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"We're not just whistling Dixie”: Policymakers’ perspectives on state education reform “我们不只是在吹南方口哨”:政策制定者对州教育改革的看法
Pub Date : 2002-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558373
T. Atkinson
Abstract This case study examined the impetus for and impact of a high‐stakes assessment plan and reform initiative, North Carolina's ABC Plan for Public Education, from the perspective of state level policymakers and local level implementers. It extends the findings of two previous studies (Miller, Hayes, & Atkinson, 1997a; 1997b) examining how state policymakers informed local level implementers (administrators and practitioners) about decisions leading up to the reform initiative. Holding teachers and schools accountable for students’ test scores was clearly understood by all participants in the study to be the centerpiece of the reform. As the initiative was implemented, practitioners received little support for aligning their instructional practices so that they were not only congruent with the reform, but were also supportive of meaningful teaching and learning. After one year, implementation of The ABC's of Public Education resulted in an adversarial relationship between local level implementers and state level policymakers. Test scores on the state's assessment were the bottom line—and with the state's policymakers in control, it continues to drive the reform. This case study suggests that policymakers and practitioners alike could collaboratively focus on more fruitful and effective future visions for educational reform. Final conclusions are presented with a backdrop of existing research in the area of educational reform and assessment, political and public influence, and policy implementation.
本案例研究从州一级决策者和地方一级实施者的角度考察了高风险评估计划和改革举措——北卡罗来纳州公共教育ABC计划的动力和影响。它扩展了之前两项研究的发现(Miller, Hayes, & Atkinson, 1997a;1997b)检查国家政策制定者如何向地方一级的实施者(管理人员和从业人员)通报导致改革倡议的决定。让教师和学校对学生的考试成绩负责是这项改革的核心,这项研究的所有参与者都清楚这一点。随着倡议的实施,实践者在调整他们的教学实践方面得到的支持很少,因此他们不仅与改革一致,而且还支持有意义的教与学。一年后,公共教育ABC的实施导致了地方层面的实施者和州层面的决策者之间的对抗关系。国家评估的测试分数是底线,在国家政策制定者的控制下,它继续推动改革。本案例研究表明,政策制定者和实践者都可以共同关注更富有成效和有效的教育改革未来愿景。最后的结论是在教育改革和评估、政治和公众影响以及政策执行等领域现有研究的背景下提出的。
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引用次数: 9
Visioning and the development of outstanding teachers 愿景与优秀教师的发展
Pub Date : 2002-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558375
Gerald G. Duffy
Abstract This paper asks whether, in our enthusiasm for particular ideologies, methods or programs, literacy educators may unwittingly be encouraging teachers to become followers rather than independent users of professional knowledge. I argue that at a time when teachers must develop complex forms of literacy for an increasingly pluralistic clientele in the face of heightened public pressure to conform and comply, preservice teacher education must develop in teachers the psychological strength and spirit to make their own decisions rather than looking to us for answers. I offer a rationale for this hypothesis, provide an example of how literacy educators might develop teachers’ psychological strength, and ask whether we in teacher education are willing to teach teachers to be independent of us.
摘要:本文的问题是,在我们对特定意识形态、方法或计划的热情中,素养教育者是否可能不知不觉地鼓励教师成为专业知识的追随者,而不是独立的使用者。我认为,在教师必须为日益多元化的客户发展复杂形式的素养的时候,面对越来越大的公众压力,要求他们遵从和服从,职前教师教育必须培养教师自己做决定的心理力量和精神,而不是向我们寻求答案。我为这一假设提供了一个基本原理,提供了一个扫盲教育者如何培养教师心理力量的例子,并询问教师教育中的我们是否愿意教教师独立于我们。
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引用次数: 107
Federal policy and program evaluation and research: The America reads example 联邦政策和项目评估与研究:美国阅读范例
Pub Date : 2002-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558376
J. Fitzgerald, L. Morrow, Linda B. Gambrell, R. Calfee, R. Venezky, D. Woo, A. Dromsky
Abstract The central theme of this paper is that national intervention endeavors should contain evaluation requirements, but these requirements should be sufficiently flexible to allow a range of rigorous evaluation designs. Knowledge‐gathering components should be well funded complements to federally proposed interventions. We work around this theme using the recent America Reads Challenge and research and evaluation efforts conducted independently at three university sites to illustrate the possibilities and pitfalls in engaging in such endeavors. We point to an envisionment of much needed policy change, specifying potential guidelines that would help shape educational program evaluations.
本文的中心主题是,国家干预努力应包含评估要求,但这些要求应足够灵活,以允许一系列严格的评估设计。知识收集部分应该是联邦政府提出的干预措施的资金充足的补充。我们利用最近的“美国阅读挑战”和在三所大学独立开展的研究和评估工作,围绕这一主题开展工作,以说明参与此类努力的可能性和陷阱。我们指出了一个非常需要的政策变化的设想,具体说明了有助于形成教育项目评估的潜在指导方针。
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引用次数: 10
How scaffolding nurtures the development of young children's literacy repertoire: Insiders’ and outsiders’ collaborative understandings 脚手架如何促进幼儿识字能力的发展:内部人与外部人的合作理解
Pub Date : 2002-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558374
Susan Henderson, Joyce E. Many, H. P. Wellborn, Joy Ward
Abstract This collaborative inquiry involved four educators in the analysis of how children, ages three, four, and five, created meaning from the experiences in their preschool classroom. Drawing on our insider and outsider perspectives as teachers and researchers, we examined the social interactions in this context and focused specifically on the teacher's use of scaffolding. Through literacy scaffolding with an academic focus, an intellectual focus, and an emotional focus, the teacher was able to build bridges from the unknown and not understood to the known and understood. The purpose of our naturalistic inquiry, therefore, was to explore how the teacher used scaffolding to nurture the development of young children's literacy repertoire.
摘要:这项合作调查涉及四位教育工作者,他们分析了三岁、四岁和五岁的儿童如何从学前班课堂的经历中创造意义。利用我们作为教师和研究人员的内部和外部视角,我们研究了这种背景下的社会互动,并特别关注教师对脚手架的使用。通过以学术为中心,以智力为中心,以情感为中心的识字脚手架,教师能够从未知和不理解到已知和理解之间架起桥梁。因此,我们的自然主义调查的目的是探索教师如何使用脚手架来培养幼儿识字能力的发展。
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引用次数: 31
Critical literacy for whom? 批判性素养对谁来说?
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558369
M. Hagood
Abstract This paper examines the intersection of critical literacy informed by critical social theories and formations of the self imagined within poststructural theories. Specifically, it considers how singular views of formations of the self as either identity or subjectivity create problems for understanding the complex interrelations between the two concepts within critical literacy. The in‐school literacy practices related to popular culture texts of one adolescent male are used to illustrate how singular conceptualizations of formations of the self (as identity or subjectivity) limit the complex interplay that readers engage in as they negotiate positions between identity production and subjectivity construction. Reflections on the possibilities of a broadened application of critical literacy that acknowledges the working of both identity and subjectivity are discussed.
摘要本文考察了批判性社会理论与后结构理论中自我想象形成的批判性素养的交集。具体地说,它考虑了作为身份或主体性的自我形成的单一观点如何为理解批判性文学中这两个概念之间复杂的相互关系带来问题。本文以一名青少年男性的流行文化文本为例,说明了自我形成的单一概念化(如身份或主体性)如何限制了读者在身份产生和主体性建构之间协商立场时所参与的复杂相互作用。讨论了在承认身份和主体性的双重作用的基础上,扩大批判性读写能力应用的可能性。
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引用次数: 93
Representing adolescents’ literacies: Case studies of three white males 代表青少年的识字能力:三个白人男性的个案研究
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558368
K. Hinchman, Laura Payne-Bourcy, Heather Thomas, Kelly Chandler Olcott
Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore how such social constructions as gender, race, and class were evident in three adolescent boys’ literacy practices. We considered the enactments of three white, teenaged, male, working class boys. Data gathering was orchestrated from a symbolic interactionist, critical ethnographic perspective, including participant observation, in‐depth interviews, and collection of literacy‐related in‐ and out‐of‐school documents, such as schoolwork and journals. These were analyzed with an eye toward answering the questions: In what literacy practices do these adolescents engage? How do they enact gender, race, and class in these practices? Results suggest that each boy enacted his literacies in different ways, suited to his own subjectivities, rather than in a straightforward exercise of traditional male hegemonies (Lesko, 2000). For instance, Nicholas was an immigrant, a speaker of English as a second language in a school culture that discriminated against him despite his perseverence with regard to academic literacies. The slightly built Chris used his oral and written communicative talents to find a place in a rural school culture that revered more athletic types but could not figure out how to transfer these skills to a new setting. Jared loved theater but was a late‐shift maintenance worker in an urban culture that viewed theater as the pursuit of the marginalized and adolescent employment as diversion more than necessity. The complexities of their literate identities suggest that considering individuals’ enactments of gender, race, and class may be useful in some ways and overly simple in others, not reflective of the identity fluidity that must be developed to survive in the postmodern world (Gee, 2000).
摘要本研究旨在探讨性别、种族、阶级等社会建构在三名青少年男孩的识字实践中是如何显现的。我们考虑了三个白人,十几岁,男性,工人阶级男孩的行为。数据收集从象征性互动主义、批判性人种学的角度进行,包括参与者观察、深度访谈和收集与读写能力相关的校内和校外文件,如作业和期刊。对这些数据进行分析的目的是为了回答以下问题:这些青少年从事哪些扫盲活动?他们如何在这些实践中制定性别、种族和阶级?结果表明,每个男孩都以适合自己主体性的不同方式来实现他的识字能力,而不是直接行使传统的男性霸权(Lesko, 2000)。例如,尼古拉斯是一名移民,尽管他在学术素养方面坚持不懈,但英语作为第二语言在学校文化中受到歧视。身材矮小的克里斯用他的口头和书面交流才能在乡村学校文化中找到了一席之地,这种文化推崇更多的运动类型,但他不知道如何将这些技能转移到一个新的环境中。贾里德喜欢戏剧,但在城市文化中,他是一名夜班维修工人,在城市文化中,戏剧被视为边缘化人群的追求,青少年的就业与其说是必需品,不如说是一种消遣。他们文学身份的复杂性表明,考虑个人对性别、种族和阶级的制定在某些方面可能是有用的,而在其他方面则过于简单,不能反映在后现代世界中生存所必须发展的身份流动性(Gee, 2000)。
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引用次数: 29
Adolescent literacy: Charting a course for successful futures as lifelong learners 青少年识字:为终身学习者的成功未来绘制课程
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558366
Thomas W. Bean, John E. Readence
Abstract A brief history of the adolescent literacy movement is provided and the suggestion is made that the next step in the evolution of this conceptualization is the need to extend it into how we approach curriculum development. Two issues that will impact adolescent literacy curriculum development and help us chart our course toward making adolescents lifelong learners, globalization and adolescent identity, are then discussed. It is suggested that the articles in this special issue will begin to help us think about what exactly that course for success will be.
本文简要介绍了青少年扫盲运动的历史,并提出了这一概念化发展的下一步是将其扩展到我们如何处理课程开发的建议。然后讨论了影响青少年扫盲课程开发并帮助我们制定青少年终身学习者路线的两个问题:全球化和青少年身份。有人建议,本期特刊的文章将开始帮助我们思考成功的道路究竟是什么。
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引用次数: 19
Making the road by walking: The transition from content area literacy to adolescent literacy 走着走着:从内容领域素养到青少年素养的过渡
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558370
L. Stevens
Abstract The past few years have witnessed a shift in both terminology and ideology of studies and practices of literacy and adolescents. Until recently, all such endeavors fell under the monikers of secondary reading and content area reading. However, the use of the term, adolescent literacy, marks not only a shift in term but also a purposeful change in framework and ideology. This manuscript explores the complexities of plotting this transition through the content of a preservice university class on content area literacy. The course instructor/researcher asked students in the class to consider the traditional topics, pedagogy, and curricula of content area literacy against the broader backdrop of adolescent literacy. The online discussions of students served as data for analyzing the complexities in secondary schooling, societal discourses about adolescents, and teaching and learning. The analysis of these discussions is then compared to work in adolescent literacy in Australia. Implications address the need to examine potential barriers and benefits of reconceptualizing the content, format, and placement of courses that currently cover secondary and/or content area literacy.
在过去的几年里,扫盲与青少年研究和实践的术语和意识形态都发生了转变。直到最近,所有这些努力都被称为二次阅读和内容区域阅读。然而,青少年读写能力这一术语的使用不仅标志着术语的转变,而且标志着框架和意识形态的有目的的变化。这篇手稿探讨了通过内容领域扫盲的职前大学课程的内容绘制这种过渡的复杂性。课程讲师/研究员要求学生在更广泛的青少年扫盲背景下,考虑内容领域扫盲的传统主题、教学法和课程。学生的在线讨论为分析中学教育的复杂性、关于青少年的社会话语以及教与学提供了数据。然后将这些讨论的分析与澳大利亚的青少年扫盲工作进行比较。影响涉及需要检查重新定义目前涵盖中学和/或内容领域扫盲的课程的内容、格式和位置的潜在障碍和好处。
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引用次数: 29
Re‐framing adolescent literacy research for new times: Studying youth as a resource 新时代青少年扫盲研究的重构:将青少年作为一种资源来研究
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558367
E. Moje
Abstract In this paper I analyze various perspectives on adolescence, adolescent literacy, and youth culture to argue that the field of education has not attended adequately to the literacy learning and development of adolescents. Moreover, when researchers and policy makers do attend to adolescent or secondary school literacy, the focus of research or policy is typically on adolescents who struggle with mainstream literacy processes. Drawing from this analysis, 1 contend that if the field would turn its attention to youth and study how they learn increasingly complex literacy practices required in disciplinary discourse communities, how they reinvent literacies for unique contexts, and how they use literacy as a tool to navigate complex technologies and fragmented social worlds, then all literacy could be expanded. Adolescent literacy researchers cannot stop there, however. We must also continue to examine the contexts of secondary schooling, with a focus on the literacy demands made by different content areas, so that we can support students as they navigate the different discourse practices of their everyday lives, secondary schools, and life beyond formal schooling. The future of adolescent and secondary literacy research, I argue, is in research that examines the connections between the everyday discourses of adolescents and the academic discourses they navigate each day in school.
本文通过对青少年、青少年读写能力和青少年文化的不同视角的分析,认为教育领域对青少年读写能力的学习和发展关注不够。此外,当研究人员和政策制定者确实关注青少年或中学扫盲时,研究或政策的重点通常是在主流扫盲过程中挣扎的青少年。根据这一分析,我认为,如果该领域将注意力转向年轻人,研究他们如何学习学科话语社区所需的日益复杂的识字实践,他们如何为独特的环境重塑识字能力,以及他们如何将识字作为一种工具来导航复杂的技术和碎片化的社会世界,那么所有的识字能力都可以得到扩展。然而,青少年扫盲研究人员不能止步于此。我们还必须继续研究中学教育的背景,重点关注不同内容领域对读写能力的要求,以便我们能够支持学生在日常生活、中学和正规学校以外的生活中进行不同的话语实践。我认为,青少年和中学扫盲研究的未来,在于研究青少年的日常话语与他们每天在学校里进行的学术话语之间的联系。
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引用次数: 151
Adolescent second language literacy: Language‐culture, literature, and identity 青少年第二语言读写能力:语言文化、文学和身份
Pub Date : 2002-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/19388070209558371
Steven G. Mccafferty
Abstract The process of reconceptualizing identity as it relates to re‐representing oneself in a second language‐culture is considered in relation to the interface between language, culture, and cognition. Through discussing language and its use in the contexts of literary texts, it is suggested that adolescent second language speakers of English can both better come to understand the second culture as embedded in the language and to feel more comfortable with expressing their sense of self through language. Concepts deriving from the philosophy of language, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and sociocultural theory are utilized in this effort. Pedagogical recommendations are also provided.
在第二语言文化中自我再现的身份重新概念化过程与语言、文化和认知之间的界面有关。通过讨论语言及其在文学文本语境中的使用,作者认为以英语为第二语言的青少年既能更好地理解嵌入在语言中的第二文化,又能更自如地通过语言表达自我意识。从语言哲学、社会语言学、认知语言学和社会文化理论中衍生出来的概念被用于这项工作。还提供了教学建议。
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引用次数: 17
期刊
Reading research and instruction : the journal of the College Reading Association
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