Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.2
P. Simor, Z. Petke, F. Köteles
Mindfulness is defined as an enhanced state of attention and awareness characterized by an open, non-judgmental pre-reflexive information processing style. Although there are different questionnaires measuring trait mindfulness, validated Hungarian versions are still lacking. One of the most widely used questionnaire for the measurement of dispositional mindfulness is the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) developed by Brown and Ryan (2003). In the present study, psychometric properties and personality correlates of the Hungarian version of the Scale (MAAS-H) were investigated on a student sample (N = 511). The scale has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alfa = 0.78), a single factor structure and a test-retest reliability of 0.71 over a two months period. MAAS showed medium level correlations (Kendall’s tau_b = 0.18 and 0.19) with positive affectivity (PANAS+) and well-being (WB-5), and negative correlations (–0.22, –0.26 and –0.33) with various measures related to negative affectivity (PHQ-15,...
{"title":"Measuring pre-reflexive consciousness: The Hungarian validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)","authors":"P. Simor, Z. Petke, F. Köteles","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Mindfulness is defined as an enhanced state of attention and awareness characterized by an open, non-judgmental pre-reflexive information processing style. Although there are different questionnaires measuring trait mindfulness, validated Hungarian versions are still lacking. One of the most widely used questionnaire for the measurement of dispositional mindfulness is the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) developed by Brown and Ryan (2003). In the present study, psychometric properties and personality correlates of the Hungarian version of the Scale (MAAS-H) were investigated on a student sample (N = 511). The scale has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alfa = 0.78), a single factor structure and a test-retest reliability of 0.71 over a two months period. MAAS showed medium level correlations (Kendall’s tau_b = 0.18 and 0.19) with positive affectivity (PANAS+) and well-being (WB-5), and negative correlations (–0.22, –0.26 and –0.33) with various measures related to negative affectivity (PHQ-15,...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.5
T. Bohm, L. Shestopalova, A. Bendixen, A. Andreou, J. Georgiou, Guillaume Garreau, P. Pouliquen, A. Cassidy, S. Denham, I. Winkler
The human auditory system is capable of grouping sounds originating from different sound sources into coherent auditory streams, a process termed auditory stream segregation. Several cues can influence auditory stream segregation, but the full set of cues and the way in which they are integrated is still unknown. In the current study, we tested whether auditory motion can serve as a cue for segregating sequences of tones. Our hypothesis was that, following the principle of common fate, sounds emitted by sources moving together in space along similar trajectories will be more likely to be grouped into a single auditory stream, while sounds emitted by independently moving sources will more often be heard as two streams. Stimuli were derived from sound recordings in which the sound source motion was induced by walking humans. Although the results showed a clear effect of spatial separation, auditory motion had a negligible influence on stream segregation. Hence, auditory motion may not be used as a primitive...
{"title":"The role of perceived source location in auditory stream segregation: Separation affects sound organization, common fate does not","authors":"T. Bohm, L. Shestopalova, A. Bendixen, A. Andreou, J. Georgiou, Guillaume Garreau, P. Pouliquen, A. Cassidy, S. Denham, I. Winkler","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The human auditory system is capable of grouping sounds originating from different sound sources into coherent auditory streams, a process termed auditory stream segregation. Several cues can influence auditory stream segregation, but the full set of cues and the way in which they are integrated is still unknown. In the current study, we tested whether auditory motion can serve as a cue for segregating sequences of tones. Our hypothesis was that, following the principle of common fate, sounds emitted by sources moving together in space along similar trajectories will be more likely to be grouped into a single auditory stream, while sounds emitted by independently moving sources will more often be heard as two streams. Stimuli were derived from sound recordings in which the sound source motion was induced by walking humans. Although the results showed a clear effect of spatial separation, auditory motion had a negligible influence on stream segregation. Hence, auditory motion may not be used as a primitive...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.8
Beáta Reiz, R. Busa-Fekete, S. Pongor, I. Kovács
The primary visual cortex (V1) of the mammalian brain is equipped with a specifically connected network of neurons that can potentially solve difficult image processing tasks. These neurons are selectively tuned for locations in visual space and also for line orientation. The coupling of location and orientation tuning results in the neural representation of the visual world in terms of local features. These local features, e.g., oriented line segments, will have to be linked together in order to parse the visual world into regions corresponding to object and ground. Although standard models of V1 do not address the issue of interacting neuronal populations, we suggest that the long-range connectivity pattern of V1 provides an architecture where spreading neural activity may lead to pertinent figure-ground segmentation. The model relies on the fact that in addition to the processing units, their connections are also selectively tuned for space and orientation. From the computational point of view, the mod...
{"title":"Closure enhancement in a model network with orientation tuned long-range connectivity","authors":"Beáta Reiz, R. Busa-Fekete, S. Pongor, I. Kovács","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The primary visual cortex (V1) of the mammalian brain is equipped with a specifically connected network of neurons that can potentially solve difficult image processing tasks. These neurons are selectively tuned for locations in visual space and also for line orientation. The coupling of location and orientation tuning results in the neural representation of the visual world in terms of local features. These local features, e.g., oriented line segments, will have to be linked together in order to parse the visual world into regions corresponding to object and ground. Although standard models of V1 do not address the issue of interacting neuronal populations, we suggest that the long-range connectivity pattern of V1 provides an architecture where spreading neural activity may lead to pertinent figure-ground segmentation. The model relies on the fact that in addition to the processing units, their connections are also selectively tuned for space and orientation. From the computational point of view, the mod...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"119-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.4
A. Bendixen, T. Bohm, O. Szalárdy, R. Mill, S. Denham, I. Winkler
Sound sources often emit trains of discrete sounds, such as a series of footsteps. Previously, two different principles have been suggested for how the human auditory system binds discrete sounds together into perceptual units. The feature similarity principle is based on linking sounds with similar characteristics over time. The predictability principle is based on linking sounds that follow each other in a predictable manner. The present study compared the effects of these two principles. Participants were presented with tone sequences and instructed to continuously indicate whether they perceived a single coherent sequence or two concurrent streams of sound. We investigated the influence of separate manipulations of similarity and predictability on these perceptual reports. Both grouping principles affected perception of the tone sequences, albeit with different characteristics. In particular, results suggest that whereas predictability is only analyzed for the currently perceived sound organization, f...
{"title":"Different roles of similarity and predictability in auditory stream segregation","authors":"A. Bendixen, T. Bohm, O. Szalárdy, R. Mill, S. Denham, I. Winkler","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Sound sources often emit trains of discrete sounds, such as a series of footsteps. Previously, two different principles have been suggested for how the human auditory system binds discrete sounds together into perceptual units. The feature similarity principle is based on linking sounds with similar characteristics over time. The predictability principle is based on linking sounds that follow each other in a predictable manner. The present study compared the effects of these two principles. Participants were presented with tone sequences and instructed to continuously indicate whether they perceived a single coherent sequence or two concurrent streams of sound. We investigated the influence of separate manipulations of similarity and predictability on these perceptual reports. Both grouping principles affected perception of the tone sequences, albeit with different characteristics. In particular, results suggest that whereas predictability is only analyzed for the currently perceived sound organization, f...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"37-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.7
A. Pastukhov, J. Braun
Far from being “memoryless”, the phenomenal appearance of an ambiguous display depends in complex ways on the recent history of similar perceptions. Given several possible appearances, the continued dominance of one appearance mitigates against its renewed dominance at a later time. This “negative priming” effect is likely caused by neural adaptation. At the same time, continued dominance of one appearance mitigates in favor of its renewed dominance when stimulation resumes after an interruption. This “positive priming” effect may reflect some kind of neural facilitation. We have used a multi-stable, kinetic depth display to disentangle these positive and negative priming effects. We report that negative priming builds up and decays in seconds, whereas positive priming builds up in seconds and decays in minutes. Moreover, unambiguous displays induce negative, but not positive, priming. This difference, together with their disparate time-courses of recovery, render the two effects cleanly dissociable.
{"title":"DISPARATE TIME-COURSES OF ADAPTATION AND FACILITATION IN MULTI-STABLE PERCEPTION","authors":"A. Pastukhov, J. Braun","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Far from being “memoryless”, the phenomenal appearance of an ambiguous display depends in complex ways on the recent history of similar perceptions. Given several possible appearances, the continued dominance of one appearance mitigates against its renewed dominance at a later time. This “negative priming” effect is likely caused by neural adaptation. At the same time, continued dominance of one appearance mitigates in favor of its renewed dominance when stimulation resumes after an interruption. This “positive priming” effect may reflect some kind of neural facilitation. We have used a multi-stable, kinetic depth display to disentangle these positive and negative priming effects. We report that negative priming builds up and decays in seconds, whereas positive priming builds up in seconds and decays in minutes. Moreover, unambiguous displays induce negative, but not positive, priming. This difference, together with their disparate time-courses of recovery, render the two effects cleanly dissociable.","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"101-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.9
O. Szalárdy, A. Bendixen, Dénes Tóth, S. Denham, I. Winkler
In our surrounding acoustic world sounds are produced by different sources and interfere with each other before arriving to the ears. A key function of the auditory system is to provide consistent and robust descriptions of the coherent sound groupings and sequences (auditory objects), which likely correspond to the various sound sources in the environment. This function has been termed auditory stream segregation. In the current study we tested the effects of separation in the frequency of amplitude modulation on the segregation of concurrent sound sequences in the auditory stream–segregation paradigm (van Noorden 1975). The aim of the study was to assess 1) whether differential amplitude modulation would help in separating concurrent sound sequences and 2) whether this cue would interact with previously studied static cues (carrier frequency and location difference) in segregating concurrent streams of sound. We found that amplitude modulation difference is utilized as a primary cue for the stream segre...
{"title":"Modulation-frequency acts as a primary cue for auditory stream segregation","authors":"O. Szalárdy, A. Bendixen, Dénes Tóth, S. Denham, I. Winkler","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.9","url":null,"abstract":"In our surrounding acoustic world sounds are produced by different sources and interfere with each other before arriving to the ears. A key function of the auditory system is to provide consistent and robust descriptions of the coherent sound groupings and sequences (auditory objects), which likely correspond to the various sound sources in the environment. This function has been termed auditory stream segregation. In the current study we tested the effects of separation in the frequency of amplitude modulation on the segregation of concurrent sound sequences in the auditory stream–segregation paradigm (van Noorden 1975). The aim of the study was to assess 1) whether differential amplitude modulation would help in separating concurrent sound sequences and 2) whether this cue would interact with previously studied static cues (carrier frequency and location difference) in segregating concurrent streams of sound. We found that amplitude modulation difference is utilized as a primary cue for the stream segre...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"149-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.6
S. Denham, Kinga Gyimesi, G. Stefanics, I. Winkler
The auditory two-tone streaming paradigm has been used extensively to study the mechanisms that underlie the decomposition of the auditory input into coherent sound sequences. Using longer tone sequences than usual in the literature, we show that listeners hold their first percept of the sound sequence for a relatively long period, after which perception switches between two or more alternative sound organizations, each held on average for a much shorter duration. The first percept also differs from subsequent ones in that stimulus parameters influence its quality and duration to a far greater degree than the subsequent ones. We propose an account of auditory streaming in terms of rivalry between competing temporal associations based on two sets of processes. The formation of associations (discovery of alternative interpretations) mainly affects the first percept by determining which sound group is discovered first and how long it takes for alternative groups to be established. In contrast, subsequent per...
{"title":"Perceptual bistability in auditory streaming: How much do stimulus features matter?","authors":"S. Denham, Kinga Gyimesi, G. Stefanics, I. Winkler","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The auditory two-tone streaming paradigm has been used extensively to study the mechanisms that underlie the decomposition of the auditory input into coherent sound sequences. Using longer tone sequences than usual in the literature, we show that listeners hold their first percept of the sound sequence for a relatively long period, after which perception switches between two or more alternative sound organizations, each held on average for a much shorter duration. The first percept also differs from subsequent ones in that stimulus parameters influence its quality and duration to a far greater degree than the subsequent ones. We propose an account of auditory streaming in terms of rivalry between competing temporal associations based on two sets of processes. The formation of associations (discovery of alternative interpretations) mainly affects the first percept by determining which sound group is discovered first and how long it takes for alternative groups to be established. In contrast, subsequent per...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"73-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-19DOI: 10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.1
R. Hamel, E. Jakab
A puzzle is equally new for everyone who is presented with it for the first time. However, it is not if we take one’s previous knowledge into account. Some knowledge may be utilised while working on the puzzle. If this is the case, problem solving as well as the development of knowledge about the puzzle both are promoted as the result of transfer of knowledge. This was demonstrated in a study where participants with different levels of knowledge in programming solved the Four Balls Puzzle, an isomorph of the Chinese Ring Puzzle. 21 Participants, experienced in programming, outperformed 24 non-experienced participants in solving the puzzle but not in the attained level of verbalised knowledge about the puzzle at the end of the problem-solving process.
{"title":"On transfer during problem solving","authors":"R. Hamel, E. Jakab","doi":"10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.1","url":null,"abstract":"A puzzle is equally new for everyone who is presented with it for the first time. However, it is not if we take one’s previous knowledge into account. Some knowledge may be utilised while working on the puzzle. If this is the case, problem solving as well as the development of knowledge about the puzzle both are promoted as the result of transfer of knowledge. This was demonstrated in a study where participants with different levels of knowledge in programming solved the Four Balls Puzzle, an isomorph of the Chinese Ring Puzzle. 21 Participants, experienced in programming, outperformed 24 non-experienced participants in solving the puzzle but not in the attained level of verbalised knowledge about the puzzle at the end of the problem-solving process.","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/LP.5.2013.SUPPL2.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Perceptual organization (PO) impairments have been repeatedly demonstrated in schizophrenia. The extent to which these impairments can be reduced or eliminated, however, has received less attention, and evidence on this issue has not been previously reviewed. The literature suggests that whether normal experience-dependent change in perceptual organization occurs in schizophrenia depends on factors such as: stimulus grouping strength, extent of practice, type of cues upon which top-down feedback can be generated, and patient characteristics (trait and state). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize the available evidence on plasticity and other forms of change in PO in schizophrenia, and to relate it to current data and theories on plasticity, including perceptual learning (PL) in healthy people. This can clarify the computational and neural mechanisms involved in experience-dependent and state-related aspects of PO in schizophrenia, and also contribute to a greater under...
{"title":"Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: Plasticity and state-related change","authors":"S. Silverstein, B. Keane","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Perceptual organization (PO) impairments have been repeatedly demonstrated in schizophrenia. The extent to which these impairments can be reduced or eliminated, however, has received less attention, and evidence on this issue has not been previously reviewed. The literature suggests that whether normal experience-dependent change in perceptual organization occurs in schizophrenia depends on factors such as: stimulus grouping strength, extent of practice, type of cues upon which top-down feedback can be generated, and patient characteristics (trait and state). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize the available evidence on plasticity and other forms of change in PO in schizophrenia, and to relate it to current data and theories on plasticity, including perceptual learning (PL) in healthy people. This can clarify the computational and neural mechanisms involved in experience-dependent and state-related aspects of PO in schizophrenia, and also contribute to a greater under...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"229-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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