ground biomass accumulation in T. stans plants. Similarly, the performance of Heikertingerella sp. was improved substantially, with significantly and progressively higher levels of P1 adult feeding and F1 progeny production, and significantly and progressively reduced F1 developmental times, under increasing nutrient levels. While F1 adult size was significantly increased by fertilizer application relative to the controls, there were no significant differences between the three nutrient levels. Although the high fertilizer application rates were the most suitable for the culturing and mass-rearing of Heikertingerella sp. adults, medium fertilizer applications may prove more economical to improve host-plant quality and boost beetle numbers for release.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88838956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922
Wenquan Qin, Yujia Lyu, Tingting Yao, L. Meng, Baoping Li
ABSTRACT Native hyperparasitoids may readily expand their host range by including non-native parasitoids that are introduced in classical biological control of pest insects. Here we report our observation on biology of Cheiloneurus nankingensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an obligate hyperparasitoid attacking non-native parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis residing in Phenacoccus solenopsis mealybugs that have invaded into Asian regions. We measured durations of antennae-tapping, ovipositor-drilling and ovipositor-probing/ovipositing behaviours by C. nankingensis wasps on parasitised mealybugs with the host at either larval or pupal stage and on the unparasitised mealybug as the control. The ovipositor-probing/ovipositing duration was much longer on a pupal host than on the larval while shortest on the control. We then observed offspring development progression of C. nankingensis at attacking either egg, larva or pupa of its host by daily dissecting hyperparasitised mealybugs. The development was faster in a larval or pupal host than in the egg. Finally, our measurements of the reproductive output showed that C. nankingensis wasps during 14 days after the emergence attacked more parasitised mealybugs and produced more offspring reaching adulthood when ovipositing in the mealybug with a host larva than with a pupa. Our results from this study suggest that C. nankingensis may employ the ovipositor to probe for the host within a mealybug and the host at the larval stage is of high quality for the reproduction.
{"title":"Host stage affects oviposition-related behaviours, development progression and reproductive output in a native hyperparasitoid of the solenopsis mealybug invading Asian regions","authors":"Wenquan Qin, Yujia Lyu, Tingting Yao, L. Meng, Baoping Li","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2238922","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Native hyperparasitoids may readily expand their host range by including non-native parasitoids that are introduced in classical biological control of pest insects. Here we report our observation on biology of Cheiloneurus nankingensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an obligate hyperparasitoid attacking non-native parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis residing in Phenacoccus solenopsis mealybugs that have invaded into Asian regions. We measured durations of antennae-tapping, ovipositor-drilling and ovipositor-probing/ovipositing behaviours by C. nankingensis wasps on parasitised mealybugs with the host at either larval or pupal stage and on the unparasitised mealybug as the control. The ovipositor-probing/ovipositing duration was much longer on a pupal host than on the larval while shortest on the control. We then observed offspring development progression of C. nankingensis at attacking either egg, larva or pupa of its host by daily dissecting hyperparasitised mealybugs. The development was faster in a larval or pupal host than in the egg. Finally, our measurements of the reproductive output showed that C. nankingensis wasps during 14 days after the emergence attacked more parasitised mealybugs and produced more offspring reaching adulthood when ovipositing in the mealybug with a host larva than with a pupa. Our results from this study suggest that C. nankingensis may employ the ovipositor to probe for the host within a mealybug and the host at the larval stage is of high quality for the reproduction.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78128862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180
D. R. Ramesar, C. Hunter
ABSTRACT Lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds derived from cultures of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) show antagonism towards the larval stage of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a blowfly pest of agricultural significance. A study was undertaken to characterise and elucidate the lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds contributing to this effect. Lipopeptide extracts were obtained from cultures grown in Landy medium by acid precipitation and methanol extraction. Thin layer chromatography and UPLC ESI-TOF MS were used to partially purify and characterise the lipopeptides present in the extract. Lipopeptide fractions contained homologues of surfactin (C13–C17), fengycin (C14–C17) and iturin (C14–C17). Each lipopeptide fraction (20 µg g−1) displayed larvicidal activity against second-instar L. cuprina larvae, with a highly polar surfactin fraction (Rf: 0.90) being the most effective. The potency of surfactin was confirmed with bioassays incorporating a surfactin standard whereby a LT50 of 179.97 h and LC50 of 9.87 µg g−1 was determined. Interestingly, larvae cadavers recovered from the bioassays displayed significant physiological discolouration and stunting; this was attributed to the biosurfactant nature of the lipopeptide compounds. These findings corroborate the role of lipopeptide compounds, specifically surfactin, in the fly biocontrol mechanism of PHP1601 and constitute the first report of these compounds being insecticidal towards blowfly larvae.
{"title":"Elucidation of lipopeptide biosurfactants responsible for the larvicidal activity of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 towards Lucilia cuprina larvae","authors":"D. R. Ramesar, C. Hunter","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2231180","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds derived from cultures of Bacillus velezensis PHP1601 (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) show antagonism towards the larval stage of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a blowfly pest of agricultural significance. A study was undertaken to characterise and elucidate the lipopeptide biosurfactant compounds contributing to this effect. Lipopeptide extracts were obtained from cultures grown in Landy medium by acid precipitation and methanol extraction. Thin layer chromatography and UPLC ESI-TOF MS were used to partially purify and characterise the lipopeptides present in the extract. Lipopeptide fractions contained homologues of surfactin (C13–C17), fengycin (C14–C17) and iturin (C14–C17). Each lipopeptide fraction (20 µg g−1) displayed larvicidal activity against second-instar L. cuprina larvae, with a highly polar surfactin fraction (Rf: 0.90) being the most effective. The potency of surfactin was confirmed with bioassays incorporating a surfactin standard whereby a LT50 of 179.97 h and LC50 of 9.87 µg g−1 was determined. Interestingly, larvae cadavers recovered from the bioassays displayed significant physiological discolouration and stunting; this was attributed to the biosurfactant nature of the lipopeptide compounds. These findings corroborate the role of lipopeptide compounds, specifically surfactin, in the fly biocontrol mechanism of PHP1601 and constitute the first report of these compounds being insecticidal towards blowfly larvae.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75184115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-02DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2229970
G. Lefoe, J. Goolsby, A. Racelis, K. Butler, Libby Rumpff, Cindy E. Hauser
ABSTRACT The leaf beetle Leptinotarsa texana is a potential biological control agent for silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium in Australia. However, previous research has shown that L. texana can develop on the non-target crop eggplant Solanum melongena in quarantine cage experiments. We used open-field experiments in the agent's native range of Texas, USA, to clarify the realised host-range of L. texana in relation to S. melongena. We conducted five replicated field experiments to investigate: (1) the extent that L. texana would show a preference for oviposition when presented with both S. elaeagnifolium and S. melongena in an open-field context, and (2) the extent that larvae would move from defoliated S. elaeagnifolium onto either nearby S. melongena plants, or bypass S. melongena in search of S. elaeagnifolium. We found, in the open-field experiments, that adult females prefer S. elaeagnifolium over S. melongena plants for settling and oviposition and, in fact, observed no oviposition on S. melongena in any experiment. However, the low levels of oviposition observed in the S. elaeagnifolium experimental plants (the control) was insufficient to conclusively demonstrate that S. melongena is not within the realised host-range of L. texana adults. We also found evidence that L. texana larvae can cause spill-over damage to S. melongena in situations where co-occurring S. elaeagnifolium is defoliated. Finally, we demonstrate the use of an argument map to visually represent the contributions of multiple, sometimes conflicting, field and laboratory experiments to biological control agent risk analysis.
{"title":"Predicting the realised host-range of Leptinotarsa texana with open-field experiments","authors":"G. Lefoe, J. Goolsby, A. Racelis, K. Butler, Libby Rumpff, Cindy E. Hauser","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2229970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2229970","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The leaf beetle Leptinotarsa texana is a potential biological control agent for silverleaf nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium in Australia. However, previous research has shown that L. texana can develop on the non-target crop eggplant Solanum melongena in quarantine cage experiments. We used open-field experiments in the agent's native range of Texas, USA, to clarify the realised host-range of L. texana in relation to S. melongena. We conducted five replicated field experiments to investigate: (1) the extent that L. texana would show a preference for oviposition when presented with both S. elaeagnifolium and S. melongena in an open-field context, and (2) the extent that larvae would move from defoliated S. elaeagnifolium onto either nearby S. melongena plants, or bypass S. melongena in search of S. elaeagnifolium. We found, in the open-field experiments, that adult females prefer S. elaeagnifolium over S. melongena plants for settling and oviposition and, in fact, observed no oviposition on S. melongena in any experiment. However, the low levels of oviposition observed in the S. elaeagnifolium experimental plants (the control) was insufficient to conclusively demonstrate that S. melongena is not within the realised host-range of L. texana adults. We also found evidence that L. texana larvae can cause spill-over damage to S. melongena in situations where co-occurring S. elaeagnifolium is defoliated. Finally, we demonstrate the use of an argument map to visually represent the contributions of multiple, sometimes conflicting, field and laboratory experiments to biological control agent risk analysis.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83262325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2229972
Rui Xue, Guangzu Du, Cong Chen, Bin Chen, Yuejin Peng
ABSTRACT Metarhizium rileyi is a biological agent used in the control of various pests, particularly noctuid insects. However, this fungal species is slow-growing, resulting in a prolonged culture period and limiting its commercial production. In this study, 0.3% (w/w) oleic acid significantly enhanced the rates of hyphal growth, conidial production, and conidial germination by 23%, 9%, and 10%, respectively. The expression of genes related to microbial growth and development (MrPbs2, MrMsn2, MrSwi6, MrNsdD, Mrap1 and MrSte12) was significantly increased in the presence of oleic acid. The M. rileyi conidial production and its effects on the mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated using rice-vegetable oil solid medium (RVOSM) and its substitute Sabouraud maltose agar plus yeast extract (SMAY) plates containing 0.03% oleic acid. The fungi retained their toxicity to S. frugiperda. Therefore, oleic acid can improve the growth potential of fungi, and RVOSM can be used as a substrate for conidia production for the application of M. rileyi as a biocontrol agent.
{"title":"Oleic acid improves the conidial production and quality of Metarhizium rileyi as a biocontrol agent","authors":"Rui Xue, Guangzu Du, Cong Chen, Bin Chen, Yuejin Peng","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2229972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2229972","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metarhizium rileyi is a biological agent used in the control of various pests, particularly noctuid insects. However, this fungal species is slow-growing, resulting in a prolonged culture period and limiting its commercial production. In this study, 0.3% (w/w) oleic acid significantly enhanced the rates of hyphal growth, conidial production, and conidial germination by 23%, 9%, and 10%, respectively. The expression of genes related to microbial growth and development (MrPbs2, MrMsn2, MrSwi6, MrNsdD, Mrap1 and MrSte12) was significantly increased in the presence of oleic acid. The M. rileyi conidial production and its effects on the mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated using rice-vegetable oil solid medium (RVOSM) and its substitute Sabouraud maltose agar plus yeast extract (SMAY) plates containing 0.03% oleic acid. The fungi retained their toxicity to S. frugiperda. Therefore, oleic acid can improve the growth potential of fungi, and RVOSM can be used as a substrate for conidia production for the application of M. rileyi as a biocontrol agent.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74174921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2210268
M. Busschers, R. Gwynn, L. Ramaekers, J. Lewis, Francesco Greco
ABSTRACT Biocontrol, including Natural Substances can offer a balanced solution for problems caused by the widespread use of conventional chemical pesticides. Potential harmful side-effects of many conventional chemical pesticides are becoming increasingly clear, in terms of the potential for effects on non-target organisms, environmental pollution, worker safety and pest resistance. Concurrently, there is awareness that modern agriculture needs to grow crops even more sustainably. To maintain human and environmental safety, biocontrol substances used in plant protection including Natural Substances, are regulated mainly following the same regulatory system as for conventional chemical pesticides. However, this approach can pose an unnecessarily high and inappropriate regulatory burden because many data requirements and evaluation criteria are not relevant, appropriate or technically feasible. It is essential that registration of Natural Substances, which are biocontrol products made from natural sources, should focus on relevant potential risk areas. In this paper, a tiered approach was used to indicate potential risk areas and a progressive ‘Data Decision Tree’ and risk-based flow chart was developed. Considering relevant risk factors for Natural Substances, a branched Data Decision Tree has been developed that considers: Identification, characterisation and analysis, Effects on human health, Residues, Environmental fate and behaviour, Effects on non-target organisms. Such a scientific risk-based decision tree approach can streamline the development of data for the dossier and the evaluation. This will accelerate the placing on the market of Natural Substances, which is so important for the transition to agroecological approaches to farming that deliver more resilient cropping systems.
{"title":"Data decision tree for identifying potential risks for natural substances when used in plant protection","authors":"M. Busschers, R. Gwynn, L. Ramaekers, J. Lewis, Francesco Greco","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2210268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2210268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biocontrol, including Natural Substances can offer a balanced solution for problems caused by the widespread use of conventional chemical pesticides. Potential harmful side-effects of many conventional chemical pesticides are becoming increasingly clear, in terms of the potential for effects on non-target organisms, environmental pollution, worker safety and pest resistance. Concurrently, there is awareness that modern agriculture needs to grow crops even more sustainably. To maintain human and environmental safety, biocontrol substances used in plant protection including Natural Substances, are regulated mainly following the same regulatory system as for conventional chemical pesticides. However, this approach can pose an unnecessarily high and inappropriate regulatory burden because many data requirements and evaluation criteria are not relevant, appropriate or technically feasible. It is essential that registration of Natural Substances, which are biocontrol products made from natural sources, should focus on relevant potential risk areas. In this paper, a tiered approach was used to indicate potential risk areas and a progressive ‘Data Decision Tree’ and risk-based flow chart was developed. Considering relevant risk factors for Natural Substances, a branched Data Decision Tree has been developed that considers: Identification, characterisation and analysis, Effects on human health, Residues, Environmental fate and behaviour, Effects on non-target organisms. Such a scientific risk-based decision tree approach can streamline the development of data for the dossier and the evaluation. This will accelerate the placing on the market of Natural Substances, which is so important for the transition to agroecological approaches to farming that deliver more resilient cropping systems.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74164824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2217533
R. Behle, K. R. Duffield, C. Dunlap
ABSTRACT Production of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) for biopesticides relies on in vitro production of fungal propagules as the active ingredients. Repeated culturing or sub culturing may select for fungi with reduced spore production and virulence. We completed 60 cycles of repeated liquid culture on six isolates representing four genera of EPF. Measurements of the spent media recorded at T2, T15, T30, T45 and T60 cycles included blastospore concentrations, dry matter accumulation as hyphae, glucose concentration remaining, and final pH. Insecticidal activity (LC50 of Trichoplusia ni neonates) was compared between initial and final cultures for conidia grown on nutrient agar. Virulence of Beauveria bassiana GHA was 3× lower at T60 (LC50 ratio = 0.308) and consumption of glucose increased with additional culture cycles. Two Cordyceps javanica (MBC 177 and Apopka 97) had fewer blastospores, higher pH, and altered mycelia dry weight at the T15 sample, but maintained similar values from T15 through T60. MBC 177 and Apopka 97 lost virulence with LC50 ratios of 0.345 and 0.016, respectively. Metarhizium robertsii and M. brunneum F52 isolates failed to produce conidia by plating T30, T45, and T60 cultures on nutrient agar. When comparing T0 with T15 cultures, M. robertsii conidia had increased virulence while M. brunneum had decreased virulence (LC50 ratios of 1.746 and 0.740, respectively). These differences between the two Metarhizium species demonstrate that the direction and level of impact imposed by repeated culture is at least species dependent.
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Pub Date : 2023-05-28DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2217532
A. Loulou, Noura Chihani Hammas, S. Kallel
ABSTRACT The amenability to axenic culture in vitro on solid medium including MacConkey, soybean casein, nutrient broth and egg yolk medium of Oscheius tipulae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Acrobeloides tricornis, Acrobeloides bodenheimeri and Teratorhabditis synpapillata were tested using Petri dishes. These nematodes were incapable of growing in MacConkey, soybean casein and nutrient broth, except for C. elegans which was able to multiply in soybean casein medium. While all nematodes used were successfully mass cultured using egg yolk medium at 25°C, results revealed that the highest yield of nematodes was observed with O. tipulae (TC2 and OC2), attaining 176 and 150 k nematodes per plate, respectively, after 10 days post-inoculation. In contrast, the lowest yield was recorded for T. synpapillata. The medium was optimised using different egg yolk concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L) and was tested for four nematode species O. tipulae, A. bodenheimeri, A. tricornis and T. synpapillata. The results showed that the egg yolk concentrations and the kinetic of nematode multiplication were positively correlated. Additionally, egg yolk liquid medium was applied to the mass culture of nematodes. Oscheius tipulae, A. bodenheimeri and A. tricornis were capable of reproduction in Petri dishes containing egg yolk liquid medium, at 25°C. Contrarily, T. synpapillata was unable to grow on the same liquid medium. The highest nematode yields of O. tipulae and A. bodenheimeri were attained 10,266 and 4110 nematodes in average, respectively, at 16 days post-inoculation. The maximum multiplication of A. tricornis was recorded at 20 days post-inoculation with 8430 nematodes.
{"title":"Axenic mass culture of soil-borne nematodes using artificial egg yolk medium","authors":"A. Loulou, Noura Chihani Hammas, S. Kallel","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2217532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2217532","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The amenability to axenic culture in vitro on solid medium including MacConkey, soybean casein, nutrient broth and egg yolk medium of Oscheius tipulae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Acrobeloides tricornis, Acrobeloides bodenheimeri and Teratorhabditis synpapillata were tested using Petri dishes. These nematodes were incapable of growing in MacConkey, soybean casein and nutrient broth, except for C. elegans which was able to multiply in soybean casein medium. While all nematodes used were successfully mass cultured using egg yolk medium at 25°C, results revealed that the highest yield of nematodes was observed with O. tipulae (TC2 and OC2), attaining 176 and 150 k nematodes per plate, respectively, after 10 days post-inoculation. In contrast, the lowest yield was recorded for T. synpapillata. The medium was optimised using different egg yolk concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/L) and was tested for four nematode species O. tipulae, A. bodenheimeri, A. tricornis and T. synpapillata. The results showed that the egg yolk concentrations and the kinetic of nematode multiplication were positively correlated. Additionally, egg yolk liquid medium was applied to the mass culture of nematodes. Oscheius tipulae, A. bodenheimeri and A. tricornis were capable of reproduction in Petri dishes containing egg yolk liquid medium, at 25°C. Contrarily, T. synpapillata was unable to grow on the same liquid medium. The highest nematode yields of O. tipulae and A. bodenheimeri were attained 10,266 and 4110 nematodes in average, respectively, at 16 days post-inoculation. The maximum multiplication of A. tricornis was recorded at 20 days post-inoculation with 8430 nematodes.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81296237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2023.2217676
Komal Gurdasani, J. Makinson, M. Purcell, G. Walter, G. A. McCulloch
ABSTRACT Lygodium microphyllum is a damaging environmental weed that continues to spread rapidly across Florida. The natural enemies released so far have had some impact on L. microphyllum, but this weed continues to grow densely and spread, so new biological control agents are required. Native range surveys of L. microphyllum identified a noctuid moth, Callopistria exotica, commonly feeding on this fern. We collected C. exotica feeding on Lygodium in Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, and sequenced three genes (COI, 18S, 28S) to assess genetic structure across its geographic distribution. We identified a unique C. exotica genetic lineage in Japan, feeding on Lygodium japonicum. This lineage may represent a distinct species, and could potentially be well-suited to control L. japonicum, which has also developed into a damaging weed across Florida. Furthermore, we found genetic structuring within the moth samples collected from L. microphyllum, with three distinct mitochondrial lineages identified. We recommend treating these distinct C. exotica lineages independently from one another for the purposes of host range testing, and suggest further tests to clarify their species status relative to one another. Our study illustrates how the genetic screening of native range survey data can provide important preliminary information that helps develop hypotheses to direct additional surveys, agent selection, and host range testing.
{"title":"Genetic structure and host associations of the noctuid moth Callopistria exotica, a potential biological control agent for Lygodium microphyllum","authors":"Komal Gurdasani, J. Makinson, M. Purcell, G. Walter, G. A. McCulloch","doi":"10.1080/09583157.2023.2217676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2023.2217676","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lygodium microphyllum is a damaging environmental weed that continues to spread rapidly across Florida. The natural enemies released so far have had some impact on L. microphyllum, but this weed continues to grow densely and spread, so new biological control agents are required. Native range surveys of L. microphyllum identified a noctuid moth, Callopistria exotica, commonly feeding on this fern. We collected C. exotica feeding on Lygodium in Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, and sequenced three genes (COI, 18S, 28S) to assess genetic structure across its geographic distribution. We identified a unique C. exotica genetic lineage in Japan, feeding on Lygodium japonicum. This lineage may represent a distinct species, and could potentially be well-suited to control L. japonicum, which has also developed into a damaging weed across Florida. Furthermore, we found genetic structuring within the moth samples collected from L. microphyllum, with three distinct mitochondrial lineages identified. We recommend treating these distinct C. exotica lineages independently from one another for the purposes of host range testing, and suggest further tests to clarify their species status relative to one another. Our study illustrates how the genetic screening of native range survey data can provide important preliminary information that helps develop hypotheses to direct additional surveys, agent selection, and host range testing.","PeriodicalId":8820,"journal":{"name":"Biocontrol Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84288174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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